Biography
UKing Heinrich viii i-tydo imigaqo ye-England kwinkulungwane ye-XIDE. Waba yinkosi yesibini kwi-tudor Denasty. Yaziwa ngemitshato yakhe yokulinganisa, ngenxa yenye yazo wavukela iCawa yamaKatolika, yaqhekeza uqhagamshelo kunye nobuqhetseba kwaye yaba yintloko yeCawa yase-Anglican.
Inkosi ihluphekile ekuphazamiseni kwengqondo kwaye ukuphela kolawulo lwaKho angabahlula phakathi kwabachasi bezobupolitika, kwaye apho umcinga. Emva koHlaziyo lwesiNgesi lwenziwa ilizwe laseEngland. Impembelelo yakhe kweli lizwe kusaziva. Ubomi bomlawuli buchazwe kwiinoveli ezilishumi eziphezulu, iifilimu kunye neeseti zayo.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UHeinrich VIII wazalwa nge-28 kaJuni, 1491 eGreenwich, eNgilani. Waba ngumntwana wesithathu kusapho lokumkani wase-England Henry VII no-Elizabeth York. Umakhulu wakhe wayebandakanyeka kwinkwenkwe ethandana naye - ngenkanuko yeLady Margaret. Uye wafaka izinto zokomoya kwinkosi yolutsha, eziya kubunzima kunye naye kwaye wafunda iBhayibhile.Iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala yabulala umntakwabo - uArthur. Nguye owayeza etroneni, kodwa emva kokuba efile, uHeinrich viii waba ngumthathi-nxaxheba wokuqala. Wafumana isihloko sasePrince Welnce Wals sa kwaye saqala ukulungiselela ukwenziwa.
Utata wakhe uKumkani uHeinrich vii wazama ukwandisa ifuthe le-England kwaye aqinise imibutho yabamelwane, ngenxa yoko, intombi yabasunguli, umhlolokazi womntakwabo. Akukho siqinisekiso esibhaliweyo, kodwa kukho amarhe amarhe, ukuba lo mfana wayekuphithi ngomtshato.
Ibhunga lolawulo
Ngo-1509, emva kokusweleka kukayise, iHenrich eneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ubudala viii ikhwela itrone. Kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yolawulo, uRichard Fox noWilliam Watum babezibandakanya kuyo yonke imicimbi yelizwe. Emva kwabo, amandla aphelelwe kwikhadinas thomas wawse, owathi emva kweNkosi - U-Masyllor waseNgilani. Ngokwesiko, lo kumkani uselula akazange azilawule, ngoko ke wayefumana amava kwaye engu-Adul, urhulumente wokwenene wayesezandleni zabafundi abanamava ababezibandakanya kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwangaphambili.
Ngo-1512, uHeinrich viii uphumelele okokuqala kwibhayiloji yakhe. Uye wakhwela indlela yakhe eya elunxwemeni lwaseFransi. Apho, umkhosi wesiNgesi waphazaza isiFrentshi kwaye wabuyela ekhaya ngoloyiso.
Ngokubanzi, imfazwe kunye neFransi yathatha kude kube ngu-1525 ngempumelelo eyahlukeneyo. UMonanar wakwazi ukufikelela kwikomkhulu lelizwe utshaba, kodwa kungekudala ubuncwane bezomkhosi beBiland babungekho nto, kwaye akukho nto iseleyo kuye, ngaphandle kokuqukumbela i-truce. Kufanelekile ukuba ukwazi ukuba inkosi yayihlala ibonakele kwidabi. Wayeyintsimbi kwaye wayalela bonke abalawulwa bakhe ukuba bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neveki ukuze bambethe uLuka.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi welizwe wayekude. UHeinrich VIII ngemithetho yabo imimiselo yawo ichithakele amaqela amancinci, ngenxa yamashumi amawaka amawaka eendawo ezibonakala eNgilane. Ukujamelana nale ngxaki, ukumkani wakhupha umthetho "wosasazo". Ngenxa yakhe, amawaka abantu ababekade bephangi baxhonywa.
