Biography
I-Germarist Primorist kunye neProsaik Herman Hesse ibizwa ngokuba yi-interver eqaqambileyo, nenoveli yakhe malunga nokufuna umntu ngokwalo "- i-biograph yomphefumlo" - imbali yomphefumlo ". Igama lombhali lidweliswe kubabhali abaphambili benkulungwane yama-20, kwaye iincwadi zihlala zihlala indawo kwiishelufa zabantu abazithandayo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UHerman ngohlobo lwababingeleli abangamaProtestanti. Ooyihlo uJohannes Hehanes Heshses benza umthunywa wevangeli ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18, kwaye wabunikela nobomi bokukhanya kwabaKristu. Umama maria Gundert, isiqingatha somFrentshi waseFransi, ugqirha we-Helilor kwimfundo, wazalwa kwintsapho ikholwa, wachitha iminyaka eliqela eIndiya kunye nenjongo yobuvangeli basemazweni. Ngexesha lokuthandana noJohannes, wayesele engumhlolokazi, wazisa oonyana abathathu.
UHerman wazalwa ngoJulayi 1877 kwiSixeko seLungelo leLungelo laseBord-Württemberg. Lilonke, abantwana abathandathu bazalelwa kwintsapho kaHetse, kodwa basinde kuphela abane: UHermann wayenoodade Adal noMarilla kunye nomzalwana uHans.
Abazali baqaphelwe ukuhlwayelwa kwabo baqhubeka bangenayo izithethe, kuba bathumela umntwana kwisikolo sabavangeli basemazweni, emva koko bafumana ipenshoni yamaKristu eBasel, apho intloko yentsapho yafumana isithuba kwisikolo sabavangeli basemazweni. Izifundo zesikolo zikaHerore zazilula, ngakumbi isiLatin esithandwayo, kwaye sasisesikolweni, ngokutsho kombhali, wafunda ubugcisa kunye nobuxoki. Kodwa kwiimemo zekamva likaNobel Laureate kwincwadi, wathi:
"Ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu bendicacile kum - ndiza kuba yimbongi okanye nabani na ophela."
Iinjongo zikaHesse azifumananga ukuqonda kusapho nakwiziko lemfundo ezityendwe nguye:
"Ngangomzuzu ndasinika isifundo sokuba kwenzeka kuphela ukuba irhoxe kule meko: Imbongi kukho into evumelekileyo ukuba ibe yiyo, kodwa ayivunyelwa ukuba ibe yiyo."Kwathunyelwa iHerman ukuba ifunde kwisikolo saseLatin eHopuphun, emva koko ke kwisemina yenkolo, ukusuka apho wasinda khona. UHerman wasebenza endlwini yokuprinta kunye nomfundi kwindibano yoomatshini, wanceda utata wakhe kwindlu yokupapasha uncwadi lwe-theolologing, wasebenza kumzi-mveliso weTuckch yasenqabeni. Ekugqibeleni, ndiyifumene ngokulula kwivenkile yencwadi. Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo wayezibandakanya kwimfundo, ilayibrari eninzi yahlala ingenelo kutatomkhulu.
Ngokutsho kwenkumbulo kaHetse, kwiminyaka emine wayebonisa ukukhuthala okuqinisekileyo kwiilwimi zokufunda, intanda-bulumko, uncwadi lwehlabathi, imbali yehlabathi. Ukongeza kwiSayensi, wayeneqela lephepha, ebhala imisebenzi yokuqala. Kungekudala, uHelse waphumelela kwiimviwo ezifanelekileyo zekhosi yomthambo kwaye wangena kwiDyunivesithi yaseTubingen njengoMphulaphuli wasimahla. Ngapha koko, isigqibo sokuba
"Ubomi bokomoya bunokwenzeka kuphela ngonxibelelwano olusisigxina kunye netyhefu, ngembali, kunye namandulo kunye noomentu bakudala",Iguqukele kumthengisi wencwadi eqhelekileyo kwivenkile yentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, isebenza apho, kuphela yokondla, kwaye yala le klasi xa ibhala impumelelo kunye nethuba lokufumana usapho kwimirhumo.
Uncwadi
Umsebenzi wokuqala woncwadi kwi-bibgraphy ye-herman uthandabuza 'abantakwethu ababini, ubhalelwe nguye kwiminyaka elishumi ubudala kudadewethu omncinci.
Ngo-1901, umsebenzi wokuqala kaHetse wakhululwa- "imibhalo engekhoyo nemibongo yaseJamani" (ukhetho lwemibongo - "imibongo yemibongo yaseJamani i-Hermann Laser, epapashiweyo ngu-Pospomoous jamanic iHosse ").
Nangona kunjalo, ukuvunywa kwabagxeki kunye nokwamkelwa kokufunda isangqa, kunye nenkululeko yezemali kwezi zizale iRoma "uPeter Kamenzind". IRoma ifumene iBhaso le-Eduard Bauerdfeld, kwaye umbhali sisindululo esivela kwindlu enkulu yokupapasha i-S. Remcher Vilag kwimpapasho engumba olandelayo. Emva koko, indlu yokupapasha kukaSamuel isiqingatha senkulungwane iya kuba kuphela komnini wamalungelo okupapasha imisebenzi kaHesse eJamani.
Ngo-1906, uHerman wabhala ibali "phantsi kwevili", ecinga, njengakwimisebenzi epapashiweyo, izinto ze-autobiografi, ngakumbi ixesha lokufunda kwisemina. Ukongeza, umbhali wamanqaku kunye namabali asebenza njengomgxeki kunye nomvavanyi. Kunyaka emva koko, uHosse Tanger Langen kunye nomnye nombhali uLudwig Tom waqala ukukhutshwa kwemagazini yoncwadi märz.
URertruda "wavela nge-1910. Emva konyaka, uHetse waqhubeka ehamba ukuya e-Indiya, watyelela eIngapore, iIndonesia, eSri Lanka. Emva kokubuya, umbhali wapapasha ingqokelela yemibongo namabali "ukusuka eIndiya". Inzala yendlela eseMpuma iya kufumana indlela ethile kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, intetho ye-allegortha, iqhawe eliqinisekileyo le-Siddhartha, iqhawe eliqinisekileyo linokufezekiswa ukufumana ukuqonda kwenyani, le njongo inokufezekiswa kuphela ngamava awo.
Kwilizwe laseHesesse, wabona izigigaba zemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, yaqala ukuthetha namanqaku kunye nezincoko zesifundo sokulwa imvume, siqokelela iimali kwiilayibrari zemfazwe. Kumanqaku abantu ababhali-mbali, umbhali wasebenzisana namaqela ahlanganisiweyo, ke oko akumangalisi ukuba iphulo lokuhlaliswa kwetyala lavela nxamnye namaHetse, wabizwa ngokuba ligwala kunye nomngcatshi.
Ukuqhanqalaza, iHerman yafudukela e-Swissn kwaye yanqabile ukuba ngabemi baseJamani. Uluntu lwezimvo kunye neembono kufutshane nombhali waseFransi, inkxaso esebenzayo yePacifism Romenn. Kwindawo enye, waphumelela ukusuka eRomalde's Roman, umsebenzi olandelayo we-autobiographical, apho ngeli xesha yayimalunga nentlekele ye-Intra.
Ushicilelo lweNovel "kademmian", echaza amaxesha ohlobo lwentlalo kunye nokuziphatha kobuntu obuphambili kubomi bukaHeses, kwasweleka unyana olizibulo, wangena kwisibhedlele sengqondo . Ukusuka kwimiphumo yoqhawulo-mtshato olunzima, iHerman yaliphilisa i-Psychologist Sychologist josef Lang.
Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-Jungian Psychoanalysis, uHerman Hesse waxelela inoveli engazange ibuyele emfazweni kwaye ujonge indawo ebomini, kodwa wabhala inkwenkwe ehlala i-burger kwaye Phantsi kwengcinezelo ezivela kwiimeko kwaye ngenxa yobuntu obukhulu bezobuntu bakhe baguquka ekubeni ngumntu obalaseleyo kunakwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwabanye. UKarl Joung ngokwakhe waphendulwa kwinoveli "ekukhanyisweni kwezibane zasentloko ebusuku."
Indawo yokulinganisa yomlinganiswa oyintloko, umbhali watyhileka kwinoveli ye "Steppe Wolf" inoveli, ethathwa njengelona nqanaba libalulekileyo kumbhali weHesse. Le ncwadi yaqala indlela yeenoveli zengqondo kuncwadi lwaseJamani, kwaye izicatshulwa ezivela kwisicatshulwa zisetyenziswa kwaye njengokufowuna, nanjengomzekeliso wesikhundla.
