Biography
U-Anton Makareko ngumfundisi-ntsapho ongene kwiingcali ezine ezigqibe kwelokuba le ndlela yokucinga kadedagecal kwi-XX. Liyinyaniso elokuba, i-mesries yamadoda yavuma emva kokubulawa kotitshala onetalente. Nangona kunjalo, eMakarenko ngokwakhe, ayidlalanga indima enkulu.
Ubizo lwaKho, uAnton Smemenovich ongenisa ubomi obuninzi bemfundo yolutsha olunzima. Ababefundi bangaphambili abaye bafumana iindlela ezinobuchule bukaMakareko, baphumelele impumelelo kwaye babhala iincwadi ezininzi abazinikele kwimisebenzi katitshala.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Nge-1 ka-Epreli ngo-1888, kwintsapho yomqeshwa wesikhululo sikaloliwe, esikwidolophu yaseDelepol, eSisy County, sazalwa ngamazibulo. Abazali abonwabileyo babizwa ngokuba ngumntwana ka-Anton. Kungekudala emva konyana, amaqabane kaMakaresko abonakalise enye inkwenkwe nentombazana. Awu, intombi encinci isweleke kwasebusaneni.
I-Anton ephezulu yenyuka ibuhlungu. Inkwenkwe yesly ayithathanga nxaxheba kwiyadi enye yeyadi, okhethe ixesha lokuchitha ixesha ngeencwadi, endlini Makarenoko zanele. Ngaphandle kwesikhundla somtshato kunye ne-malale, utata wotitshala wexesha elizayo wayethandwa ukuze afunde aze enze le nto kubantwana.
Ukuvalwa kunye ne-myopia, eyenza ukuba i-Anton inxibe iiglasi, yenza ukuba inkwenkwe ingathandwa phakathi koontanga. Ngaphezulu kwenkwenkwe rhoqo kwaye ihlekise ngenkohlakalo. Ngo-1895, abazali banika umntwana umntwana kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi esishicilela amabini, isifundo apho uAnton wayelula khona. Umfanekiso werhamncwa alongezanga umntwana emehlweni okuphambene negunya.
Xa inkwenkwana iguqukele 13, intsapho yafudukela kwisixeko saseKryukov, ukuze oonyana baseMakaren baqhubeka nemfundo yabo. U-Anton wangena kwiSikolo sasendle i-Kremenchug 4-class yasedolophini, ephumelele ngembeko kunye nezatifikethi ezincomekayo.
Ngo-1904, uAnton okwesihlandlo sokuqala cinga malunga nomsebenzi wexesha elizayo kwaye uza nomphulaphuli kwizifundo eziziidegogical, emva kokuphela kwelungelo lokufundisa kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi.
I-Pedagogy
Abafundi bokuqala bakaMakareko baba ngabantwana besixeko saseKryukov. Kodwa phantse kwaoko kwaphela u-Anton uyaqonda ukuba ulwazi ngomsebenzi alonelanga. Ngo-1914, umfana ongena kwiziko le-Poltava. Ngokuhambelana nokufunyanwa kolwazi olutsha, uAnton wachitha ixesha elininzi lokubhala. Ibali lokuqala "ngumhla osidenge" - uMakareko uthumela i-gorky.
Ukuphendula, umbhali uthumela ileta eya e-Anton, apho umsebenzi uyamgxeka ngokungenantlonelo. Emva kokusilela kweMakareko, iminyaka eli-13 ayizami ukubhala incwadi. Kodwa ubudlelwane notitshala obukrakra uza kuxhasa ebomini bonke.
Le ndoda yaqalisa ukubayisa inkqubo yakhe yokufundisa kwakhona kwi-Colony yabasebenzi abancinci kwilali yaseKovalevka, kufutshane nePoltava. UMakareko wazisa ubuchule apho ulutsha olunzima lwahlulwa ngokwamaqela kwaye lwaluxhobise ubomi ngokuzimeleyo. Umnxibelelanisi we-pecalical utsala umdla wabasemagunyeni, kodwa iindaba zokubetha kwabantwana (iMakarenoko nje yabetha umfundi) owamgxotha utitshala wesikhundla sakhe.
Fumana umsebenzi omtsha njengomfundisi oncedileyo ekrakra. Umbhali wabalaselisa utshintsho eMakareko ukuya kwiColony, kufutshane neKharkov, kwaye wacebisa ukuba uzame ukwenza umsebenzi wokubhala.
Kwiziko elitsha, i-anton semenovich ngokukhawuleza isekwe iodolo sele ichaziwe. Ngaphantsi kobunkokeli bendoda, ulutsha olunzima lwaqala ukwenza iikhamera. Ngokuhambelana neendaba malunga neendlela ezinobuchule baseMakareko, imisebenzi emithathu ye-Mfundisi-ntsapho iyapapashwa: "I-Matshi 30," "FD - 1" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wendlela" kunye "nombongo wenkqutyana".
Kwaye kwakhona abameli babasemagunyeni, balandele ngononophelo utitshala, bayeka ukufundisa. UMakarenko watshintshelwa kwiKiev kwisithuba soncedisi weNtloko yeSebe lezabasebenzi.
