Biography
Igama likaRobert Lewis Stevenson ukusukela ebuntwaneni uqhelekile kuye wonke umntu ongamelanga ubomi ngaphandle kwencwadi. I-Adventures entle neyonwabisayo elinde amaqhawe ngemisebenzi yakhe kuwo onke amabanga, enyanzele abafundi ukuba bahlale iiyure "Island ye-ferure" kunye "notolo olumnyama". Kwaye nangona eminye imisebenzi ithathelwa ingqalelo eyona idume kakhulu kwi-bibliography yombhali, uluhlu lweencwadi zikaStevenson azipheleli kuzo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalelwa e-Edinburgh nge-13 kaNovemba, 1850. Utata wenkwenkwe owayenomsebenzi ongaqhelekanga- yayiyinjineli eyayiyibayile. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, inkwenkwe ibeka ixesha elininzi ebhedini - ixilongo kakhulu abazali ukuba banyamekele unyana wakhe.
UStevenson wafunyaniswa ukuba une-croup, kwaye kamva kunye ne-carcup (isifo sephepha), kuloo mihla yayihlala ibulala. Ke ngoko, iRobert encinci ichithe ixesha elininzi 'kwilizwe elahlukileyo - ke umbhali uza kubhala ngaphaya kobuntwana.
Mhlawumbi ukunqongophala kokuhlala kunye neendebe kwaye kwanceda ukucinga kukaRobert Lewis Stevenson ukuphuhlisa kangangokuba waqala ukubamba i-adventres kunye nokuhamba okungakwazi ukwenza ebomini. Ukongeza, i-nanny yomntwana yazisa incasa yoncwadi kunye nembono yamagama kuyo, ifunda lo mbongo Robert Burns kwaye ixelele i-fairy tale ngaphambi kwexesha lokulala.
Sele nge-15, uRobert Lewis uStevenson wagqiba umsebenzi wokuqala obizwa ngokuba "Pentland RUFL". Utata kaRobert waxhasa unyana wakhe wapapasha le ncwadi kwiikopi eziyi-100 zemali yakhe ngo-1866.
Malunga nexesha elifanayo, uStevenson, ngaphandle kwemeko yezempilo, waqala ukuhamba kwi-Iscotland naseYurophu kwaye irekhodi irekhodi kunye namatyala ohambo. Emva kwexesha, ezi zincoko zingena phantsi kwekhava yeencwadi "zeendlela" kunye "nohambo elizweni".
Ukuba mdala, uRobert Lewis Stevenson wangena kwi-Edinburn Academy, emva koko kwiDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh. Ekuqaleni, umfana wakhwela emanyathelweni kayise, waqala ngokufunda ubunjineli. Nangona kunjalo, kamva wahamba waya kwi-suristyrance yolawulo kwaye ngo-1875 waba yigqwetha eliqinisekisiweyo.
Uncwadi
Umsebenzi wokuqala ka-Stevenson, owazisa udumo kumbhali, waba libali elibizwa ngokuba "ngobusuku obubizayo uFrancois Viyon". Kwaye sele kwi-1878th Prose, ukuba kolunye uhambo eFrance, ukugqiba umjikelo wamabali, apapashwa xa ewonke.
Le ingqokelela yabizwa ngokuba yiKlabhu yokuzibulala yaze kamva yaba yeyona misebenzi idumileyo kaStevenson. "Iklabhu yokuzibulala", kunye nomjikelo we-almaz raji, zazishicilelwa kwiimagazini ezininzi zoncwadi eYurophu. Ngokuthe ngcembe, igama likaStevevon laziwa.
Nangona kunjalo, udumo olunzulu waqonda umbhali ngo-1883, xa yayishicilelwe, mhlawumbi elona thando libalaseleyo laseRoma iRoma- "Island yeBistraure". Njengemisebenzi emininzi enobuchule, le ncwadi yaqala ngamabali ahlekisayo awayekonwabisa ngayo uStevenson olonwabisayo. URobert Lewis ude apeyinti ikhadi lenkwenkwe efakwe iSiqithi, esaphantse sangatshintshi intshayelelo kwipapasho.
Ngokuthe ngcembe, iziqendu ezihlazelelekileyo zaqala ukukhulisa kwinoveli epheleleyo, kwaye uSteveenson wahlala phantsi ephepheni. Ekuqaleni, umbhali wanika incwadi ethi "Inqanawa ipheki", kodwa kamva yatshintshela kwi "Island YeziBini". Kulo msebenzi, njengoko uStevevenson wamke, ukubaluleka kweencwadi zabanye ababhali baboniswa- uDaniel defo no-Edgare. Abafundi bokuqala benoveli egqityiweyo yayingumfundi wombhali notata, kodwa kwathi loo ncwadi yayithetha ngolunye uthando lwe-adventure.
Okulandelayo kwentsiba yombhali kuphuma "ingalo emnyama", ngo-1885 "inkosana otto" kunye nebali elimangalisayo "kunye nembali engaqhelekanga yeGqr Gekyla noMnumzana Hekyla bavela. Emhlabeni kamva, uRobert Lewis uStevenson wagqiba umsebenzi kwingqokelela elandelayo yamabali, ebizwa ngokuba "kunye neliwaka elitsha kunye nobusuku" (okanye "amandla").
