Biography
Ababhali-mbali babiza i-Takhtamsh yokugqibela khan yomdaniso omnye. Emva kweMayay, iMongol-Tatars eyayikoyisile isikhundla sakwaMongol-tatare, umlawuli wahlanganisa umhlaba osasazekileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-Juchiyev Ulus. Ngokwezatifikethi ezigciniweyo, uTuktamyh wayenengxaki enkulu yomsindo, owanceda umntu ukuba abeke entlokweni yeHorde yeminyaka engama-25.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umhla wokuzalwa kwe-Khan Golden Holden uyaziwa, kodwa i-pedigree yejoni elidumileyo ilandelwa ngokulula. UTohtamysh wazalelwa kwi-TUY-KHOJI Intsapho - unyana kaJucci Khangeli kunye nomzukulwana waseGenghis-Khan. Intsapho yale yazalwa yayingunodumo olulawulayo, kodwa lalingenamandla amakhulu kusapho.
Ngo-1364, Tuy-Khoji, umlawuli osemthethweni we-IngyshLak Peninsula, ebulala isalamane esisondeleyo. Unobangela wengxabano yayikukuthandabuza kukaTata Toktamsh ukuba nenxaxheba kwiphulo lomkhosi olungeyomfuneko. IBhodi yePeninsula iqhubeka izalamane zekamva leKhawuleza. Umfana, kwimizamo yokubaleka ekubulaweni okunokubakho, uqhekeze izihlandlo ezininzi kwi-horde yakhe yomthonyama.
Nangona kunjalo, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo uhlala ebuya ekhaya ukuze angaphulukanga ulawulo lomlawuli omncinci wePeninsula. I-Tuktamysh, ngubani ongafuni ukunyamezela ikamva elinjalo, ngo-1375 ubaleka elamba i-Timeur (iMlawuli yamazwe asekufuphi) kwaye icela ukuzithethelela kwendoda.
Ukuzama izalamane kwakhona kwakhona kubuye kwakhona i-Tokhtamyhem igqibile ukusilela. UAteur akazange akhuphele lo mfana kwaye anike umfana onomkhosi omncinci. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yeemfazwe ezihlala, i-USURD ifa, kwaye iTakhtamyshh ivakalisa umlawuli osemthethweni waseMangyshhleshlaka. Kodwa eli thuba alikhange lilingane ne-aristocracy yendawo.
Ukubuyela kwethu ekhaya ngoloyiso, uRorkhan ufumanisa ukuba itrone ibe iphinde ihleli. Ngeli xesha utshaba lwale nkwewu waba nguTimour-melik-ob. Umlawuli omtsha wahlala etroneni. Abantu abalula abangalungelanga urhulumente onyulwe ngurhulumente we-aristoration babiza i-tooktamysh. Kwaye lo mfana wayengacingi ukuba anikezele kwindawo esemthethweni.
Uloyiso kunye nebhodi
Ngo-1378, ukuba nesikhundla esitsha, i-Tuktamyh ihamba kwiphulo lomkhosi. Eyona njongo iphambili yomlawuli oselula yayingummandla weVolga kunye nentsimi apho imithetho ye-mayay. Ukubamba kudlule ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle kwelahleko enkulu. Ngexesha lokubonakala kweToktamysh, iMamai sele iphulukene namandla ngaphezulu kwabangaphantsi kovuyo eyamkele uKhanya omtsha Khanya. Emva kweminyaka emi-2, yonke i-Horden Golden yawela phantsi kolawulo lweKhan.
Kwakuloo nyaka, iVeladyka entsha ithumela oonozakuzaku kwiinkosana zaseRussia. Ukuqhelane notshintsho olungapheliyo lwabagcini, abalawuli bakaRusi babukela takhtamy, kodwa bayeka ukuhlawula irhafu. Emva koloyiso kwidabikuyo le-Kulikov, abasemagunyeni khange bayiqonde i-horde ibe sisisongelo.
