Biography
Umbhali waseMelika kunye ne-playwwin shaw inolwazi olukhethekileyo lokuqhagamshela ubunzulu kwaye lubangela ubunzima kwimisebenzi. Ngobuchule wakha i-Dloct, yabekwa kwi-prisosul yokuqala yeencoko, ipeyinta iipateni eziqaqambileyo zabalinganiswa. Umboniso ngomnye wababhali abambalwa abakwazi ukukhwela intsingiselo ephezulu kunye nenomdla. Ngobomi bakhe, wabhala amabali amaninzi amnandi kunye neenoveli ezingalahlekanga ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Igama lokwenyani lomboniso we-irwin - i-Irwin Gilbert Shamforof, yazalelwa eNew York, eSouth Bronx. Ukhule kwintsapho yamaYuda akhukulayo eRashiya. Emva kwexesha elincinci emva kokuzalwa kuka-Irvina, usapho luye eBrooklyn. Kula maSixeko esenziwa bubuntwana kunye neminyaka yolutsha eyadlulayo.
Abazali bajonga izithethe ezingamaJuda, kodwa bafuna ukunyanzelwa. Ke ngoko, batshintsha ifani kumdlalo xa iRwin yayineminyaka eli-10 ubudala. Inkwenkwe yayinekratshi ngengcambu yamaJuda, ke yala ukutshintsha ifani de sadambisa. Ngapha koko, i-Irwin yanyanzelisa ukubamba isiko leBar Mitzh, nangona ingahlukile ngaphezu kweenkolo ezikhethekileyo.
Utata uza kuba lixhoba loxinzelelo olukhulu kwaye waphule. Ukufikelela kwiminyaka eli-14, le ndoda isebenza kumzi-mveliso nakwiivenkile, i-Irwin nonina banyanzelwa ukuba babe nentsapho. Umfana odakumbile kwiKholeji yaseBrooklyn kwaye wafumana isidanga se-bachelor. Kwiminyaka engama-21 ubudala, umboniso uqala ukubhala izikripthi zeRadoshou edumileyo, umzekelo, "uDick Tracy". Le yindlela eqale ngayo indlela yomsebenzi wakhe.
Uncwadi
Ngo-1936, umdlalo wokuqala womboniso we-Irvina wahlangulwa- "xelela umhlaba ofileyo", ingcinga yabanjwa eNew York. Umsebenzi uxela ngeqela lamajoni awela emfazweni, ekhusela ilizwe lakhe. Impumelelo yokuthambisa kwentsebenzo ayizisa amandla okusayina isivumelwano senzuzo.
Enkosi kulo mboniso, ixesha elifutshane lasebenza njengomgcini wesihlolo kwi-hollywood. Waqhubeka ebhala iimeko, kodwa umxholo utsaleleke kakhulu. Umbhali ngokoqobo waqonda ukuba i-cinema yentengiso iyaphikisana neminqweno yakhe yoncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhubeka nokubhala iimeko zemovie yokuzibandakanya kumsebenzi ophambili woncwadi.
Emva koko, umsebenzi womboniso wawuthathwa njengoyinto entle kwaye i-pacifist, kodwa ingcinga yokuba ububi bufanele buchase kwiincwadi zakhe kunye namabali.
Xa umbhali wabuyela eNew York, amabali akhe kwizihloko zentlalo epapashwe kwiimpapasho eziphezulu: "New Yorker" yaye "Esquins". Ngo-1940, umboniso wabhala iimeko ngeefilimu ezininzi, umhle odumileyo waba "sisixeko". Umsebenzi unikelwe kwisihloko senkululeko yelizwe.
Kwingqokelela yamabali "Umatiloshe ovela kubutshelo" kwaye "Wamkelekile kwisixeko sethu", iiNgeniso zeNtlalontle kunye nobuhlanga be-YARK ye-YORK yexesha eNew York yexesha ibonakalisiwe. Abaphambukeli abangamaYuda bachazwa ngokokubona nobulumko. Ezi ncwadi zibonisa isihloko se-anti-semitism eboniswe njengowona msebenzi uphambili nobubi.
Ngokuphathelele ibali "Abahlali bezinye izixeko", kuyo, izinto ezenziwayo ngo-1918 kwisixeko saseKiev. Umsebenzi ubhaliwe ebusweni bomculi oselula ongumYuda. Emva kwe-pogram, uyaqonda ukuba ubuchule bungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ebomini. Umculi uyala ukuthobeka kukaBawo kwaye uqala ukuziphindezela ngengqondo.
Abagxeki babelwe kwiqokelelo yokuqala i-Irwin bonisa i-plitling yento eqaqambileyo kunye nokugcwala kwesitayile. Umbhali wabizwa ngokuba ngumbhali onetalente yesi sizukulwana esincinci.
Inoveli yokuqala ye-irwin "iingonyama ezintsha" zapapashwa ngo-1949. Isekwe kwiziganeko zokwenyani ezenzeka kumbhali kwiMfazwe yeMfazwe. Umsebenzi wajika waphumelela kwaye kwixesha elizayo yaphoxwa. Isicwangciso sokukhusela isiphumo sahluke kakhulu kwasekuqaleni, ngenxa yoko andiwuthandi umsebenzi womboniso.
I-Irvine yesibini yaseRoma yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Ivaler Ether", echaza ukukhula kweMcCarThysm, epapashwe ngo-1951.
