Biography
Umbhali waseBritane kunye nePoet Roddard Kipling kwiNatiya laseKhayeni lathandwa ngamabali nemibongo. Ii-APhorisms, iiNgcebiso kunye neeNkcazo zombhali azichaphazeleki. Ubomi kunye nobuchule bombhali qhubeka nokubangela ukubangela inzala- eKipling kwabakho nokuba yinto enomdla, kodwa inzima.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJoseph Reddard Kipling wazalwa ngoDisemba 30, we-1865 eBombay. Eli gama kukholelwa ukuba linikwe inkwenkwe ekuzukiseni ichibi eliligama elinye, apho waqhelana khona nonina noTata noTata wakhe. Iminyaka yokuqala kwimozulu yohlobo lwe-india lonwabile emntwaneni. Kodwa xa wayeneminyaka emi-5 ubudala, iReyariord nodadewabo, owayeneminyaka emi-3, ethunyelwe ukuba afunde eNgilani.
Iminyaka emi-6 elandelayo, i-ipling yayihlala kwiBhodi yabucala. Ngelo xesha kwakufuneka abe nzima: Abanini babenomntwana ombi, bohlwaywa rhoqo. Utitshala waguquka ukuba abe ngumfazi ongenabubele kunye ne-hagi. I-Reddiard yayihlala inomda, isoyikiswa kwaye ibetha. Isimo sengqondo esibi esinjalo sinempembelelo enamandla kakhulu kwi-ipiling kwaye washiya imiphumo: Umbhali de ubomi bakhe babandezeleka ngenxa yeSomiyania.
Umama oye watyelela abantwana kwiminyaka embalwa, wothuswa yimeko yoNyana: inkwenkwe iphantse yangaboni ukuba isokothusa. Eli bhinqa labathabatha abantwana eIndiya, kodwa ekugqibeleni beipling khange bade.
Ukuze i-rudyard ibhalile kwi-academ yasemkhosini, eneminyaka eyi-12 icwangciswe kwisikolo seDemon "Weidard-Ho". Isikhundla soMlawuli sabamba umhlobo utata weKipling-Krthll, owokuqala ukukhuthaza umdla womntwana kuncwadi.
Iziko lemfundo laza lafaka umoya wamamasha kunye nogonyamelo. Inkwenkwe yayicaphukiswa ngabafundisi-ntsapho abaziintloni, kwaye abafundi, abo badibana nabafana abaninzi. I-Rudiyard ifundwe kakhulu, eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wanxiba iiglasi kwaye kukukhula okuncinci. Ukuhlala "Weeard-Ho" iye yaba luvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo lombhali wexesha elizayo, kodwa akukho nto yaphula umfana njengomntu. Kwiminyaka emi-5, wabandezeleka kwaye "wangena incasa" yokuThengisa.
Ishumi elivisayo iyikholelwa ngokupheleleyo kwimfuno yezifundo ezingaphantsi komhlaba, ezamvumela ukuba azigcine ukuzithemba. I-KIPLICY ivume ukuphakanyiswa okunzima okufanelekileyo, kwaye umbono womthetho njengenkqubo yenkqubo yezinto kunye neemvume zithathela ingqalelo. Ixesha lokuhlala esikolweni ligqibile izimvo kunye nemigaqo-siseko yeKipling. Ubuntu bakhe babunjwe kusasa njengeenjongo zomfana.
Ngenxa yokujonga kakubi, iReddiard ayizange iqhubeke nomsebenzi wabo wasemkhosini. Wayishiya "i-Weeard-Ho" ukuba nobubi, kwaye ekubeni isikolo singakhange sinikezele ngediplomas sokwamkelwa kwi-Oxford okanye iCambridge, ukwenziwa kwe-redriard.
Ukuchukunyiswa ngamabali oNyana, utata wakhe wamenza njengentatheli kwiBhodi yokuHlanganisa 'yephephandaba laseburhulumenteni elithi "laliphuma eLahore. Ngobomi bomfana wayenempembelelo yokwamkelwa komntwana wakhe. Umoya wakhe, isiko, ukungathandabuzekiyo kwimithetho nakumanzisIsm odlala ikamva le-redhina kude nendima yokugqibela.
