Biography
UNikolai Leskova ubizwa ngokuba yindawo yaseRussia yentsomi yaseRussia - ngokumalunga noku, umbhali wema kumqolo omnye ngeNikolai Gogol. Umbhali waziwa njengomntu ongumbhali ngokungxama, ebeka iincasa ezibangela i-pires. Kwaye kamva makamothuzwe ngolwazi lwengqondo, isimilo namasiko abantu belizwe liphela.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Leskov yazalelwa kwilali yaseGorophevo (Orlovsk Gubernia). Utata wombhali, uDamen Dmirievich, wayengumntu ophelileyo kuhlobo lwakudala lokomoya - utat'omkhulu notat'omkhulu kunye notata bekhonza njengababingeleli ecaweni kwilali yaseLeskey (ngenxa yeso silwanyana kunye nefani.
Ewe, kwaye umzali wombhali wexesha elizayo wayephumelele kwisemina, kodwa emva koko wasebenza kwigumbi lolwaphulo-mthetho laseOryol. Ndaye ndahlulandiwe yitalente enkulu yomphandi, ndiyakwazi ukuyiphosa xelise kwanelona mbandela linzima, elalihamba ngokukhawuleza kwinkonzo yenkonzo kwaye lafumana isihloko senkonzo. UMama maria Petrovna avela kwi-moscow comre.
Kwintsapho yamagqabi, eyahlala kwiziko lolawulo lephondo, yabenza abantwana abahlanu - iintombi ezimbini kunye noonyana abathathu, uNikolai bebesidala. Xa inkwenkwe yaqala iminyaka eyi-8, utata wakhe wayecwangco kakhulu nomphathi, waza wasela kwilali yasePaino, wathi, uhlwayelwe umyezo.
Ngokufunda, umyinge omncinci wayecekiseki. Iminyaka emihlanu ubudala, inkwenkwana yafunda kwi-Oryol Gymnasium, yaza ekugqibeleni yayinobungqina malunga nokuphela kwazo zonke iiklasi ezimbini ezandleni. Abaphathi be-leski bagxeka inkqubo yemfundo yaloo mampunge kwaye batshabhise umnqweno wokuqonda isayensi. Ngakumbi kubuntu obungaqhelekanga, obuyilayo, njengeKohl leskov.
Kwafuneka ndiye emsebenzini. Utata unamathela kwigumbi lolwaphulo-mthetho okhonza, emva konyaka wasweleka kwikholera. Kwangelo xesha, enye intletshe yawa kwintsapho yezikhova zokuloba - indlu itshise indlu ngayo yonke le ndawo.
UNikolay oselula waya eqhelene nehlabathi. Ngokwakhe, lo mfana watshintshelwa kwiChayeni kaRhulumente eKiev, apho wayehlala khona nawaphi na ooPheli kumalume oMalume weSikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Kwimali enkulu yaseUkraine ye-leskov ingene kubuhlobo obuthandekayo, ogxunyeneyo - yaba nomdla kwiilwimi, intanda-bulumko, ihleli kwidesika njengeesandi sehlelo kunye nempahla endala.
Ukuphelisa amava obomi bomsebenzi wombhali wexesha elizayo ngomnye umalume. Umyeni kaMamiya waseMamina wabiza umtshaba kwinkampani yakhe "Shkotatt kunye neWilkens", isikhundla esithatyathwayo kwaye sihamba rhoqo kwi-Russia. Ngeli xesha umbhali obizwa ngokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwibhayiloji yakhe.
Uncwadi
Ingcinga yokuchitha ubomi obunobugcisa begama elabela i-leskov ixesha elide. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umfana othile wacinga ngentsimi yombhali, idolo le-Russian Assols kwimisebenzi evela kwinkampani "Shkotatt kunye ne-wilkons" - i-wilkens "- iindidi zabantu abacelwe ukuba bangene kwiphepha.
Amanyathelo okuqala kuncwadi uNikolai SemeMenovich wenza njengombhali. Ndabhala amanqaku "Ngosuku" eSt. Pretersburg kunye namaphephandaba eKiev, ukugxekwa kwinkohlakalo etyhutywe kumagosa kunye noogqirha bamapolisa. Impumelelo yeempapasho yayinamabhongo, yazisa uphando oluninzi ngokusemthethweni.