Ukuqonda ukuba akuyi kuvumela ukuba kubuyele kwityala lakho olithandayo, uMakareko wazibulala ngokubhala iincwadi. Umbongo we "Dedagogical Poem" wanika indoda kwimanyano yababhali baseSoviet. Kunyaka kamva, ukungaziwa kuza egameni lotitshala wangaphambili. UMakarenkotyholwa ngokugxeka iStalin. U-Anton Semenovich, walumkiswa ngabahlobo ogcina ngaphambili, wakwazi ukufudukela eMoscow.
Kwikomkhulu, indoda iyaqhubeka nokubhala iincwadi. Ngokusebenzisana nenkosikazi yakhe, uMakareko uphela "incwadi yabazali", apho ichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukujonga abantwana. U-Anton Semenovich ubanga ukuba umntwana ufuna iqela eliza kunceda ukuba lilungelelanise uluntu. Akukho nto ibaluleke kakhulu kumntu onokuthi uphunyezwe simahla.
Umsebenzi wabasebenzi yayiyimeko elandelayo yophuhliso oluhambelana ne-makarenoko ngokuzimeleyo bazifumana ngokuzimeleyo iimfuno zabo. Emva kwexesha, umsebenzi, njengenye indalo emininzi ka-Anton Semenovich, iikhaya. Sele emva kokusweleka kukatitshala, iifilimu "umbongo" wombongo "uya kukhutshwa kwizikrini," iiflegi kwinqaba "kunye" enkulu kwaye incinci ".
Ubomi Buqu
Uthando lukaMakareko lwalokuqala lwaba ngu-Elizavata Fedorovna Grigorovich. Ngexesha lentlanganiso no-Anton, lo mfazi wayesele etshatile kumbingeleli. Ngapha koko, intanda yayiyeyona ikhulileyo ekhethwe iminyaka eyi-8. Ukwazi kwabantu abancinci kulungelelanisa umyeni wakhe uElizabhete.
Nge-20, uAnton wabethwa kakubi noontanga kwaye wade wacinga ngokuzibulala. Ukusindisa umphefumlo womfana, umfundisi-ntsapho wakhokelela eMakarenko incoko ende kwaye itsaleleka nakwiincoko uElizabhete. Kungekudala abantu abancinci baqonda ukuba babethandana. Iindaba zazibambe wonke umntu. Mgadi MAkareko wakhaba unyana endlwini, kodwa uAnton akaphosi intanda yakhe.
NjengoMakarengela, uElizabeth wafumana imfundo ye-pedagogical kwaye, enaye i-Colony yegama laseGorukela (Colony kwilali yaseKovalevka). Inoveli ithathe iminyaka engama-20 kwaye iphele ngenyathelo lika-Anton. Kwileta, mzalwana, utitshala wathi "i-iarms ye-popovskaya endala" uvuke uElizabhete.
Utshatile uMakarenko ngo-1935. Ndikunye nenkosikazi yexesha elizayo, utitshala wadibana emsebenzini - i-galina stakhievna yasebenza njengomhloli weNaroryoomadzir kwaye yeza kwi-colony ngovavanyo. Umfazi waphuhliswa unyana wengonyama, owayengu-Antonin semenovich owamkelweyo emva kobhaliso lomtshato.
Ngokunika lonke ixesha lakhe kubafundi, uMakarengela akazange abe nguyise. Kodwa yathatha indawo yomzali wePasyanka kunye nomtshana we-Olimpiyadi - intombi yomntakwabo omncinci. UVitaly Makarengela, osuka ebutsheni bakhe wakhonza kumgama omhlophe, wanyanzelwa ukuba abaleke eRussia. Umfazi okhulelweyo uhlala kwilizwe lakhe. Emva kokuzalwa, umtshana wadlula ngokupheleleyo kumfundi.
Ukufa
UMakareko ufe ngo-Epreli 1, 1939 ngeemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Indoda ebuyile ezonwabisayo yababhali kumadlelo yayifike kade kuloliwe. U-Anton Semenovich wayelinde umshicileli enamanqaku amatsha alungiselelwe kwimithetho-siseko yemfundo. Ukubulala emotweni, uMakarenko wawa phantsi kwaye akasavuke.
Unobangela waseburhulumenteni bokufa sisifo sentliziyo. Kwakrwada ukuba eMoscow Makarenko kwafuneka ukubanjwa, ke utitshala akakwazanga ukumelana noxinzelelo. I-autopsy ibonise ukuba intliziyo yomfundisi onetalente yonakaliswa ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Umzimba uthatha imbonakalo efanayo ukuba ityhefu ibetha umzimba. Kodwa isiqinisekiso setyhefu safunyanwa.
UMakareko wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba e-novodevichy. Amaphephandaba eSoviet athumela i-necrologist kumaphepha, apho uAnton Semenovich wakhankanywa njengombhali ofanelekileyo. Malunga nemisebenzi ye-Dedagogical yendoda ayizange iprinte igama.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1932 - "Makhulu"
- Ngo-1932 - "Matshi iminyaka engama-30
- Ngo-1932 - "FD-1"
- Ngo-1935 - "umbongo we-pedagogical"
- Ngo-1936 - "Iindlela zokuLungiselela inkqubo yemfundo"
- Ngo-1937 - "Incwadi Yabazali"
- Ngo-1938 - "Imbeko"
- Ngo-1938 - "Iiflegi kwinqaba"
- Ngo-1939 - "Inqaku lokukhuliswa kwabantwana"