Ukungqina amandla akho, i-Tuktamyh iya eMoscow ngokobuqu. Endleleni, khan inika amajoni ukuba akhuphe kwaye akwazi ukuzithoba zonke iintlanganiso. Kwangelo xesha, eyona nto iphambili ihamba ecaleni kwe-rus thai.
Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala i-DMMMMOY DONSKOY no-Andrei bafunda ngendlela yendlela yeTatar-Mongolia. Iinkosana zakhawuleza zakhawulezisa umkhosi, kodwa zazingenalo ixesha. I-Moscow ihlala ikhuselekile, yoyika yaqala esixekweni.
Iintsuku ezi-3 zokungqingwa azizange zizise iziphumo, ngoko ke uKhan wagqiba kwelokuba aye kwiqhinga. Ukuqonda ukudideka kwabantu, uMlawuli weGolden Horde wathembisa ukuba angayiphakamisi ukuba ivule iMoscow ivula isango. Abantu bakholelwayo. Emva kokuvulwa kwesango, umkhosi wama-tatar-Mongol wonakalise kwaye yatshisa i-moscow.
Ukubuyela eSarayi, i-Torkyshyh ithathe indawo yolwalamano oludala - Khan Timor. Abacebisi ababethuswe ngamandla ommelwane banikwa ukunamathisela amazwe amatsha ukuya eHorde. Izenzo zomkhosi ezivuthiweyo zibonakalise ukuba amandla amabini e-khans ayalingana, kodwa kwidabi elithatha isigqibo le-Kundurchi Rila Rukthamys hangdhardha yenziwa nguTuktamysha.
Ukoyiswa okwesibini ukusuka eTimur, othathe isigqibo malunga ne-relifatory raid kwi-horde, yenzeka ebusika kwi-1395. Ukuphulukana kwakunzima kangangokuba i-Takhtamyh yayifanele ibaleke kwidolophu yaseBulgar (okwangoku isixeko saseTatarsstan).
Kwakuloo nyaka, umhlaba odibene u-United Tuktamysh waphinda waphulukana neziko elinamancinane. I-Golden Horde yahlulwa yangamadanga angaphakathi. Kodwa kwakamsinya nje uKhan omkhulu wabuya, uninzi lwabafaki-sicelo lwaye lwanyamalala. Ukuchasana yayilixesha kuphela. Emir enxulumene naye, edityaniswe nguMtshato u-Izami nentombi yeTakhtamyh.
Ukuzama ukugxotha i-Timora-i-kaggo ivela kumhlaba waseHorde waphela ngowoyiswa. I-Han ishiya abantu kunye nosapho kwakhona. Ngeli xesha indoda ifuna ukuba ikhuseli ivela kumlawuli weLithuania weVitovt. Uloyiso lukaTimour oluthunyelwe kwilandelayo kwaye lufuna ukukhutshwa kotshaba oluvela kumaLithuanians.
Kukuqonda ukwahlula kwayo (iphela kunye nobungakanani), i-vitovt iyala umthathi-troli kaRussion. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, sadibana ukuze silinganise amathuba, sizisa umkhosi omkhulu kunye naye.
Idabi laseTatars kunye neLithuanians zaphela ngoloyiso lwelokugqibela. I-Tohtamysh inamaxesha okuqhuba kwaye ibuyele kwi-barn yakhe yemveli. Nangona kunjalo, ukungqubana kukaHhanan no-Emir kuhlala iminyaka embalwa. Lilonke, amadoda angena kwindibano evulekileyo ka-15.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala wemfazwe enkulu yayiyintombazana egama linguTagai-Bick. Ibhinqa lazala iqabane lomntwana aba-5: oonyana abathathu neentombi ezimbini. Elinye lamantombazana kwaye sisizathu sokuba i-Takhtamysh ibulele iqabane lakhe.