Isampulu yepeni njengoMbhali weMisebenzi yobugcisa yenzeka kuphela kwiminyaka engama-32 - uNikolay Leskov wabhala ibali "Ubomi bomfazi omnye" (namhlanje siyamazi "), abafundisi bethala leencwadi ekufumaneni ilayibrari yokufunda.
Ukususela kumsebenzi wokuqala kumbhali, bathetha njengenkosi eyaziyo indlela yokudlulisela imifanekiso yabasetyhini ngekamva. Kwaye konke ngenxa yokuba, emva kwebali lokuqala, ukuqaqamba, ukungena kunye nezincoko ezinzima "nenenekazi Macbeth Mtsensky County" kunye "neQone" yaphuma. U-Leskov ngobuchule bangena kwityotyombe eboniswe i-hards emnyama yobomi kunye ne-sarcasm, ebonisa isitayile esikhethekileyo, esamkela kamva uhlobo lwentsomi.
Kwisangqa seminqweno yoncwadi, uNikolai Semenovich wayengumdlalo weqonga. Ukuqala ukusuka ngo-1867, umbhali waqalisa ukudala imidlalo yethiyetha. Enye ye-patroster ethandwayo - "Patrosters".
U-Leskov waxelwa kakhulu ngaye nanjengenoveli. Kwiincwadi "akukho ndawo", "kunye" kunye "nehlanyeneyo" kunye ne-nihilists "kunye nooNihilists, ukuchaza iRussia engazi iRussia kutshintsho. Uvavanyo olunjalo lomsebenzi wombhali emva kokufunda inoveli "ezincwadini" wanikwa uMaxim Gork:
"... Emva kwenoveli engendawo", umsebenzi woncwadi weLeskov ube yipeyinti eqaqambileyo okanye, endaweni yoko, umzobo we-icon - uqala ukwenza i-icofostas engcwele kwaye ilungisa eRussia. "Emva kokukhutshwa kweenoveli, ukugxeka iidemokhrasi zokuguqula, abahleli beemagazini balungiselela i-leskov boycot. Khange ndingavumi ukusebenzisana nombhali kuphela i-mikhail katkov, intloko ye "Russian Bulletin", kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba usebenze nalo mbhali-onesibindi.
Imveliso elandelayo, eyayingene kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo woNcwadi, yayiyintsomi yeenkosi zenkosi ". Kuyo, indlela eyahlukileyo ye-Leskov yaqhekeza imiphetho emitsha, umbhali wajonga nge-neogisms yoqobo, ebeka imicimbi, esenza isakhelo esinzima. Malunga neNicolae Semenovich yathetha njengombhali onamandla.
Kwi-70s, umbhali waba namaxesha anzima. Icandelo loMphathiswa WezobuGocesi sibeka i-leskov njenge-appraiser yeencwadi ezintsha - wasombulula, unokutsiba iimpapasho kumfundi okanye hayi, kwaye ndifumene umvuzo omncinci. Ukongeza, ibali elilandelayo "e-vanderer" lagatya bonke abahleli, kubandakanya i-katkova.
Lo msebenzi wombhali wacinga njengenye indlela yohlobo lwemveli lwenoveli. Ibali lidibanisa iiplani ezingadibaniyo, kwaye azigqitywanga. "Ukugxekwa simahla" ukugxekwa kwaphukile kwi-Fluff nothuli, kwaye uNikolai Semenovich kwafuneka apapashe izikrelemnqa.
Kwixa elizayo, umbhali wabhenela kwindalo yabalinganiswa abafanelekileyo. Ukusuka phantsi kwentsiba yakhe, ingqokelela yamabali "ilungisa", equka imizobo "umntu kwiwotshi", "umfanekiso" nabanye. Umbhali wazisa abantu ngokuthe ngqo kwizazela, ukuxambulisana ukuba wonke umntu udibanise wonke umntu. Nangona kunjalo, abagxeki kunye noogxa bakhe bamkela umsebenzi nge-Sarcasm. Ngeminyaka yee-1980s, ilungisa lafumana imikhwa yenkolo - uLeskov wabhala ngamaqhawe abubuKristu bokuqala.
Ekutshoneni kwelanga, uNikolai Semenovich waphinda waguqukela ekuqalekeni kwamagosa, emkhosini, abameli beCawa, benika uncwadi 'lomculi werhamncwa "," i-tgago ". Kwaye nangakweli xesha, amavuza abhale amabali okufunda kwabantwana, ethatha ngovuyo kubahleli beemagazini.
Phakathi kohlobo loncwadi, kudume kamva, bekukho abalandeli abathembekileyo bakaNikolai Leskov. Ingonyama i-Tolstoy ithathe i-nugget emngciphekweni wobunzulu be-Oryol 'yombhali waseRussia ", kwaye uIvan Turgenev no-Anton Chenkov bakhiwa yindoda ukuya kwinqanaba labacebisi babo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngemigangatho yenkulungwane ye-19, ubomi bukaNikolai semenovich abakhange baphumelele. Umbhali ukwazile ukuhamba phantsi kwesithsaba kabini, kwaye okwesibini nomfazi wokuqala ophilayo.
U-Leskov utshatile kwangoko, nge-22nd. UOlga Smirnova, iindlalifa ze-kiev osomashishini waza abanyuliweyo. Kule mtshato, intombi kaVera nonyana kaGera, owafayo, wazalwa. Umlingane wehlelane nengqondo kwaye wayedla ngokunyangwa kwikliniki yeSt. Nicholas.
I-Nikolai Semenovich, enyanisweni, yaphulukana nenkosikazi yayo kwaye yagqiba ekubeni ingene kumtshato waseburhulumenteni onoCatherine Bubnova, i-tem iminyaka eliqela. Ngo-1866, uLeskov waba nguyise okwesithathu - unyana ka-Arari wabonakala ehlabathini. Kumgca ngo-1922, umntu odumileyo odumileyo we-Tatiana Leskov wazalwa, uMbhali woMbhali "ongenanto". Kodwa kunye nomfazi wesibini, uNikolai Semenovich akazange avane, emva kweminyaka eli-11, amaqabane ayahlukaniswa.
I-leskov ihamba-gesticalgearigical, yayikholelwa ukuba izilwanyana azikwazanga ukubulawa ngokutya. Le ndoda yapapasha inqaku apho uVigano wahlulahlulwe kwiinkampu ezimbini - abo batya inyama, bajonga uhlobo lweposi, kunye nabo bazisolayo. Ngokwakhe wabhekisa kwiyokugqibela. Umbhali ubongoze ukuba adale incwadana yokupheka iRussia anjengeemvakalelo, ezazibandakanya "luhlaza" ezivela kwiimveliso ezifumanekayo kubantu baseRussia. Kwaye ngo-1893 kwavela impapasho ye-1893.
Ukufa
UNikolay Leskov ubuhle bonke ubomi bakhe kwi-ASTMA, kwiminyaka yakutshanje isifo esikhulelweyo, uhlaselo lwe-foyFOation lwaqala ukwenzeka ngakumbi nangakumbi.
NgoFebruwari 21 (nge-5 kaMatshi 5, kwisitayile esitsha) se-1895, umbhali akakwazanga ukujongana nokwandisa isilitho. URed Nikolai semenovich eSt. Petersburg kwi-cetersburg ye-votersky.
I-Bibliography
- 1863 - "Ubomi bomfazi omnye"
- I-1864 - "nenenekazi macbeth mtsensky county"
- I-1864 - "nendawo"
- I-1865- "ngaphandle"
- Ngo-1866 - "Abemi besiqithi"
- Ngo-1866 - "I-VARRIOUR"
- I-1870 - "Kwizipeni"
- Ngo-1872 - "Sobira"
- Ngo-1872 - "Ingelosi etyhiliweyo"
- Ngo-1873 - "E-Equerift"
- I-1874 - "Mayimanga"
- Ngo-1881 - "Ekhohlo"
- I-1890 - "tsalela oonodoli"