I-cave entsha yokuthandwa igubungele iHetse emva kokupapashwa kwebali ethi "narcissus kunye ne-Zlatoust" ("uNarcissus"). Ukuqulunqwa kwe-proposition ityhilwe kwiJamani yamaphakathi, kwaye ubomi ekuwochaseni kwayo kuyachaswa kwi-acceticism, ngokomoya - impahla, ingqiqo - ngokweemvakalelo.
Uhlobo lokupheliswa komgangatho wobuchule beHesses 'yi-Gads kwi-Beads ", inoveli ye-Utopian ye-Oute-New Action Teation, evelisa iingxoxo ezibukhali kunye nokutolikwa okuninzi. Ngaphezulu komsebenzi, umbhali wasebenza kwishumi leminyaka kwaye epapashiweyo. Incwadi epheleleyo epheleleyo yabona ukukhanya eSurich phakathi kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi - ngo-1943. Kwilizwe laseHoesse, inoveli yokugqibela engavumelekanga yombhali yakhululwa kuphela ngo-1951 kwisikhundla esichasene nobuFasi.
Ubomi Buqu
UHermann Hesse watshata kathathu. Ngeqabane lokuqala uMaria Bernoulli, umbhali atshatile ngo-1904, emva kokuba e-Itali, apho uMaria wayehamba kunye neHerman njengomfoti. UMaria, okanye iMia, njengenye indawo ebizwa ngokuba yintombazana, yeza kwintsapho yamaBadala adumileyo eSwitzertical.
Malunga nabantwana abazelwe kulo mtshato, ulwazi olutheleyo. Kweminye imithombo kuthiwa uMartin olizibulo ifile ngenxa ye-meningitis, ngelixa wayekwishumi elivisayo. Kwangelo xesha, abanye bathetha nge-bruno kunye nehloni, owaba zii-artists nobomi obude, kunye nomnye uMartin, owazalwa ngo-1911 wazalelwa kwifoto.
Ndikunye noMaria waqhawula umtshato ngokusemthethweni ngo-1923, kodwa enye iminyaka emithandathu ngaphambi koko, umfazi onesiphene sengqondo wabekwa kwisibhedlele esikhethekileyo.
Ngo-1924, iHerman itshatile okwesibini kuRute Weser, intombi yombhali uLisa Wenger. URute wayeneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, ukuthanda ukucula nokuzoba. Lo mtshato wawukhona iminyaka emithathu, ngexesha lokukhumbula iinkumbulo zabantu ababephila ngexesha, iziHebenga ezikhethiweyo nezilwanyana zasekhaya kunenkxalabo yosapho. Kwangaxeshanye, abazali bevenge baba bahlala rhoqo kwiindwendwe, kwaye kungekudala umbhali kungekudala wazive ngokwakhe ekhayeni labo.
Eyona nto ifanelekileyo yenkosikazi yakhe, i-hostess kunye nentombazana yaseHesse efumaneka kwiqabane lesithathu eNoonder. Ngomfazi, umbhali usandula ukubhala kwakhona- iNidon yaya kuba yinto enkulu yomsebenzi weHerman. Emva koko, watshata injineli Fred Dolbin, wadibana noHelse ngo-1922, xa imitshato yangaphambili yawa. Ngo-1931, umbhali-mbali kunye nombhali ukhuphe ubudlelwane.
Ukufa
Emva kopapasho lwe "Dadis kwi-Beads", uzicombulule kumbandela wamabali, imibongo, amanqaku. Ngokudibeneyo neNidon Harman bahlala eMontagnol, idolophu ye-ligano, endlwini eyakhelwe yi-Elazy kunye ne-hans boder.
Ngo-1962, umbhali wafunyaniswa u-Leukemia, ngo-Agasti wonyaka omnye, uHerman Henes wasweleka e-hemorshage engqondweni. Wangcwatywa kwiCollina D'Oro amangcwaba.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "UPeter Kamenzind"
- Ngo-1906 - "Casanova zilungisiwe"
- Ngo-1906 - "phantsi kwesondo"
- Ngo-1910 - "Gertruda"
- Ngo-1913 - "Sycycyne"
- Ngo-1913 - URosalde
- Ngo-1915 - "Ukutsiba"
- Ngo-1918 - "umphefumlo womntwana"
- Ngo-1919 - "UDemian"
- Ngo-1922 - Siddhartha
- Ngo-1927 - "I-Steppe Wolf"
- Ngo-1923 - "ukuguqula umbambisi"
- Ngo-1930 - "narcissus kunye ne-Zlatoust"
- Ngo-1932 - "I-Pilgrimage kwilizwe lasempuma"
- Ngo-1943 - "Umdlalo kwi-Beads"