Biography
UDaniel defo ubizwa ngokuba ngumbhali wokuqala waseBritane owakha wathanda uhlobo lwenoveli. Umbhali oqaqambileyo kunye nombhali oqeqeshiweyo oboniswe kubafundi banesiqingatha seencwadi, amanqaku, iincwadana, apho wachukumisa khona iipleyiti ezibanzi. UDefo wabhala ngepolitiki, inkolo, i-Economigy, Psychology kunye neYunithi yeZenzo.Waba ngumsunguli wentatheli yezoqoqosho kunye nosasazo lwe-bourgeois. Ikhutshiwe ngenkululeko yokuthetha kunye nokuzimisela kwezenkolo. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili - uDaniel uboniswe ngabantu abanomdla malunga nothando lweRobinson Cruzo, olutshintshe amashumi eenoveli kunye namabali, iifilimu, iifilimu kunye neeseti zabhalwa.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Owona mhla wokuzalwa kwe-chazayo akaziwa. I-novelist yexesha elizayo ivele kwisithili seLondon ye-krupgate malunga ne-1660 kusapho lorhwebo oluzisityebi kunye nomnini mzi mveliso wekhandlela. Bazali bakaDaniel fo - ke igama lokwenyani lombhali-babengama-Prestheritism, indlela awalula ngayo iProtestanti, esenza imfundiso kaJean calvin.
Bazali babone unyana wakhe kwikamva lomfundisi wePresbyterian, ngenxa yokuba eneminyaka eli-14 ayezimisele kwisemina yokomoya. Emva kokuphumelela kuye, i-ro ifakwe kwiZiko leProtestanti eStoke laseNewlington. Le ndoda iphumelele kuncwadi lwaseklasini, isiLatin nesiGrike sasisazi ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa umfundisi wayengazukuqalisa; UDaniel wayengarhweyiswa kwezorhwebo, urhwebo.
Emva kokuphumelela kwi-Academy, uDaniel kwiBhunga likaYise wazihlalela kwiofisi yenkampani yomjikelo othengisa nabathengisi bamanye amazwe. UDaniel oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala wasazisa iziseko zengxelo eofisini kwaye kwangaxeshanye wasebenza njengomabhalana kwivenkile yomrhwebi.
Phakathi phakathi kwe-1680s, i-Defo iqwalasele into yokuba wafunda yonke into, waza wavula inkampani ekhathalayo eCornhylla, esebenze ngempumelelo iminyaka eli-10. Emva koko iShishini leShishini le-Sorman Least: Warhweba iwayini, icuba necuba lokwakha.
Ukwanda kweshishini, ukuya eFrance, wayesePortugal naseSpain. Kuhambo lwabasebenzi beShishini elide, uDaniel Def uqhelene neYurophu, wafunda isimilo kunye neelwimi zabemi.
Abantu bexesha elibonisa ukuba i-Bhritane njengosomashishini onobungozi, ovunyelweyo ukuba ngamashishini amancinci kwaye aphinda anikezelwe kwi-verge yemonakalo. Kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha iZisombululo zeDefo Fins ezincedise ukubuyisela imali.
Ukongeza kwishishini, iBritane yayinomdla kwimicimbi yezopolitiko neyenkolo. Kwiminyaka eli-16880, i-novelst yexesha elizayo ithathe inxaxheba kwi-suke ye-monkeut, eyachasa uMgaqo-nkqubo weKing Kakov VII. Abasemagunyeni bacinezela ivukuthu kwaye babulawa uMomes. UDaniel defoid obasukelayo kwaye wasinda ukohlwaywa ngokungummangaliso.
Uncwadi
Ukuqala kwebhayiloji yendalo yesiNgesi i-prosaik ibizwa ngo-1697, xa uDaniel defo wabhala umsebenzi wokuqala owabizwa ngokuba "ngamava eprojekthi".
Igama le-Bhritane landithotyiwe kwilizwe lakhe emva kweminyaka emi-2, emva kokupapashwa kwencwadana ye-satirical kwindinyana "ecocekileyo yomsunguli", apho i-fanophobia ngokuhlelelekileyo. Isizathu sokuqulunqwa kwencwadana yencwadana ihlaselwe ngabaphambukeli ngokubanzi kunye nokumkani wilhelm iorenji. Ukhuselo ngogonyamelo lwe-defores lwenkululeko kunye nenguquko, wayenomkhosi wabalandeli kunye neentshaba.