UJaninka Hanech, obizwa ngokuba yintombazana, efikelela isininzi, watshata umsitho woYise osondeleyo. Kodwa ngexesha lokungqubana komkhosi noTimure, umyeni kaJanki wam waphinda wavavanywa. I-Tuktamysh enomsindosha itshintshwe ngomsindo emzimbeni, ihluthile umfazi wobomi.
Umbhali-mbali A. P. Grigoesv Aries ukuba i-tulnuck chatunuck ifakiwe kwinani labafazi bakaHarn Khan. Emva koloyiso ngaphezulu koMama Toktamy, wahlutha i-harem yeKhare yangaphambili. Ukukhusela isikhundla sakho, indoda itshata umhlolokazi.
Ngo-1386, uTulutek Khangela usweleke nendoda yakhe. UTuktamyh ukrokrela ukuba umntu obhinqileyo engqubana neentshaba, ngoko ke wasusa iqabane, ngaphandle kokufumana ukuchaneka kokukrokrela. Kodwa kukho inguqulelo yokuba umfazi aphethwe phantsi kwesigwebo sentambo ngenxa yokungcatshwa kwendoda enkulu.
Amagama abanye abafazi ababini bakaKhan Golden Horde bayaziwa: i-Shukr-bika-yeah kunye ne-run-bick. Ezalisekiweyo ziquka ubudlelwane nolwalamano neAmir Arsaka kwaye zazala i-Tokhtamysh intombi ye-Tokti-Bick-Hanech. Okwesibini kwange kwaqhayisa ngezihlobo ezityebileyo, kodwa wazala oonyana ababini nentombi.
Ngoku inani lilonke lenzala ye-Toktamys ibangela iimbambano eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabaphandi. Inguqulelo iyasasazwa ukuba, kunye nabantwana abavela kwi-shweshwe, uKhanya omkhulu waba nguyise izihlandlo ezili-13, kwaye iindlalifa ezili-9 zazalelwa kubafazi abasemthethweni. Kodwa ungunyana omncinci womlawuli, watsho uAhmet, wazalwa esuka komnye wabafazi emva kokusweleka kweToktamsh. Ke ngoko, uKhan waseKhan ubangela ukuthandabuza, kuba owona wumbonakalo bonakaliswayo womntwana akaziwa.
Ukufa
Ubomi bukaKhan Golden Horde bususwe kwi-1405 kufutshane ne-tyumen. Indoda echithe iminyaka embalwa idlulileyo kwiimfazwe ngamehlo yafumana ulwazi lobuxoki malunga nokufa kotshaba. Ngaphandle kobomi boyike, uTorkma waqhubeka nohambo ngaphandle kokukhusela naye.
Ingxolo, kunye ne-genghisid, chop kunye nokuthinta amagorha ahlasela ngequbuliso uKhanya ngequbuliso. Iintshaba zanqumla indlela yendoda eya kubuya. Khan wayekuqonda kade kangangokuba wangena entshona, akazange akwazi ukuzifihla. Phezu kwako nje ukuboleka okucacileyo, iTuktamyh ingene edabini kwaye ixesha elide yayisilwa nabahlaseli. Kodwa amanxeba amaninzi abuthathaka umntu ongafuniyo ukunikezela kwinceba yotshaba, kwaye akazange ashiye i-takhtamyhe ithuba lokubaleka.
Imemori
Kuncwadi:
- I-Tohtamysh kunye nexesha, ziyasilela
- I-RUS ngokuchasene neToktamsh. I-moscow etshisiweyo, "Viktor Vorotnikov
- "Inkosana yethu kunye neKhan", Mikhail Weller
- "Ilebel Takhtamysha Khan to Yalang", Ilya Berezin
- Ithuba le-Orderphensky. Imithombo ephambili ", iBoris Akunin
Kwi-cinema:
- I-2007 - "Imbali ye-Russian State" (Series 117)
- Ngo-2015 - "Umthetho weMoscow ngo-1382" intetho yevidiyo s. s. volkov