Biography
Igama leStanislav Lem liqhelekile ukuba bafumane iintsomi. Omnye wabameli behlabathi abalungileyo babhala malunga nemisebenzi engamakhulu amabini, eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingama-46, kwaye iincwadi zibalwa zizigidi zeekopi. Wazazisa abafundi ngekamva elinokubakho elinokubakho ngexesha lokuphakama kwetekhnoloji kunye nokugcina indawo yolondolozo lwendalo, kunye neengxaki zokufumana ukuqonda ngempucuko ye-contersion.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Kwinkcazo-ntetho yakhe yeenkcukacha zebhayiloji, umbhali kunye nefilosofi azizibize inyamakazi, kuba ihanjisiwe kwiStanislav encinci kuye wonke umntu. U-Lem wazalwa ngoSeptemba 1921 kwintsapho kagqirha, ikhuselwe ngokwaneleyo ngemilinganiselo yelo xesha. Kwiminyaka emine, inkwenkwe yayisele ikwazile ukufunda nokubhala. Usapho lwaluhlala e-LVIV, ngaphambili kubunini bePoland ngelo xesha.
Imfundo yesibini ye-Stanislav ifunyenwe kwi-Gystrium yamadoda ayimfuneko, eyathi yabizwa ngokuba nguMbhali-mbali wasePoland kunye nobupolitika base Karol Shalaha. Umzamo wokungenisa amaziko ePolytechnin akazange afumane isithsaba, ngokutsho kwe-lem, ngenxa ye "vergeois" engalunganga yentlalo. Utata uqhagamshele wonke unxibelelwano lwakudala kwaye luqhotyoshelwe unyana kuphela kwiyunivesithi yezonyango.
Xa kwaqhambuka imfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, kuye kwafuneka ndilibale ngokufunda, uStanislav uzinze ukuze asebenze kwigaraji. Ukusuka ekungeneni kweGhetto, intsapho yamaYuda yasindiswa ngamaxwebhu ayixoki. Ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzi, uStanislav, ngokweenkulungwane zakwa-Israeli, iziqhushumbisi zeTuskal, ibonelela ngokuchasene ne-anti-sfawa-sfawa-sfawa.
Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, i-lem, enganqweneli ukuba ngabemi baseSoviet, kwisakhelo semva kokosulelayo safudukela eKrakow. Apha, lemu Jr. isayigqiba imfundo yezonyango kwiZiko leMfundo eliNtu-i-Yaghellon University. Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana idiploma ye-Stanislav yeStanislav yala, kuba andifumananga nto inomtsalane emsebenzini wohlobo lomkhosi.
Uncwadi
I-fantasy kwi-wumboniso ye-lem, ngokutsho kwabaphandi bobuchule bombhali, basinda kuhlobo lwendalo. Ukuba ubokuqala bebenethemba, olulula lokuqonda inoveli "yelifu" kunye nebali "le-rat kwilali", emva koko abafundi be-chaion pie " . I-Idesi yesayensi "I-EED" kwi-adventhed "kwi-Crew Spaw yeSpawner kwiLizwe eliLinye kwaye ayibizwa ngokuba yinkcazo yehlabathi" elibi kakhulu ".
Ukubhala iStanislav kwaqala kwibhentshi yomfundi. Umsebenzi wokuqala we "ndoda kwiMars" yapapashwa kwiLizwe eliSimahla leveki "lehlabathi elitsha". Emva kokukhutshwa kwenoveli "Astronauts", i-lem yaziwa ngenene, nangona umbhali engqondweni yakhe ethandabuzayo, kwaye, enkqonkqoza ilungelo lakhe lokupapasha, abapapashi bachitha ixesha elininzi kunye nemithambo yethutyana.
Njengombhali wentsomi obalaseleyo malunga ne-Stanislav Lem ithethe emva kokuba "ukubuya kwiinkwenkwezi". Iqhawe eliphambili lencwadi yinkwenkwezi engusomajukujuku olubuyayo kwi-lorition kwiminyaka elikhulu kwaye ibangela impucuko emhlabeni.
Inoveli "ayisosiseko" inikezelwe kwiindibano ezingezozabelo zerobhothi eziye zafunda ukuba zingaguquki, kodwa ziqhubele phambili. Abaphandi basuka emhlabeni bayaqonda ukuba akukho ngongoma kwiindlela zokulwa, kuba ziyinxalenye yeplanethi, kwaye ubuntu abunelithisi ekuphazamiseni kwinkqubo yobomi ende.
Omnye isincoko se-lem - "I-Solarsis" inikezelwe ekunxibelelaneni nengqondo yengqondo ye-Alien. Ibali le-Out yolwandle ulwandle lwe-borisky ithathiwe kwimisebenzi efanelekileyo yohlobo oluthandekayo. Inoveli yayisisiseko somfanekiso we-iconic Encope of Andrei Tarkovsky. Ngaphandle koko, umdlalo "ukhona, Mnu. Jones?" - UAndrzey Waida wadubula "ipieff ye-Duff", kwaye uPeter Stein - ifilimu ".
Ukususela ngo-1971 ukuya ku-1974, amabali ali-16 akhutshwa kwiqokelelo "ngokupheleleyo". Kuyo, uStanislav wabonisa italente yomgxeki, ebhala i-ironic kunye nonyango olufihlakeleyo kwimisebenzi engeyiyo eyababhali abafanayo.
Ukufunda, ngokungathishwankathela imisebenzi yeStanislav Lem, ithathwa njengenoveli "fiasco", epapashwe ngo-1987. Emva kwakhe, isayensi ibekelwe umda ukubhala amabali kwaye kukhokelele, wayengasabuyisi kwiifom ezinkulu zoncwadi.
Kwisithuba se-90s, isincoko se-megabit Bomb Isincoko sabona i-lema malunga ne-lema malunga ne-lema malunga netekhnoloji yekhompyuter ngelo xesha xa kungekho mntu wacinga nge-Intanethi njengento ezimeleyo.
Ubomi Buqu
KwiYunivesithi ye-Yagellon, lem wadibana noBarbara Lesnik, owayefunda apho kwi-radiologist. Emva komgqatswa othathu waza wathenga iminyaka, intombazana yavuma ukuba ngumfazi wakhe uStanislav. Ngokutsho kwememori yomguquleli - umbhali weKonstantin, uBarbara wasebenza kwipenshini, kuba wayengafuni ukuba imelwe kuphela njengeqabane le-stanislav lem.
Ngo-1968, unyana olindelwe ixesha elide wazalelwa kwisayensi. U-Tomas ufundile kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna, emva koko eUnited States, ePriceloton, wangenisa ishishini lokupapasha.
Ukongeza ePoland, iilwimi zaseUkraine neRussian, Stantislav ungumnini wesiNgesi, isiJamani nesiFrentshi. Malunga nendlela utata wakhe amfundiswe ngayo iilwimi, uOsmaski waxelela ukuba iinkumbulo ezinomxholo othi "I-Adventures ngemvelaphi yoMbuso weHlabathi."
I-lem yaziva ubuthathaka ezimotweni, iwotshi inokuthetha kwesi sihloko. Omnye umbhali wayethanda iilekese, waba yindawo yokusebenza kwihotele yaseKrakowia, indawo yogcino lweKhalva kunye neMatzipun kwitshokholethi igcinwe. Ezolonwabo, i-futurologist ifundwe i-Herrich iSeenchvich, waphulaphula uBeethoven kwaye wabona "wabukela" iinkwenkwezi "kunye nohlobo.
Kuqala nge-80s, uStanislav wayehlala eVienna, ngokusesikweni - kwisimemo somanyano lwababhali baseOstriya. Ngapha koko, ngokutsho koNyana wesayensi, izizathu zokumka zabanjwa, imbono yembalelwano, ukungakwazi ukuqhelana neencwadi ezintsha zoncwadi lwehlabathi.
I-lem yosapho ayizange ikhululwe, kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba abuye. UStanislav wazisa inkosikazi yakhe nonyana wakhe ngo-1983 kwaye bahlala eVienna iminyaka emihlanu. Ukuhlala kurhwebo lwangaphandle, umbhali wayefuna ukuphefumlelwa, kangangeentsuku ezininzi akazange ashiye indlu, angakhange ajonge kwimbonakalo, ukhumbule i-tomaye lem.
Ukufuduka kwe-lem akuzange kugcinwe kwi-USSR: Abapapashi bayigatya impapasho yokudluliselwa kwe "ye-futuriological Congress". Inoveli malunga nobomi boluntu olusezantsi kwempembelelo ye-Holsicconun eSoviet Union yapapashwa kuphela emva kokuqala kokuhlengahlengiswa.
Ukufa
Umbhali wendlela yokuziphatha yefilosofi "Isixa seTekhnoloji" sidluliselwe ebomini ngo-Matshi 2006 kwikliniki ye-Cardiology yeKrayew.
Unobangela wokusweleka kweStanislav uye waba ziingxaki zentliziyo eziqulunqwe ngokuchasene ne-Diabetes yeswekile enzima, iingxaki ngeezintso kunye nokuvuvukala kwemiphunga. Umntu ongakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo ukuya esiphelweni sahlala esithembekile kuye, ebiza ukufa kuloo ndawo ukuba umntu avele kuyo - akukho nto.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1951 - "Astronauts"
- Ngo-1955 - "I-Magllanotovo"
- Ngo-1959 - "I-Eden"
- Ngo-1961 - "Sorulas"
- Ngo-1964 - "Zimbini ii-monster"
- Ngo-1964 - "Hayi indlela Ehlala ngayo Indalo Iphela"
- Ngo-1971 - "Anank"
- Ngo-1971 - "ukulunga ngokupheleleyo"
- Ngo-1976 - "I-Ruber"
- Ngo-1976 - "Imaski"
- Ngo-1980 - "IQINISEKISO"
- Ngo-1982 - "Uhlolo kwindawo"
- Ngo-1983 - "izixhobo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini anesithathu, okanye indaleko ibheke ezantsi"
- Ngo-1987 - "Fiasco"
- Ngo-1992 - "iqhina"
- Ngo-1999 - "Uhambo lokugqibela lwe-jion lokuthula"
- 2006 - "ugqatso lwe-PROPERONIKI"