Uncwadi
I-Kipling, ukuziva ungumbhali, yenza umsebenzi "wezandla zesikolo", apho kubaluleke kakhulu imibongo yelo xesha. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, umbhali uyatshintsha isitayile sokubhala, i-pirody yemibongo kwaye eveza indibano kunye nokuseka kwendlela yabo.
Ekupheleni kwe-1882, umfana osemncinci ubuyela kwilizwe lakhe kwaye wenza intatheli. Ngexesha lakhe elikhululekileyo, uRudid ubhala amabali kunye nemibongo ethunyelweyo ukuba ipapashwe kwiphephandaba. I-Kipling yayibandakanyeka kwintatheli iminyaka esi-7: Uninzi lwacelwa umngeni elizweni, apho ukungazi kwaye ucalucalulo luhambelana nomoya omkhulu. Intatheli yentatheli yamvumela ukuba akhulise ukubonwa kwendalo kunye nentlalo.
I-RedDardorde yakhawuleza yasazeka isakhono sebali elifutshane, wabetha ekuvuthweni kwangoko. Xa ukubhala imisebenzi, i-kapling ihambelana nemeko engqongqo: ukulingana ngamagama ali-1200. Okona kubandakanywe kwinqanaba lokuqala 'amabali alula alula asezintabeni'. Uninzi lwamabali awenziwe eIndiya uphume ngendlela encinci emaphethelweni kwikhava ethambileyo.
Iphephandaba elenziwe eAllahabad lacebisa intatheli ukuba yenze uthotho lwezincoko malunga namazwe awahlukeneyo. Ithambeka lebhola ekhangela ubomi baba bantu baseAsia naseMelika. Iimpawu ezizodwa ezifunyenwe ekufumaneni nokungafaniyo neencwadi ezi-6. Umhlaba woncwadi wamkela umbhali ngenzondelelo, kwaye ukugxekwa kuqikelele kwisazisi sokuqala.
Emva kokuhamba eNgilane, i-Kipling yaya eChina, yatyelela iBurma, Japan naseMntla Merika. Ekuqaleni, ekuqaleni wayethetha eIndiya, kwaye kungekudala kwiMetropolis. Ukufumene izinto ezininzi ezivela kubhadulo, uRudyard wabuyela eLondon, apho waqala khona ukusebenza kwimisebenzi emitsha.
Apha, amabali akhe aya kwi-GAB, i-chaliling iyaqhubeka nokukhulisa umxholo waseIndiya, kwaye umgama phakathi kombhali kunye nendlu wanikela ukuqaqamba okungakumbi kwendlela yakhe. Ukongeza kubuchule, umbhali wazama ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluleko. Abagxeki babephendule kakuhle ngomsebenzi we "Ithala leencwadi le-railay yaseIndiya", kunye nenoveli "- akazange afumane uphononongo olufanelekileyo.
Impumelelo emangalisayo yombhali oselula iyathelekiswa ngaphandle kwe-dickens oyithandayo. Ukuthandwa kweKipling kuchazwa ngumlinganiso kunye nesimo sobuchule. Ungenelele kwihlabathi loncwadi ngeloxesha xa le ndawo ifunwa luhlaziyo, isidingo sokukhulisa amaqhawe amatsha kunye nemibono enomdla.
I-Reddiard ithathe ingqalelo kubantu abaqhelekileyo, ibabonisa iimeko ezingaqhelekanga nezona zigqithileyo, apho intsingiselo yomntu ibalaselisiwe, ivulwe ezifihlakeleyo. Ngexesha lokudakumba kunye nokungakhathali, umbhali wayengumsebenzi waza wavula ubuqhoyelo wendalo yonke yemihla ngemihla.
Umbhali udiza ulwimi loncwadi kunye nesitayile semibongo, eyayiyimeko ephambili yohlaziyo lobugcisa. Ukusuka kumaphepha oMbhali, i-wave yobomi engachazwanga yakhatywe, walichaza ihlabathi njengoko linjalo.
Emva kokuba i-kipling ikuthanda ukubhala amabali abantwana. Abagxeki bavumile le misebenzi-iintsomi ezizisa umbhali ngokwazisa ngokungazange kwenziwe ngaphambili. Ngo-1907, iKipling, indoda yokuqala yehlabathi, yafumana i-Nobel ibhaso. