Biography
UXerxes - ukumkani wasePersi noFaro wase-Egypt, ezona zinto zidume kakhulu ngamaphulo ezoyikisayo nxamnye ne-eulle. Uninzi lolwazi malunga nebhayiloji yakhe lwafikelela kwixesha lethu leGrikhi yamaGrike, ngakumbi, imisebenzi ye-KVEA yencwadi, eneminyaka eli-17 labo ababehlala ePersi. Kwakhona abembi bezinto zakudala bathwaliswa ngophawu lwe-20 crox eNtshona, uElam neelwimi zaseBhabhiloni.
AmaGrike anyuka uxeshe, olibiza ngokuba buthathaka, ilize. Ababhali basePersi banikwa ukuba abe ngumlawuli onobulumko kunye nomlo oloyikayo. Uninzi lwabantu ababekudala bavumelana nento yokuba inkosi iphakame, yomelele ngomzimba kwaye inzima, eyamvumela ukuba anyamezele amaphulo omkhosi kwaye ashiye inzala emininzi esempilweni.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-querxes, igama lakhe liguqulelwa ngokuthi "lilungile ngaphezulu kwamagorha," wazalelwa kwi-520 bc Ngokutsho komgca wasemama, kwakuvela kwi-kira II kwabakhulu, uMseki woBukhosi oPhezulu. UXerxes wayengunyana omkhulu weAtores, intombi kaKira II, noDariyo I.suka koonyana abathandathu uKumkani uKumkani uKumkani uDariyo, wakhetha indlalifa eKira.
Inkqubo yezomthetho yePersi yakudala ayizange ilawule inkqubo yelifa loBukumkani, kwaye ukudluliselwa kwamandla kwakuhlala kuhamba kunye nokuphinda kwenziwe kwakhona. Kodwa kule meko yonke into yaqubuda, abazalwana bavumelana ngokuthanda kukayise, ngoNovemba 486 BC, emva kokusweleka kukaDariyo I, Xerxes ndithathe itrone.
Ibhunga lolawulo
Ubukumkani bangena kwilifa, amalungu awayezabalazela ukuzuza inkululeko. Ngexesha lolawulo lukaDariyo, i-surrrity yaphuka eJiphutha, eyayinyanzelwa nguKumkani oselula kwi-484 BC. UXerxes ndachonga ubuncwane beetempile zase-Egypt, wajongana nalowo wawuxhasa imvukelo ye-PSMMETI iv, wamisela irhuluneli yomntakwabo.
Ookumkani basePersi ngaphambili balawula amaJiphutha ababekhokelwa ngamaJiphutha ababeqhubeka nomxholo kaFaro kunye negama elitsha, kodwa i-querxes icime esi siko. Ukunqula izithixo zaseYiputa, uphulaphule icebiso lababingeleli, wala.
Kwifilimu yaseNoam Murro "I-Spartans: I-heyday yobukumkani" ka-Xerxes yenza ukuba angahambelani nenyaniso yembali. La ngamaYiputa afezekisa uFaro, nabemi babo bamaPersi, yayingoyena mntu unamandla, kodwa ingengoThixo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukulwa noothixo bakaXerks kuye kwafuneka. Emva kokucinezela ukuvuka eBhabheli, umkhosi wePersi wasePersi wakhupha iphondo elinemvukelo kwidolophu ukuze aqhubeke nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-marduk.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwento yokuphoswa kweBhabheli yaseBhabheli kwakungeyonxalenye nje yokunqunyulwa kwesixeko, kodwa kukuthobeka koyisiweyo. Imikhosi yasePersi yayifuneka iminyaka emithathu ukucinezela imvukelo, emva koko uloyiso luye loliwe ukuba atshabalalise iindonga zasendle kunye nezakhiwo zokuzikhusela ukuze zikhusele izithixo zawo.