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uStevenonson ubhale kunye nemibongo, nangona kunjalo, ekuphindeni kovavanyo lombongo malunga noburharha kwaye akazange azame nokushicilela. Kodwa inxalenye yombhali weMiyalezo isaqokelelwe phantsi kwesigqubuthelo esinye kwaye sagqiba kwelokuba sipapashe. Ke kwabakho ingqokelela yeMibongo yeStevenson, ephefumlelwe ziinkumbulo zeminyaka yabantwana. KwisiRashiya, imibongo yeza ngo-1920 kwaye yafumana igama lokudluliselwa "iphakheji yabantwana" yabantwana ". Emva kwexesha, ingqokelela yaphinda yaprintwa izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye yatshintsha igama lokuqala.
Ngeli xesha, usapho lukaStevenson, ngenxa yesiqithi "sobuncwane", saphile samacala. Kodwa, ngelishwa, impilo yombhali ngakumbi kwaye yaziswa ngakumbi. Oogqirha bacebise umbhali ukuba atshintshe imeko, kwaye uRobert Lewis uStevenson wafudukela kwilizwe lakhe ukuya eSamoa. Abantu bendawo, ekuqaleni abalumkileyo bayaqonda, kungekudala baba ziindwendwe ezisisigxina kwindlu enobubele kulo mntu ulungileyo.
Emva kweStevenson, igama lesidlaliso "Inkokheli" iSaucer "yalungiswa-ke yabizwa ngokuba ngumbhali wakwa-Aborigines, owanceda ngengcebiso. Kodwa iicolonizers ezimhlophe zazingathandi uRobert Lewis Stevenson kolu luvo lwenkululeko, ukuba umbhali wahlwayela ezingqondweni zabo.
Kwaye kunjalo, umoya ocacileyo wesiqithi awunakunceda kodwa ucinge ngemisebenzi yesosi: iinoveli namabali "akwisiqithi", "Katriona" (owawuqhubeka " uphume ngaphambili), "Saint-IV" wabhalwa eSamoa. Eminye isebenza umbhali obhaliwe kwi-Ibrarship kunye nePasyanka - "Impahla engathandekiyo", "ixhoba lenqanawa yenqanawa", "limnandi".
Ubomi Buqu
Uthando lombhali wokuqala yayilinenekazi eligama linguKat Drammond, osebenze njengemvumi ebusuku. I-Forky Stevenson, kubafana abangenamava, benomdla kulo mfazi ukuba uza kutshata. Nangona kunjalo, utata wombhali akazange avumele unyana kaKat, owenze njalo uStevenson-ophakamileyo, akazange alungele le ndima.
Emva koko, xa usiya eFrance, uRobert Lewis Stevenson wadibana noFrancis Matilda Osborne. UFanny - uStevevenson ubizwa ngokuba yintanda yakhe - wayetshatile. Ngapha koko, umfazi wayenabantwana ababini kwaye wayemdala kunoStevenson iminyaka eli-10. Kwabonakala ngathi kukwazi ukunqanda uthando ukuba kunye.
Ekuqaleni, kwenzekile - uStevenson wasekhohlo iFrance kuphela, ngaphandle kwentanda, ukulila kubomi bobuqu. Kodwa ngo-1880, uFanny ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukuqhawula umtshato iqabane lakhe kwaye utshatile nombhali, owabanini waba ngumyeni notata owonwabileyo. Kwakungekho abantwana abaqhelekileyo.
Ukufa
I-Samoa Isa ayisiyiyo indawo ayithandayo yombhali, kodwa nendawo yokuma. Nge-3 kaDisemba ngo-1894 uRobert Lewis Stevenson akazange. Ngokuhlwa, le ndoda njengesiqhelo ihla kwisidlo sangokuhlwa, kodwa ngequbuliso wabamba intloko, esilwa nokuvuthuza. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa umbhali ebengasaphili. Unobangela wokufa kukaCenius yayikukubetha.
Apho, kwesi siqithi, ingcwaba lombhali lisagcinwa. I-Aborigidines, yayibuhlungu ngokwenene kukusweleka kwegorha lakhe kunye neNkokeli kaPeter ", iRobert Lewis Stevenson encotsheni, amanzi engcwabeni lentonga lengcwaba.
Ngo-1957, umbhali waseSoviet uLeonid Bowov wabhala i-biography kaRobert Lewis Stevenson, obizwa ngokuba "phantsi kweflegi ye-catriona".
I-Bibliography
- 1883 - "Ubuncwane beSiqithi"
- 1885 - "inkosana otto"
- 1886 - "Ibali elingaqhelekanga likaGqr Gekyla noMnumzana Heyda"
- I-1886 - "I-BOBANKED"
- 1888 - "utolo olumnyama"
- Ngo-1889 - "umnini we-ballastre"
- I-1889 - "Impahla yeTrenty"
- Ngo-1893 - "I-Virwwreck yenqanawa"
- Ngo-1893 - "Catriona"
- 1897 - "Saint-yves"