Biography
UNikolay Berdyaev ngumbono obalaseleyo wentanda-bulumko obalaseleyo ohlanganisene iindlela ze-kant ne-schopenhauer, umchasi wokusindisa kunye nenkxaso yenkululeko yenkululeko. Ukuba ngumntu ononqulo, wayekholelwa ukuba ubuKhoriko kunye nobunkuthalo bubonisa ukwala izazela zokuziphatha nezenkolo. Iingcamango zakhe zenziwa ekuqalekeni kwenkulungwane yama-20 zibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba iikowuko kwimisebenzi yesithandi-sobulumko yayisebenzisa iNtloko yeLizwe kwiPalamente yaseRussia.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UNikolai wazalwa ngoMatshi 1874 kufutshane neKiev, kwi-Geeric Africa, umlawuli omkhulu katatomkhulu uPawulos. Intsapho yayingumntu ophambili. Utata Alexander Mikelailovich - inzala yeenkosana zeTatar zeBakhmeyyev. Ooyihlo bakaMama Alexandra baseSergeyevna, kwintombazana yase-genen ye-genera yakudala yaseMnishek, iPototsky kunye nokumkani waseFrance Louis VI.
UNikolai kunye noMzalwan 'uSergey wafumana imfundo yokuqala yasekhaya, enezilwimi ezininzi zasemzini. I-Koyan yaseKoludi ifundwe kwi-vladimir kunye ne-kiev cadet corps. Ke, ngokwesiko lentsapho, kwakufanele ukungena kwi-Prozi Corps, kodwa wakhetha ukuzibandakanya kwimfundo. Ngo-1894 I-Berdyaev ifumene isatifikethi sokuvuthwa kwe-kiev-pechersk gychersk gymnasium.
Kwakuloo nyaka, uNikolai wangena kwiDyunivesithi yaseSt. Vladimir, kwiMathemadics yeFiziksi, emva konyaka watshintshelwa kwizomthetho. Kodwa bekungenakwenzeka ukuba ufumane idiploma yeZiko leMfundo le-Berdist: ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-Marxist yomfundi weMarxist Isangqa sokuzikhusela kunye neDyunivesithi yenkululeko yenkululeko yabasebenzi ", ayifakwanga eyunivesithi. Ngaphambi koko, le ndoda yabanjwa kabini ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yorhulumente.
Ngo-1900, uNikolai wathunyelwa kwiphondo leVoloto phantsi kweliso likaPolisi. Apho, isithandi-sobulumko esincinci sabhala incwadi ethi "Ukusebenza kunye nokuThengisa intanda-bulumko yoluntu". U-Profest owaziwayo kunye noqoqosho uPeter waqubuda, ngaphambi kokuba abeke eJamani, walungiselela intshayelelo. I-Berdyaev yajoyina intshukumo yezopolitiko "Imanyano yenkululeko" ilungelelaniswe ne-madrades.
I-Berdyaeva yebhayiloji yakhe ibonakalise ixesha awayephila kulo: intshukumo yotshintsho, ukukhangela iinjongo ezintsha, ukuphosa ukusuka ekugqityweni. UNikolay Alexandrovich wabona kwaye omnye wabadali bele nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba "yiRenaissance" yaseRussia yesiqalo senkulungwane yamashumi amabini. "
Intanda-bulumko
Iimbono zentanda-bulumko kaNikolai Berdyaev zisekwe ekukhangeni okanye, nangayiphi na imeko, ukugxekwa kwefowuni kunye nengqondo. Ezi zimvo, ukusuka kwimbono yawo, ichaphazela inkululeko yobuntu, oko kukuthi, ubukho bobukho bentsingiselo yomntu.
Ubuntu kunye nabantu yingcinga eyahlukileyo. UMCINTSHA wayekholelwa ukuba owokuqala wayengudidi lokomoya, indlela yokuziphatha, yesibini - yendalo, eyinxalenye yoluntu. Ubuntu bungangqinelani kwaye ayisebenzi kulo naluphi na uhlobo, okanye kwicawa okanye kurhulumente. Inkululeko yeBeryaev inikiwe, iphambili kunendalo nangendoda, ngaphandle kwendalo. Ukuba ivelisa "i-charararchy kaThixo yokuba," ibonakala imbi.
Kumsebenzi 'wendoda kunye nomatshini "bajonga ubuchule njengeyona ndlela yokukhulula umoya womntu, kodwa uloyiko lokuba ukufakelwa izinto ngokomoya, kwaye umntu uya kuphulukana nobumoya kunye nobubele. Kwaye emva koko kuphakama umbuzo, kwaye yintoni eya kunika abantu bancitshiswe ezi mpawu kwiLizwe elizayo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ubumoya abuqhagamshelo nje noThixo, ngokuyintloko kukunxibelelana nehlabathi kunye nendlela umntu abonisa ngayo eli lizwe ngaphandle kwakhe.
Kukho i-paradox. Inkqubela phambili yezobugcisa iqhubela phambili inkcubeko, ubugcisa, itshintsha iziseko zokuziphatha. Ewe, kwaye ubomi buhambela phambili. Kwelinye icala, ukunqula okugqithisileyo kwezinto ezibonakalayo kubuntu ukubanakho ukukhubazeka kwenkuthazo yenkcubeko. Kwaye apha kwakhona ukunyuka kwesihloko senkululeko yomoya
Ekuqaleni kovavanyo lwentanda-bulumko, uNikolay Alexandrovich uyayiqonda imibono yeKarl Marx. Nangona kunjalo, kamva, ebonisa ukuphuculwa kwemibono yobuKomanisi eRussia, kwincwadi ethi "Imvelaphi kunye nentsingiselo yobukomanisi baseRussia" yaqaphela ukuba i-marxism kule meko ayonelanga.
