Biography
I-Nikolai Ostrovsky-Umbhali womsebenzi ongafiyo "njani ngentsimbi". Iziganeko zale ncwadi kunye ne-protagonist yayo, yehla i-krchagin, kudala zinxulunyaniswa nobugorha, inkalipho kunye negunya lomoya. Incwadi yathunyelwa ziikowuteshini kunye nee-pharisms, kunye neenkcazo ze-krchagin malunga nobomi kunye nomzabalazo uhlala uhambelana. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abantu abazi ukuba ukubhalwa kwenoveli yeOstrovsky akubanga luvavanyo oluncinci kunabo bawela kwisabelo sabalinganiswa bakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umbhali wexesha elizayo wazalwa ngoSeptemba 29, 1904 kwilali encinci yaseVilia, yona kwiphondo leVolyn (ngoku yintsimi yaseUkraine). Utata uNicholas wayengumntu odla umhlala-phantsi, wasebenza kwimveliso eyahlukileyo, umama wayengumpheki. Abathandathu bakhula kwintsapho yeOstrovsky: I-Ostrovsky yayino dade baphezulu, umntakwabo omncinci kunye noodadewethu abancinci. Kuyinyani, amantombazana amabini amancinci asweleka esemncinci.
I-Ostrovsky ihlala inesidingo-usapho olukhulu lufuna iindleko eziphezulu, ke abantwana baqala ukufumana umvuzo kwangoko, benceda abazali. Xa uNikolai waya kwisikolo saseCawa yaseCawa, oodade bakhe abadala babesele besebenza njengabafundisi. Esikolweni saphawula kwangoko i-Ostrovsky: Inkwenkwe ehlotyeni ibamba nayiphi na into. Sele eneminyaka eli-9 ubudala, uNikolai wafumana isatifikethi sokuphumelela esikolweni kunye nekhitshi lesikhephe.
Emva koko, usapho lwe-Ostrovsky lwafudukela kwidolophu yaseShepetovka, apho uNikolai wakwazi ukungena esikolweni. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1915, umfana wafumana iDiploma waya emsebenzini. I-Ostrovsky kwakufuneka ihlalise indawo yomncedisi wekhitshi, isibongozo, i-cubover, ubuncinci ifumaneke kwaye incede abazali. Nangona kunjalo, lo mfana akazange ashiye iinjongo zokufunda ngakumbi kwaye ngo-1918 wangena kwesona sikolo siphakamileyo sokuqala.
Umfundi ukuthandana uNikolai kubulungisa bemibono yeBolshevik, umfana walisebenzisa igobo, wade wathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi engaphantsi komhlaba, esasaza incwadana ehambelana nayo. Imbono yovuko yafunyanwa yi-Ostrovsky, kwaye ngo-1919, lo mfana wangena kwi-Komomomol Umbutho. Kwangelo xesha, uNikolai wawa ngaphambili, wayenzakala kakhulu esiswini nasezintloko, nangokuwela emahasheni, wonakalisa kakhulu umqolo. Imeko yempilo ayivumeli uNicholas ukuba ahlale emkhosini, kwaye umfana wawusa.
Nangona kunjalo, yayingesosiqithi sokukhalaza ngekamva kwaye uhlale ngaphandle kwetyala. Emaqolo, lo mfana wanceda amalungu e-HCC, emva koko wafudukela eKiev, apho wafumana umsebenzi womncedisi wombane wombane. Ngokuhambelana noNikolai kwakhona baya kufunda, ngeli xesha ukhetha iinjineli zombane.
Ngelishwa, amanxeba e-gwenxa e-Ostrovsky engaphelelanga apho: ngo-1922, umfana, esongela iLesodist, asebenzise iiyure ezininzi kumanzi amaninzi. Ayizange idlule ngaphandle komkhondo wempilo kaNikolai Alekseevich, emva koko waqala ukubanjwa ngumkhuhlane, emva koko waqalisa ukubandezeleka, emva koko waqalisa ukujamelana nomkhuhlane, kwaye kamva into ebuthathaka ithathe i-typhus, eyayingabi ne-ostrovsky engcwabeni .
Ngethamsanqa, uNikolai Alekseevich waphinda wafumana i-typhoid kunye nefiva, kodwa wenzakala kwaye ekugqibeleni waphoswa ekugqibeleni kwimpilo yomfana. I-Ostrovsky yaqala ukukhulisa ukhubazekile kwezihlunu, ezazixinekile sisifo esidibeneyo. Kwaba kunzima kakhulu ukushukuma, kwaye oogqirha banikela ukuqikelela ukuphoxeka.
Uncwadi
I-biography yendalo yaseNikolai Ostrovsky yaqala ngokwesimo segama kwibhedi yesibhedlele. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, uNikolai Alekseevich wayethandwa: Imisebenzi yeFenindor Coper, iJever Gele kunye neWalter Scott "iginyiwe" ngokubawa kwiincwadi zenkwenkwe.
Emva kwexesha, iOstrovsky ebizwa ngokuba yi "Ovod", Rafaello Jovanoli. Ngokuthe ngcembe, le nto izonwabisayo yajika yaba bubuchule bayo: iOstrovsky ukudlulisela ixesha ezibhedlele, ukudlala amabali amafutshane kunye nemidlalo, emva kombhali wakhe ogama linguAstrovsky.
Ukususela ngo-1927, i-Ostrovsky ayinakuhamba ngeyabo, i-prosaika ifunyaniswe i-Bekhterev, kunye ne-polyitis. UNikolay Alekseevich wafumana imisebenzi eliqela, kodwa oku yayingasaqhutywa yimeko yakhe. Kungekudala kwacaca ukuba ukuphuculwa akunakuba njalo. Umbhali walo mzuzu wajika kuphela iminyaka engama-23 kuphela.