Umbhali wasungulwa yimvelaphi entle, idyasi yosapho ngeeriffins ezintathu kunye neenyibiba, kunye neengcambu zeNorman, ukongeza ifani "de" kwifani "eqhelekileyo kwifani. Kungekudala "Mnu. D de" idityaniswe kwigama elinye.
Ngo-1702T, umbhali waqamba incwadana entsha ebizwa ngokuba "yindlela elula yokwahlulahlula kunye neediski." Ekuqaleni, ipalamente, ethi umbhali acebisayo ukuba aqonde kunye namaProtestanti ngokubhekisele kwigalami, exhonywe kwiintsika, kodwa kungekudala bayayiqonda.
Abaphandi bobubuthathaka be-Defo obizwa ngokuba sisincoko senkulungwane yenkulungwane. Isicatshulwa senze ingxolo enkulu yokuba incwadana ihanjisiweyo ifuna. Ibanjiwe kwiinyanga ezintandathu, faka imali entle kwaye igwetywe ihlazo elihlazo.
Isohlwayo esilinganayo sasibuhlungu: Babenelungelo lokulungisa i-yawats esitratweni, ngokucotha. Kodwa uDaniel Deforely ngequbuliso wanyikima neentyatyambo, kwaye isihlwele sang kwizikwere nakwizitrato ezikwisikwere sencwadana yezikwele kwizikwere nakwizitrato.
Ityala lexesha elide, umbhali wanika umsebenzi ofihlakeleyo kurhulumente waseBritane. "Impembelelo yempembelelo" ithembisa ukubonisa umsebenzi wamandla kwisibane esihle. Kwaye ukhuseleko lwenze iarhente eyimfihlo eScotland, inyanzela i-sking kwaye inike ingxelo kurhulumente we-Bhritane malunga nemisebenzi echaseneyo kwaye inefuthe kwiimpapasho ngengqondo ye-SCOTS.
Emva kwemvume yentatheli kwiimeko ezandisiweyo zeyobuncwane basebukhosini, intlawulo yahlawulwa, kunye nendlu yaseDefo, eyayikho ekufeni ukufa, yanika imali. Indawo yokubonakala kwamanqaku athandwa ngabantu base-satirika yaba liphepha elithi "umbukeli" - amaphephandaba axhaswe ngabasemagunyeni.
Akunakulindeleka ukuba abantu bexesha lexesha labantu baya kwazi ngobukhosi boluntu uDaniel, ukuba umbhali akabanike umsebenzi wobugcisa, ababethanda abantwana abadala abamthandayo namhlanje. UMRRIST malunga ne-Throilor esuka eYork, eyawa emva kwenqanawa kwisiqithi esiyintlango, saphuma kuqala ngo-1719.
Uluvo lomsebenzi weRobinson Cruzo wakhawuleza wakhawuleza kuMbhali oneminyaka engama-59 emva kokufunda imbali uAlexandra Selkirya, owayehlala kwisiqithi esisePasifiki, eminyaka emi-4. Umatiloshe olahlekileyo wafumanisa umphathi wenqanawa rogs rogers. Wabhala incwadi yawa emehlweni e-chali.
Ke kwabakho isincoko malunga nokufika kwelizwe, eyaba ngumdla omkhulu kwimpawu. UDaniel Deo wabetha imbali ye-hermit, bongezwe ngeenkcukacha zentsomi kwaye wajika waba yinoveli ebangela umdla eyoyiswa zizigidi zabafundi beplanethi. I-rolinson cruson yakhe yayihlala kwisiqithi seminyaka engama-28.
Impumelelo yencwadi yavela ukuba sisidenge, kwaye umbhali waqamba ukuqhubeka. Kwavela ukuba incinci ukuba inomdla kunowokuqala, kodwa itsalele ingqalelo kwizigidi zabafundi. Umbhali "uzinze" kwiTatari enkulu - ilizwe eliyintsomi, phantsi kwePrista, i-Rongolia naseTatarsstan ithetha.
Kwincwadi yesibini - ukuqhubeka kwalandelwa kwesithathu - kunye neyesibini, engafani nempumelelo yomfundi ngenoveli yokuqala.
Kumbuzo, kwabakho i-novelority yaseBritane eRussia (kwiNcwadi yesibini malunga nokufika kweCruzo, ichaza iSiberia, i-Arthangelsk), abaphandi baphikisana. Malunga nookumkani baseRussia, umbhali wayeziva. ERussia, abathandekayo beDefo ivele kwiminyaka eli-100 emva kopapasho lwenoveli: Kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini se-Xix inkulungwane ye-Xix kwazalwa elizweni.