Kumsebenzi "umbono waseRussia", isithandi-sobulumko bazama ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yayingumphefumlo waseRussia ongumGussia ongummangaliso. I-Berdyaev isebenzisa imifanekiso eqaqambileyo kunye ne-ufligs, ukufana ngokwembali kunye nee-pharisms. Njengemizekelo, kukho iziganeko zexesha elibanzi - ukusuka kwi-AVVAKM PROPOPA kwiVladimir Lenin, kubhaptizo lwaseRashiya ukuya kwi-Okthobha.
Ngokutsho kweBeryaev, abantu baseRussia abathambekele ekulandeleni imfundiso yomthetho, ngakumbi injongo kwaye ubunzima obufakwe kumxholo kunakwifom. Umbono wokuba "ngesiRashiya" Ubuxoki "kwinkululeko yothando kwimozulu enzulu necocekileyo yeLizwi."
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi kaBeryaev, uLidiya Yudifovna dogashev, wayevela kwintsapho yegosa elihlekisayo, umsikisi ozukisiweyo waseKharkov. Intombazana yafundiswa kwigumbi lendwendwe eSwitzerland, nasemva koko, i-Engenia ichithe inyanga entolongweni xa yayiseParis, kwiSikolo saseRussia besikolo seSayensi yezeNzululwazi.
Ngexesha lokwazi nge-Berdyaev, uLida wayetshatile kwi-nobleble ye-herbleer kunye nenkxaso yeentliziyo zedemokhrasi ye-viktor viktor. I-Druzeyev yanikezela kule ngcambu. Emva kokubanjwa, uLidia nomyeni wakhe bathunyelwa eKhaerOv eKiev, apho ngoFebruwari 1904 wadibana noNikolai.
Ukuwa konyaka omnye, iBeryaev inike umntu obhinqileyo ukuba amshiye eSt. Petersburg, kwaye ukusukela ngoko esi sibini singakhange sihlukane. Nangona kunjalo, uLida noNikolai khange baphile njengendoda nomfazi wakhe ngokwesiko, kodwa, ngokutsho koodade, druševa - eugene, ngokungathi bazalwana nodade.
Intsingiselo kangaka yeBeryaev ityale imali kumtshato wokomoya. Oku kwabhalwa kwiDeries noLidiya Judifovna, ukugxininisa ukuba ixabiso lemanyano yabo yayikukungabikho "nayiphi na into esiyiphathayo kwaye ihlala ihlaselwa ngamehlo."
Indawo yezinto ezenziwayo eyakhekayo isisa, yanceda uNicholas emsebenzini, wenza uhlelo loluleko lomsebenzi wakhe. Yayingengawodwa i-berdyaeva yodwa kunye nobuchule bokubhala kunye namanqaku, kodwa khange bafune ukuprintwa.
Ngo-1922, usapho lukaBeryaev lushiye ilizwe. U-Nikolai uAlexandrovich uthunyiwe, kwaye uLidiya, ngokuqinisekileyo, akazange amshiye yedwa. Ukongeza, ngo-1917 watshintsha ukholo-wakhulela kubuchwephesha, intshutshiso yamaKatolika yaqala eSoviet Russia. Ekuqaleni, iBeryaev, kunye nomama nodade waseLida bahlala eBerlin, emva koko bafudukela eFransi, apho umhlobo wosapho esichengeni ngasentshona sishiya indlu. Apho uNikolai wabhala i-autobiography "yolwazi", eyapapashwa emva kokuba efile.
Ukufa
Ifilosofi yaseRussia yafa kwilizwe lasemzini, kumazantsi eParis - uClar, ngoMatshi 1948. Kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambili, uLidiya Judifovna wasweleka ngumhlaza. Udadewabo uEugene wanceda endlwini. Ufumene i-berdyaev kwiofisi yedesika yokubhala. Kude kube ngumzuzu wokugqibela, umntu ocinga ukuba wasebenza - walungisa umbhalo obhaliweyo wencwadi ethi "Ubukumkani boMoya nobukumkani bukaKesare."
Indlu kaNikolai Alexandrovich inikezela iCawa ye-Orthodox yaseRussia phesheya. Phakamisa isiko le-Orthodox ephethe ababingeleli abaliqela. Bayayazi ngokobuqu kwaye bafuna ukuyichitha endleleni yokugqibela. Kwingcwaba lesithandi-sobulumko esifakwe kuphela umnqamlezo oqhelekileyo.
I-Bibliography
- I-1909 - "Imidlalo" "
- Ngo-1913 - "I-DUCHET YOYAMO"
- Ngo-1915 - "umphefumlo waseRussia"
- Ngo-1918 - "ukusuka enzulu"
- Ngo-1924 - "Iminyaka Ephakathi"
- Ngo-1931 - "ubuKristu kunye nomzabalazo weklasi"
- Ngo-1931 - "Ingqokelela ye-Psream yeSaysechology yezeNqanaba lokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo"
- Ngo-1934 - "mna nehlabathi lezinto (amava okuhlala yedwa kunye nentanda-bulumko yonxibelelwano)"
- Ngo-1939 - "kubukhoboka nenkululeko yomntu. Amava entanda-bulumko
- Ngo-1940 - "Ukwazi"