Vuma amandla akho ebukumkanini, inkosi iqala ukulungiselela ukuhamba okukhonkotha eGrisi. Ngowama-492, ngexesha lokuhamba ngeenkokeli phantsi kobunkokeli bukaDariyo I, umkhosi womphathi wasePersi wasePersia wehla wesaqhwithi esihlathini seAfona, eso yayisisizathu sokubuyela umva.
UXerxes wagqiba kweyona ngxaki yendlela yoLwandle oluKhuselekileyo ukuya eGrisi, wayalela ijelo kwi-peninsula. Ububanzi bejelo elivunyelwe ngaxeshanye ukushukumisela ii-trila ezimbini. Ibhulorho yamasiko yakha ibhulorho yamaStory Wature ngaphesheya komlambo, i-gelellerpont yanyanzelwa ngeebhulorho ezenziwe kwangaphambili, ubude bendawo nganye engaphezulu kwekhilomitha.
ECranskia, iindawo zokutya okhuselweyo zomelezwe zixhotyiswe. Iidiplomats zePersia zikhokelele emsebenzini kumazwe anobubele baseGekan Greece kunye ne-carthage. Iqulathe izixeko eziziidolophu ezizeziidolophu zangaphantsi ebusweni besoyikiso somkhosi.
Abalawuli be-Argos kunye ne-thessaly bathabatha ukhokelo lwePersi, abahlali baseCrete noKerkira bathembeka ukuba bathobele ukungathathi cala. KwanaseAthene, iimvakalelo ezihlumayo zazinamandla. Imanyano yamazwe, ilungele ukuphindezela abahlaseli, yayikhokelwa nguSparta. Ibhunga lomkhosi lagqiba kwelokuba lithintele indlela eya kuMkhosi womhlaba eFermopil, kwaye izithuthi zikwisiqithi sase-Encieya.
Isikhundla seFermopil yayiyindlela emxinwa, ichithwe ngamatye nolwandle, ngenxa yoko ingabanjwa nenani elincinci labantu. Umkhosi wamawaka o-6.5 amawaka amaGrike wayeyintloko ye-Spar Tsar Leonid i. Inkcaso yobuqhawe ye-spartans engaphezulu kwe-Spartans ephezulu kwi-epos ye-EPs inyibilika kwi-epos kwaye iqhubeke nokukhuthaza ababhali kunye neefilimu.
Emva kobuninzi bobuninzi bokubeleka, ngo-479 BC. NS. Kwidolophu yasePlatei, emdeni we-attic kunye nebhotile, amashumi amathathu amawaka emikhosi yamaGrike kwaye kabini inani elikhulu labahlaseli ladibana edabini. Ngaphandle kokungaphezulu kwenani, amaPersi achithwa kwaye ajika abhabhe. Eli dabi lahlabela ikhondo lemfazwe, yaye kamva kwalandela umzabalazo osisiseko wajika waguqukela elwandle.
Ngo-468 BC I-Greek Cleene, unyana kaMeltyaad, yaphula imipu yasePersi kufutshane noMlambo i-Eurysomewont. Emva koko boyiswa, izithuthi zasePersi aziyi kuLwandle iAegean, kwaye ezona zoyisa ii-querxes zazikhutshelwa. Ukusilela kwiimfazwe zaseGreek Greek kuyakhawulezisa ukuwa kwamandla e-AudeMedides. Iziko laqaqalwa yimfazwe kwanyanzelwa ukuba libuyekeze kwakhona iintsapho zobukumkani.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngomthombo wokubhala bequka igama lomfazi wokumkani omnye kuphela. Amemrda, intombi yaseMidf, yazala umyeni wakhe oonyana abathathu. Eli lalizi lilifumene igama uDariyo ukuzukisa utatomkhulu wakhe kwaye kwakufuneka abe ngumamkhulu wakhe. I-Hinsccape i-Hinscape kamva yaba nguBacta Satrapa. I-Artaisks, Jr., yathatha itrone yasebukhosini emva kokusweleka kukayise nomninawa wakhe omdala kunye nemigaqo yemithetho ye-465-422 ye-46222 bc. NS.