Emva kwezityholo zobuxoki kumaKomanisi kwiPaleji yamaKomanisi "upapasho olubomvu", umboniso udweliswe yintloko yeenkampani zefilimu kuluhlu olumnyama lwe-hollywood. Ngo-1951, umbhali washiya iUnited States wafudukela eYurophu, apho wayehlala khona iminyaka engama-25. Ekufudukeni komdlalo wadalwa iimeko ezininzi ze-rinema kunye neenoveli, ngokoqobo baguquka babe ngabadlali abalungileyo. Phakathi kwabo:
"ULucy Kraun" yincwadi yokuqala epapashwe ngo-1956. Umsebenzi uchaza umfazi kunye nonina kumlingi omnye. Ngehlobo lowe-1937, umfazi wayenenoveli enendoda eyayiqeshiwe njengeqabane lonyana obuthathaka.
"Iiveki ezimbini kwelinye lesixeko", umsebenzi ubhaliwe ngo-1960. Incwadi ikwenza ukuba ucinge kwaye usebenzise kwakhona ubomi. Umbhali ubonakalisa ukuba ixesha lifikile lokutshintsha into kwaye uzame ukulungisa iintsilelo ezidlulileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye uthandabuza utshintsho.
"I-Bogach, ihlwempu", yadalwa ngo-1970, ekubhalelwa kuyo ibhaliwe kwabhalwa kuyo, ngokutsho abagxeki, ukuqhubeka "kwesela." Ngokwalo, inoveli ngo-1976 yasuswa uthotho, olufanele ukuphumelela. Ngo-1982, i-Lithuania Studio yefilimu ye-USSR ikhuselwe "osisityebi, olihlwempu."
Umboniso we-IRWIN-umnini wochungechunge lwamabhaso anzima. Umbhali wafumana amabhaso amabini o. henry, ezikhutshwe lelona bali lilungileyo. Umboniso wanikwa ibhaso le-American Academy yoBugcisa noncwadi. Ufumene iibhonasi ezi-3 zokudlala. Ngo-1943, i-oscar yatyunjwa yeyona meko ilungelelanisiweyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ngo-1942, umbhali wahamba ngaphambili kwaye wakhonza emkhosini waseMelika, wayengumphathi ongenantloko. Wayekhonza kwicandelo elikhethekileyo, eyayiquka ubuntu bokuyila bubalisa ngeziganeko ngaphambili. Umboniso walwa noMantla e-Afrika naseYurophu yenye yeendlela zengqekembe zeParis.
I-Irwin itshatile umbhali wemisebenzi yothando. Umfazi wakhe uMayan uEdward wazala unyana wakhe ngo-1950, wabizwa ngokuba nguAdam. Inkwenkwe kuphela komntwana entsatsheni, kwakungekho namnye wabantwana ovela kumdlalo. Emva koko, unyana ka-Irwin waba yintatheli kunye nombhali.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yama-80, umboniso wafunyaniswa ukuba unomhlaza olawulayo, owayengunobangela wokufa. Ngomhla we-16 kaMeyi, ngo-1984, wasweleka kwisibhedlele saseDavos, emva kwekhondo elisebenzayo lonyango. Ukusweleka kombhali eneminyaka engama-71.
Umboniso wawuthandwa kakhulu: Ushicilelo lweencwadi zombhali lube ngaphezu kwezigidi ezili-14. Imisebenzi yayo iguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingama-25, uninzi lwazo lukhethekile. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela kwi-50s, ukugxeka ukuphathwa ngokugxeka i-irwin. Umzekelo, l. Fidler ebizwa ngokuba yincwadi ethi "Isiqingatha secala." Kwaye emva kokufa kombhali, i-biography kunye nobuchule bomboniso baqala ukufundwa kakhulu.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1936 - "Ukungcatsha uMhlaba oBhungayo" (Dlala)
- Ngo-1937 - UOsada (isiqwenga)
- Ngo-1937 - i-brooklyn idyll (isiqwenga)
- Ngo-1939 - "I-Tailor evela kwi-bowmen" (ingqokelela yamabali)
- Ngo-1941 - "Wamkelekile kwisixeko sethu" (ingqokelela yamabali)
- Ngo-1944 - "Ababulali" (Dlala)
- Ngo-1946 - "isenzo sokuthenjwa" (ukuqokelela ibali)
- Ngo-1949 - "iingonyama ezintsha"
- Ngo-1950- "TRUTE, kodwa jonga" (ingqokelela yamabali)
- Ngo-1951 - "ukuxabana kwe-ether" / "umoya wokubhukuda" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1956 - I-Lucy Crown (iRoma)
- Ngo-1957 - "Inqanaba kwi-jockey efileyo" (ingqokelela yebali)
- Ngo-1960- "iiveki ezimbini kwelinye lesixeko" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1965 - "Ilizwi loSuku lwehlobo" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1965 - "Uthando kwisitalato esimnyama" (Ingqokelela yebali)
- Ngo-1970 - "Isityebi, Pozhywak" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1973 - "ngokuhlwa kwi-Byzantium" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1973 - "UThixo wayelapha, kodwa sele ehambile" (ukuqokelela amabali)
- Ngo-1975 - "ubusuku bober" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1977 - "ukucenga, isela" (i-Roma)
- Ngo-1978 - "amashumi eminyaka" (ukuqokelela amabali)
- Ngo-1979 - "Intaba ephezulu" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1981 - "isonka emanzini" (iRoma)
- Ngo-1982 - "ilahleko esebenzayo" (iRoma)