Ewe kunjalo, owona mnikelo ubalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwaseNgilani yinguqu yecawa. Ngenxa yokungavisisani kweCawa yamaKatolika ngoqhawulo-mtshato kwinkosi, wawusaphula ngokupheleleyo unxibelelwano kunye nobutsha. Emva koko, wabeka isityholo sokuvutha kwe-pope-clement vii.
Uye wanyula i-Archbishop Canterberbian thomas, owayemcaphukise ngokulula umtshato waseHeinrich noCatherine abangasebenziyo. Kungekudala inkosi yatshata uAna Boleyn. Waqhubeka nokuphelisa icawa yaseRoma eNgilane. Zonke iitempile, amacakakhe kunye neecawa azivaliwe. Yonke impahla yathatyathwa i-meko, bonke ababingeleli kunye nabashumayeli babulawa, kwaye iBhayibhile yayingekho ngesiNgesi. Bavulwa kukumkani, baphanga amangcwaba abangcwele.
Ngo-1540, uHeinrich Viii Kazndo Kasm thomas Cromwell, owayengumncedisi ophambili kakumkani ngotshintsho. Emva koko, wabuyela kolu kholo yamaKatolika wapapasha isenzo samanqaku amathandathu, exhasa iPalamente yaseNgilani. Ngokutsho komThetho, bonke abahlali boBukumkani babemele ukuba bazise izipho ngexesha lobuninzi, ubudlelane, ukuvuma. Wayalela ukuba abakhonzi bokomoya bagcine isifungo se-chibikelela kunye nezinye izifungo zeMonastic. Bonke abo bangavumanga ngalo mthetho, babulawa ngenkupho.
Emva kokuba inkosi yabaphuli inkosikazi yakhe yesihlanu, wagqiba kwelokuba atshintshe ukholo lwecawa eNgilani. Yalela amasiko aseKatolika kwaye wabuya amaProtestanti. Utshintsho lweHeinrich viii alungqinelani kwaye lungenangqondo, kodwa lukwazi ukudala eyabo icawa yawo, ezimeleyo yesiNgesi ukusuka eRoma.
Ekupheleni kolawulo lwakhe, uHeinrich viii waba nenzuzo ngakumbi. Ababhali-mbali bathi wayenesifo semfuzo ephembelela i-psched yakhe - yayenza yabenza inyama, enengcaphetha kwaye inenkohliso. Wobulawa wonke umntu ongatshatanga naye.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukumkani wesiNgesi watshata namaxesha amathandathu. Umfazi wokuqala wakhetha uyise. Nge-Catherine Aragon, waqhawula umtshato, wamshiya umxholo womhlolokazi. Isizathu sokuqhawula umtshato kukuba bonke abantwana bakaCatherine basweleka ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwakhe okanye ngokukhawuleza emva. Sinda nentombi kuphela - uMariya, kodwa uHeinrich Viii waphupha ngendlalifa. Ngo-1553, intombi yakhe yaba ngukumkanikazi wokuqala waseNgilani, owaziwa phantsi kwegama elithi Mary Lit.
UAnna Bholein waba ngumfazi wesibini wokumkani. Wala ukuba yinkosikazi yakhe, ngoko ke uMouth wagqiba kwelokuba aqhawule umtshato eCatherine. YayinguAnna owayephefumlele uHenrich viii ukuba inkosi inoxanduva phambi kwakhe kunye nesithsaba, kwaye uluvo lwabefundisi eRoma aluzange lube nexhala. Emva koko, ukumkani wagqiba malunga notshintsho.
Ngo-1533, uAnna waba ngumfazi osemthethweni wentloko karhulumente. Kwangolo nyaka, intombazana inesithsaba. Emva kweenyanga ezisithoba emva komtshato, uAnna wazala unyana uElizabhete. Bonke abakhunge kamva baphelile engaphulukenelanga, kwaye ukumkani waphoxeka ngumfazi wakhe. Wammangalela ukuba avutha ngumsindo kwaye abulawe ngentwasahlobo ye-1536.
Inkosikazi elandelayo henry viii yaba yi-freelimina Anna - UJane Seymour. Umtshato wenzeka ngeveki emva kokuphunyezwa komfazi wesibini wokumkani. YayinguJane owayekwazile ukuzala inkosi yendlalifa yakudala elindelwe ngo-1537. UKumkanikazi wafa kungekudala nje emva kokubonakala koNyana ekukhanyeni ngenxa yeengxaki zokuzalwa.
Umtshato olandelayo waba sisifundo sezopolitiko. Inkosi yesiNgesi yatshata uAna Klevsky, intombi kaJohann III KLEVSKY, eyayingumJamani. UHeinrich wagqiba kwelokuba uza kuyibona kuqala le ntombazana kwaye emva koko enze isigqibo, ndiye ndayalela umzobo wakhe.
Inkangeleko ka-Ana ithandwa kukumkani, kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba athathe umtshato. Xa badibana, umtshakazi akazange athande inkosi, kwaye wazama ukususa umfazi wakhe ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1540, umtshato warhoxiswa ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kwentombazana edlulileyo. Ngenxa yokuba umtshato wajika waphumelela, lowo wandenza wabulawa - uThomas Crommull.
Ngehlobo le-1540, uHeinrich VIII watshata udadewabo yomfazi wakhe wesibini - uCatherine Howard. Ukumkani wathandana nentombazana, kodwa wayengazi ukuba wayenomthandi ngaphambi komtshato. Utshintshe inkosi kwaye emva komtshato. Kwakhona, intombazana yayiqatshelwe ngokunxulumene nentloko ye-PJ. Ngo-1542, uCatherine nabo bonke abenzi bobubi babulawa.
I-Ekaterina Parr yaba ngumfazi wesithandathu nowokugqibela kuKumkani wase-English. Umfazi wase-Englipwo waba ngumhlolokazi kabini ngaphambi komtshato nenkosi. WayengumProtestanti kunye neqabane lakho baqubuda kukholo lwakhe. Emva kokusweleka kukaHeinrich VIII, utshatile kangako.
Ukufa
Ukumkani wase-England waba zizifo ezilishumi elinambini. Ukutyeba kube yingxaki yayo ephambili. Waqala ukuhamba kancinci, esinqeni sakhe sadlula kumthamo weemitha ezi-1.5. Uye wafudukela kuphela izixhobo ezizodwa.
Ngexesha lokuzingela, uHeinrich wenzakala, owathi kamva wabulala. U-Lekari wamcaphukisa, kodwa emva kokulimala, iinyawo zingena elusuleni kwenxeba, kwaye inxeba laqala ukwanda.
Oogqirha baphulukana nezandla zabo kwaye bathi esi sifo sibulala. Inxeba lalilwelwe, imvakalelo yokumkani yayiphanga, kwaye utyekelo lwakhe lwe-Dremetic lwalusomelela.
Utshintshe indlela yakhe yamandla-phantse isuse imifuno kunye neziqhamo, ishiya inyama ebomvu kuphela. Oogqirha baqinisekile ukuba le nto injalo lona unobangela wokusweleka kukaKumkani ngoJanuwari 28, 1547.
Imemori
- 1702 - Isilumkiso esibhedlele saseSt Stholomew;
- I-1911 - ifilimu "Heinrich viii";
- 1993 - Ifilimu "Ubomi babucala uHenry VIII";
- 2003 - Series "UHeinrich VIII";
- 2006 - URerman "ilifa lohlobo lwentlungu";
- Ngo-2008 - ifilimu "enye yohlobo lwe-bolein";
- Ngo-2012 - Incwadi ethi "Heinrich viii kunye nabafazi bakhe abathandathu: I-Autobiography yeHenry VIII enamagqabantshintshi ngeJester yakhe."