Amagama abanye abafazi kunye namashweshwe awafakwanga ebalini, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba ukumkani wasePersi wayenabo bobabini oonyana: iRatasap, kunye neentombi ezimbini - iRodogun. Kwi-adventhes yothando lomlawuli, igazi kunye nokungabinamntu kwi-Royal iyadi yaya kwiintsomi, enye yazo yalungiswa i-herodot.
UMzalwana uKerks, iMasist, wayetshatele kubuhle, abangazange baphendule kubudlelwane bokumkani. Ukufuna ukusondela kwibhinqa elingenakuthelekiswa nanto, i-querxes itshatise unyana wakhe Dariyo kwintombi yabathetheli. Ibhinqa eliselula lalihle njengomama, kodwa lungabi kangako, yaza yaba yinkosikazi yokumkani. Ingukumkani kwi-Persian ekhwele i-Amerian Ames ityhola umfazi weMasist.
Ngomhla wokuzalwa komyeni wakhe, ukumkanikazi ubabekela njengesipho ilungelo lokulahla ubomi balowo wawuthathela ingqalelo umxokelelwane wemiceli mngeni, kwakutheni ukuze afune umfazi ongakhathaliyo? I-Amemard yabulala imbangi enenkohliso ekhethekileyo, kwaye iXerxes yanikela umntakwabo ngomfazi omtsha endaweni yababulewe.
Ukwenzela ukomeleza unxibelelwano lwe-intrameal, kucetywa ukutshata i-massan intombi yasebukhosini ngeli xesha (umtshana wakhe, ngokwahlukeneyo), kodwa wala wazama ukubaleka noonyana bakhe. Amajoni kakumkani ababanjwa ngabavukeli endleleni babulawa.
Ukufa
UXerxes wayehlala kwiminyaka engama-54 ubudala, amashumi amabini ananye amashumi amabini ananye alawula ngayo amaPersi. Ukuba bekungeyomzabalazo wokhuphiswano ngamandla, kuya kuphila iminyaka embalwa. Ukwaluphala, inkosi yayingabinamzimba, wakhubeka phantsi kwempembelelo yentloko ye-Adabana kunye ne-Eurich Aspamitra. Ukulima, okwenzekileyo ngo-467 BC. e., yakhokelela kwindlala ePersi. Ibar ingenanto, amaxabiso okutya anyuke ngabo bonke, kunye nabemi be-strapy yokwakha kwakhona.
Kangangonyaka, i-querxes isuswe ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amagosa ezikhundla, kodwa utshintsho lokhokelo aluzange lusindise imeko. Ngo-Agasti 465 BC NS. UArphabhah no-Asphamitira, othembele ngokupheleleyo (indlela enokuthi ithembele kwinkuthalo), bavumelana ne-Artashashtas, i-Tsarevich, kwaye yabulala i-xecx ephumla ebusuku. Imithombo yaseBhabheli, i-Egypt kunye namaGrike iphinda lo mnyhadala kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo.
Omnye umsindo uthi ukuba bacebise kumlawuli ongqalileyo kumarlaxer kwaye bambulala ukumkani nendlalifa yakhe kwangoko. Umbhali wesinye isicatshulwa ukholelwa ukuba ithenwa kunye neNtloko yoGadakazi batyholwa ngokubulala ii-Cerks Daria, unyana omkhulu uTsarsast, kwaye uArtashashta wabulala umntakwabo kwisityholo sobuxoki.
Imemori
- Ngo-1962 - ifilimu "i-300 spartans"
- Ngo-1998 - Imifanekiso yegrafu "300" Frank Miller kunye neLynn Varley
- Ngo-2006 - ifilimu "300 spartans"
- Ngo-2007 - Umdlalo weKhompyuter 300: Nge-Matshi yozuko
- Ngo-2011 - i-charxes ye-carxes kwi-halkidiki peninsula yabhengeza ipaki ye-archaeological
- Ngo-2014 - Ifilimu ethi "Ngama-300 Spartans: Ukuchuma koBukhosi"