Biography
"Njengoko uMamay edlulile," lo mzekeliso usehlala usetyenziswa kwintetho yaseRussia. Isetyenziswa xa kufikwa kumba wokutshatyalaliswa, ukoyisa. Le yenye yeendlela ezimbalwa zedabi le-Kulikov, xa iDilmry Dononkoy yaphula umkhosi wama-mamileevo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ibhayiloji kaMama inamanani amakhulu amabala amhlophe, kuba ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezi-6 zidlula kwimbonakalo yayo. Ngokufanelekileyo, ezelwe ngo-1335 kwikomkhulu leGolden Horde, isixeko saseSayray-Batu. Inkqantosi yakumazwe aseMongolia, bavuma i-Islam. Igama yinguqulelo yakudala ye-turgic ye-mohammed.
Umtshato ophumelelayo kunye nentombi kaKhan Golden Horde uvumele uMama ngo-1357 ukuthatha iposti yeBecoughbek: ikhokelwa yiMicimbi ePhakamileyo, uMkhosi kunye nemicimbi yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ngaphandle komtshato u-Tulbek, mamaim akanakuvumela isikhundla esiphakamileyo.
IGolden Horde
Ngo-1359, emva kokubulawa kukatata waseBerisweni waseKan Bulpoy, uMamay ubiza imfazwe. Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu, ukubizwa ngokuba "yiJam enkulu" eHorde iqale. Ekubeni uMamay wayengeyiyo i-genghisid, akazange akwazi ukuthatha isihloko saseKhan. Ke ngo-1361 wabhengeza i-White Horde Khan (iinxalenye ze-Golden Horde, inxalenye yesibini ibizwa ngokuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ye-Ash yakhe. Abdullah, avela kwi-genustar.
Eli nyathelo labangela uqhanqalazo lwabanye abafaki zicelo, uMama ukusuka kwi-1359 ukuya kwi-1370 kuye kwafuneka alwe nabalithoba: ngo-1366 kwafuneka ukuba alawule inxalenye yelizwe, ukusuka kwiBhanki yasekunene yeVolga ukuya kwi-volta. Ngamaxesha athile, wayenetyala, isixeko saseSaram. Kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, uMamay wagxila kwi-rappires kunye namazwe aseYurophu-iVenieta, ukuqina kukaJanueta weLithuania nabanye.
Ngo-1370, uqhankqalazo luka-Abdullah lwafa, ngenxa yesandla sikaMaimani. I-Mohammed Bulak, inkwenkwana eneminyaka esibhozo isuka kwi-batouds ye-genud yenyuka ukuya kwindawo yakhe. UDe Yura, walawula uMamileevaya Horde de Forde kude kube nge-1380, ade afe kwi-Kikov. Ngapha koko, imposiso yeMamai, ngaphandle kokuthatha isihloko se-khan.
Ubudlelwane bobumnyama obuneMoscow baphuhliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala, uLawulo lukaMamay luxhasa i-capital, ngo-1363, isivumelwano sokunciphisa uDani satyikitywa ngedolophu yedolophu yaseMetropolitan. I-Moscow Prince Dhittra iwahlule amandla eMaamia neKhan Abdullah.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1370, uMamai ukhethe ikakhulu enkulu kwaye wanikezela kwi-mikhail tver. Kunyaka kamva, uDhittra kunye notyelelo lobuqu batyelele i-Bekstolebeck yokuhlala kwaye babuyisa ilebheli. Ubutshaba bala mazwe mabini akhule emva kwe-1374, iqela leTatar labethwa eNizhny Novgorod, elalihamba kunye nee-ambesods zikaMamas. Ukuqala "okukhulu", isiphelo esingabekwa kuyo i-Kulikovy kuphela.
Ngo-1377, i-khan yaseKhann Golden Horde Tukhtamam yaqala ukugxotha umhlaba: Ngentwasahlobo ye-1378 yoyisa impuma ye-Horde. Emva koko, waya kwicandelo lasentshona, iHorde Horde, apho i-mayay ilawulwa. Ekuqaleni konyaka we-1380, iToktamyh ikwazile ukubuyisela wonke umda we-Golden Horde, kuphela i-crinta kunye nengingqi yolwandle esemantla eMnyama yahlala iphantsi kolawulo.
Kwiimeko ezinzima ezinzima, uMamay wenza isigqibo sokucwangcisa iphulo lokuqala laseRussia ukuba aqokelele irhafu. Ukuthathela ingqalelo inyani yokuba imikhosi yomkhosi we-horde yayigxunyekwe, ngenxa yemali yabacebisi kwezomlawuli, abathunywa, abaseRussiari, abaseGenoe nabanye. Isiphelo seRusikov iba yindawo yentsimi ye-Kulikov, eyenzekayo Nge-8 kaSeptemba 1380. Intloko yomkhosi waseRussia yayiyiPrince Prince Dhitry Dilmyry Dononkoy.
Izazinzulu zale mihla azivumelani kwiimbono zovavanyo lwenani lamajoni egolide. Abanye bathi uMama wayenamawaka angama-50 abantu, abanye bakholelwa ukuba ukusuka kwi-100 ukuya kwi-150 lamawaka abantu baseDhimery Dononkoy, kwaye kamva baphonononge ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 yamawaka abantu basendle, sinjalo Ndiyathemba ukuba kumacala omabini yayivela kwi-5 ukuya kwi-10 lamawaka abathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye idabi langaphantsi kweeyure ezi-3, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-ronike, kunye nemizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-30.
Ulwazi malunga nedabi lugcinwe kwimithombo emine ebhaliweyo: Ibinzana elithi "I-Kulikovskaya idabi" kwisayensi yazisa n. m. karamzin kwi "Ibali le-Russian State".
Imikhosi ivunyelwene kwindawo yokusilela komlambo efakwe kuDon, ngoku yintsimi yengingqi ye-Tula. Ixesha elide, isizathu sokungabikho kwentsimi ye-stalk sahlala siyimfihlakalo, ukumbiwa kwaphelile ngokufumana izixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2006, ngenxa yeGeoradara entsha, bafumana ukutshona kwamaxhoba. Ukunqongophala kwethambo kuhlala kuchaziwe ngumsebenzi wezikhemikhali weChernozem, okhawulezayo ukwandisa amalaphu.
Ngentsasa kaSeptemba 8, imikhosi yayilindelwe de i-FOG iya kuhanjiswa. Idabi laqala ngongqungquthela elincinci, emva koko kukho umdlalo odumileyo we-Alexander Perevaste nge-lubeem, ekubulaweni kokubini. I-Dilmary Donskoy iqale yabona idabi kumbutho wabalindi, emva koko wema ematyeni, etshintsha iimpahla nge-moscow obhaka.
UMamay wabukele idabi lokude. Nje ukuba aqaphele ukuba umkhosi woyisiwe, kwaye i-Russiang yabantu baseRussia bagqiba abakhumbulanayo, amatakazana, bekhokelwa ngumphathi, bajikela. I-Than yaseKhanni yoDonga apho uMamai wayengu-Beckerbeck, wasweleka kwidabi.
Ukususela nge-9 kaSeptemba ukuya kuSeptemba 16, abafileyo bangcwatywa ebaleni. Kwingcwaba elikhulu, icawa yakhiwa, eyayingaphelelwanga kude kube semini. Ukususela ngo-1848, isikhumbuzo seProjekthi iProjekthi A. P. Brtullov sele imi kwintsimi ye-Kulikov. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba uloyiso lukaDomshino Donskov kwintsimi ye-Kulikov iziswe eRussia ukuba ikhululwe kulawulo lwangaphandle. Ukuze uHorde, ukoyiswa kukaMama kwaba negalelo ekudibaniseni kwakhe phantsi kolawulo lwe-Khan Takhtamy.
Emva koloyiso kwi-Kulik, intsimi ye-mayay izama ukuqokelela umkhosi kwakhona ukuze uziphindezele kwiDMMMMY Dononkoy. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba uthathe esinye isiqhulo eRussia, kuba uKhan Tukhtysh wayezama ukuphumelela impahla kaMama.
NgoSeptemba 1380, uMama Maamia noToktamysh Army badibana kwidabi le "kwi-kalki". Ngokweenkumbulo ezigciniweyo, kwakungekho mlo cala-eyona nxalenye ye-mamaeva yafudukela kwicala le-tuktamysh. UMamay akazange athathele isigqibo sokuxhathisa, esibaleke kwi-prosa. Ngoyiso lukaTuktamy, iMfazwe yamaKhaya exesha elide yaphela, kwaye i-gorde yegolide yaba yimeko enye.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi oPhezulu oPhezulu wathabatha i-tulutek, intombi kaKhan Golden Horde Tordibek. Umtshato wawuluncedo ngobumnyama, wabelwa isihloko sonyana kaKhan, "gurgen". Enkosi kukusondela eBeribek Mnai, wafumana isithuba se-Betlabek - umphathiswa wokuqala. Le yeyona nqanaba liphezulu le "ukungasebenzi" kunokufaka isicelo.
Ngo-1380, emva kokuba uMamay elahlekile kwidabi eKalka, wasalela eCrimea, apho wabulawa khona. I-tulbek, kunye ne-harem - abafazi abancinci - bafumana iTictama. Wenza isigqibo sokutshata umhlolokazi i-mamaha yokwandisa ngokwakho ubunyani bayo emehlweni eMetropolitan.
Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, ngokuchasene neToktamyh benza iyelenqe, ulwazi malunga naloo msebenzi ungagcinwanga. Mhlawumbi, wayezama ukutshintsha inzala yakhe uBaru etroneni. Kukholelwa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba beyelenqe yayingabalandeli be-mayay bekhokelwa nguTulbek. I-Tuktamama yabulala inkosikazi yayo, ukrokrela ukuvukela.
Ukutsho ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bangaphi abantwana, akubonakali ukuba kunokwenzeka. Kuyaziwa ukuba omnye woonyana bakhe, umkhweli uViyatovich, emva kokusweleka kukayisekile e-ristan kwaye wenza ubulungiseleli baseGraf Lithuania kunye nenxalenye yeLithuania.
Unyana wakhe uAlex ngo-1392 wamkela iOthodoki, wafumana igama elithi uAlexander. Watshata unyana wakhe kwiPrincess Antostasia Ostrog. Inzala yesibini yenzala ye-Manurr, isikhiti, yaba yintloko ye-polovtsy kwinxalenye esentshona yengingqi yolwandle olumnyama olumnyama.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, iinkosana zaqala ukubizwa kumaxwebhu aseLithuani baseLithuani baseGlinsky, ngegama ledolophu yaseGlinsk, apho kuhlala khona indawo yokuhlala. Ngokufanelekileyo, le yigolide yangoku. I-GLINSKY-I-Lithumanian yeLithuania, i-Elena Glinskaya yenzekile, umama kaIvan Garznyny. Ngenxa yoko, omnye wakoonyana bakaMaths yayingumbala omkhulu waseMoscow kunye neRussia.
Uhlobo lwe-dashkevichi, vishnevetsky, ruzhinsky, ostrog, kwakhona uqwalasela inzala yemathematics. La manqaku enkosana adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunweni kwe-ziporozhyle yanamhlanje.
Omnye inzala yeBecolembek yi-IKSSASECK Mamay. Ngo-2003, ifilimu eyalelwa ngu-Elesya Sanina wakhululwa malunga nelokugqibela. Ipeyinti isekwe kwinguqulelo yombhali yokuvela kwentsomi malunga ne-IKAMAIAN. Isiqingatha sohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweRibbon lufunyenwe kumlawuli wolondolozo.
Ukufa
Ngexesha lokufa kukaMama wayeneminyaka engama-45 ubudala, unobangela wokufa kukubulala. Kukho iintsomi ezininzi malunga nokuba uMamai waswelekayo. Kuyaziwa ukuba emva koyiswa kwimikhosi yeToktamysh, iMamai yabalekela kwinqaba yeCafu (i-feodosia yanamhlanje). Wayenobutyebi oqokelele naye. Abahlali baseGenoese abahlala kwinqaba, yaza yamkela ngenxa yokufumana ilungu lobuncwane, emva koko labulawa ngokomyalelo weTictamysh.
Ngokutsho kwenye idatha, uMama adluliselwe eToktamyh, owenza ubomi bakhe beBecourbek. I-HIN ingcwatywe nayo yonke imbeko, ingcwaba libekwe kwi-Sheikh Mama (igama langoku - ilali yase-Alivazuvo, kude ne-feodosia). I-Kurgan ngengozi yafumanisa umculi i. K. Alivazovsky. Ngokwenye i-data, i-mamay kaMamay ingcwatywa (i-risor pay cera egudileyo).
Kukho inqaku le-DORTANKA Mama langcwatyelwa kwi-Goldor yeGolden kwinduli, ebizelwe kwintsimi yeSixeko seVolgograd. Iingcaciso ezininzi ezininzi kwi-MAQUVEV Inguqulelo ye-MAQUVEKRNURNUNTRNGRAN ASHANYI, ingcwaba alifumanekanga. Okwangoku, i-mamaev kurgan yaziwa ngokuba lilitye lesikhumbuzo - amagorha anethumba ledabi lokulwa ".
Imemori
- Ngo-1955 - Karshkovsky p. O. "Kulikovskaya"
- Ngo-1981 - Shennikov A. A. "Ubume benzala yeMamaia"
- I-2010-Kukweeev R. yu. "Mamai: Ibali le" Anti-Hero "kwimbali (isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-630 seminyaka ye-Kulikovsky)"
- I-2010-Kundweehaev r. yu. "I-MAAAAI CHREMINGLE kunye nembali yembali (ukuzama ukusasaza i-stereotypes)"
- Ngo-2012-PUCALOV A.V. "Kulo mbuzo weengqekembe zemali eyi-mamaia"