Nangona kunjalo, uNikolay Alekseevich waqalisa ukubandakanya kakhulu kwaye aphumelele kwimbalelwano yeSebe leMfundo yeSverdlovsk. Ngokuhambelana nomfana wabhala okuninzi, malunga neli xesha kukho umbhalo obhaliweyo ", owaba yingcaphelelo yokuqala yenoveli 'enegama elinomsindo." Kwiinyanga ezintandathu, umbhali ozinikele kulo msebenzi, kwaye emva koko ukhetho olubhaliweyo lwehlela olwabhalwa ngesandla lwalahleka xa ukuthunyelwa.
Umsebenzi wawuyimfuneko ukuphinda uqalise, kodwa apha i-Ostrovsky yayilinde ingxaki entsha: Umbhali waqalisa ukufela ukubona. Inyanzela kakhulu imikhosi yokuziphatha yaseNikolai Alekseevich, i-Proseca ide yacinga ngokuzibulala, kodwa intsimbi iya kuphumelela, kwaye iOstrovsky iqhubeke nokubhala. Ekuqaleni, le ncwadi yadalwa ngokungaboniyo, ngamaxesha athile uNikolai Alekseevich ecinezela itekisi kwizalamane kunye nenkosikazi yakhe omkhathalele. Emva koko weza nomphilinsi, ovumela ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza.
Emva kwexesha elithile, lo mbhalo-ngqangi wawulungile. I-Ostrovsky ithumele umsebenzi kwindlu yeLeningrad, kodwa impendulo ayilindi. Ke uNikolai Alekseevich wathumela umsebenzi wakhe kwindlu epapashiweyo ethi "Unogada", ukusuka apho wafumana khona ukuba "ingekhoyo kubalinganiswa."
Kodwa emva koko ukuthanda kunye nenjongo yombhali kwakungamvumeli ukuba abuye. I-Ostrovsky ifumene uvavanyo kwakhona lwe-Manusct. Ngeli xesha, kwathunyelwa umsebenzi ukuba kuprintwe, nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba aba bahleli bagqitywe, kwaye isicatshulwa somthombo saphinda sabhalwa kwakhona.
Ke ngenxa yombhali, inqanaba elitsha ledabi lencwadi laqalisa uku: Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1932 kwinxalenye yokuqala yencwadi ethi "Iphuma njani intsimbi," yaphuma, kwaye emva kwethuba elithile isiphelo senovesi sasishicilelwe.
Impumelelo idlule ngaphezulu koko ulindelo lwe-Ostrovsky: Iilayibrari zaqala ukuvela kumgca umsebenzi wakhe, abantu babeya kumaqela kwaye bengavumi iindinyana zabo ezithandayo.
Ngexesha lobomi bukaNikolai Alekseevich "Yenziwe njani intsimbi" yenziwa ngayo amaxesha angama-41. UOstrovsky waqala ukucinga ngokuqhubeka kwenoveli, kwaye wacwangcisa ukubhala umsebenzi "wobuntwana babantwana" kubantwana. Incwadi entsha, apho umbhali waqalisa ukusebenza khona, wamkela igama eliqhelekileyo " Umzobo womsebenzi wawuye waxoxwa kwintlanganiso yemanyano yababhali. Ngelishwa, inoveli yayingazange iphele.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngaphandle kwesi sifo, ubomi bobuqu baseNikolai Ostrovsky buphumelele ngovuyo. Umfazi wombhali waba yintsapho eqinileyo ye-Ostrovsky raisa matsyuk.
Lo mfazi uyamxhasa othandekayo kwelona xesha linzima kwaye lanceda uNikolai Alekseevich uqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye ungaphulukani nokholo kuye. Emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, uRasa PorfiryEvNA wentloko ye-Ostrovsky eMoscow, ngelixa ugcina iinkcukacha zebhayiloji, iifoto ezinqabileyo kunye nenyani yombhali.
Ukufa
Inyanga yam yokugqibela yobomi uNikolai Ostrovsky wanikezela inoveli entsha. Umbhali wenze umbhali ngeentsuku nobusuku, esongeza kwaye wabhala kwakhona iintloko zale ncwadi. Ngelishwa, yayingabekwanga ukuba ibeke inqaku lokugqibela: Nge-22 kaDisemba ngo-1936 nikolai alekseevich engazange. Oogqirha banamhlanje babizwa ngokuba ngunobangela wokufa kwe-Ostrovsky Sclerosis, kunye nesifo senkqubela phambili yeBehtereva.
Nge-26 kaDisemba, ngemini yesiqithi seSiqithi, incwadi engafakwanga yaphuma kwiindonga zomshicileli: Umsebenzi wafunyanwa kwaye unikwe ixesha lokurekhoda.
Ingcwaba lombhali likwi-Moscow Novodevichy amangcwaba. Emva kokusweleka kukaNikolai Ostrovsky, amatye aqholiweyo avulwa kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezobuziko lombhali eMoscow, Sochi, eShepetovka. Iziganeko zobomi bukaNikolai Alekseevich zibonakalisiwe kwifilimu yoxwebhu "ubomi obungaqondakaliyo bakaNikolai Ostrovsky".
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1927 - "ibali le" Kotovtsy "(Ibali lokuzenzekelayo, umbhalo-ngqalelo ulahlekile xa uthumela)
- Ngo-1934 - "Lithini intsimbi"
- Ngo-1936 - "Isaqhwithi esizelweyo"