Umbhali we-Peru kunye nobupoweli, udla ngokusayinwa nguCharles Johnson, we-500 obhaliweyo. Phakathi phakathi kwe-1720 wapapasha incwadi ethi "Imbali yeRistral ye-pinic." Kwiminyaka enye, kwavela iinoveli ezine, kuquka "uvuyo nosizi Rhenders" kunye "nedayari yonyaka wesitrato". Kwangelo xesha, uDaniel defo wabhala aze asebenze malunga norhwebo.
Ngo-1726, abathandayo abanomdla bakuvuyela incwadi entsha - inoveli "uhambo lwaseNgilani naseScotland". Kwiinoveli zeBritane ezazikho zembali kunye ne-adventure.
Ubomi Buqu
Umbhali utshatile ngo-1684. Wamzeka umfazi kaCormatriot Mary Tauffley - intombazana ene-dowry etyebileyo. Emva kweminyaka esi-8, phantse i-4 lamawaka eepawundi ze-mary orling, kunye nokugcinwa komrhwebi, ukuginya ukubhengezwa.Umlingane wazala umyeni wakhe abantwana. Ubomi bosapho bugubungele intshutshiso yabasemagunyeni kunye nababolekisi. Bahlala kwikota yolwaphulo-mthetho yenkonzo yenkonzo yolwaphulo-mthetho, apho izaphuli-mthetho zaseLondon zahlala khona, ke eBristol. UDaniel defo washiya indlu kuphela ngeeCawa - ezi ntsuku ukuba amatyala akavalwa.
Ukufa
Wafa i-bowlist yehlabathi elidumileyo lodwa. Umvakalisi wakhohliswa ngabo wasukelana noDefo waza waguqula unyaka ophelileyo wobomi esihogweni. Ukufihla kwabo basukelayo, uDaniel washiya usapho, wafudukela esixekweni, apho umshicileli engubani na umbhali oneminyaka engama-70 ubudala walithoba utshaba.
Esukile ekoyikeni kunye nokoyikeka rhoqo, i-Defo yayiphantsi kwabasemzini, isuse amagumbi namagumbi. Ngo-1731, umbhali wasusa indawo yokuhlala kwindawo ekwanti yeLondon, apho wasweleka khona ekupheleni kuka-Epreli. Kufutshane kwakungekho mfazi okanye abantakwenu ezisibhozo. Oonyana baqhubeka kwimicimbi yokuthenga, iintombi zatshata zaza zafumana iintsapho. Ukufumana utata wakho kwizilayidi zikaLondon kwakungekho mntu.
Unobangela wokufa konovelwano lubizwa ngokuba kukupheliswa kukaLeshargia. I-harness kwintlangano yomngcwabo yathatha umnini wegumbi, kwaye emva kokubuyisela iindleko, izinto ezisele zegumbi eliswelekileyo kwi-auscation. Ukusweleka kwamaphephandaba anoveli aphendule nge-necrologists emfutshane, uninzi lwe-ironic, ebiza ubusi "obalaseleyo weRiphabhlikhi yeLondon, apho ababhali bothunga bahamba khona.
Iplate emhlophe ivele engcwabeni yombhali kunye nentatheli, kwakancinanane ngengca. Kodwa kamva, inkulungwane, ngo-1870, i-Britane Tabloid yafaka amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana elizwe ukuba ancame imali kwi-Danifo-ipleyiti yenciniba yatshabalalisa kwi-tenfon defo-ipleyiti yenciniba yatshabalala kwigreyitini yombane. Amawakawaka abanyibiliki baphendula. Isikhumbuzo seGranite savela engcwabeni ngamagama aqingqiweyo: "Kwimemori yombhali" robinson Cruzo ".
I-Bibliography
- 1719 - "robinson cruzo"
- 1719 - "Ukuqhubeka kwe-Adventres yeRobinson Cruzo"
- 1720 - "Kumkani wePirates"
- I-1720- "ubomi kunye ne-pirate ye-pirate ye-Captain entle ye-captulton"
- I-1720 - "Iimemo zeCavar
- 1722 - Idayari Yonyaka "
- 1722 - "Uvuyo kunye noBuhlungu boFarnders odumileyo be-moll"
- 1722 - "Imbali ye-Colonel jack"
- I-1724 - "eKurtizanka eyonwabileyo, okanye iRoxana"
- 1724 - "Imbali ye-Perstiast"
- 1726 - "Imbali YoMtyholi"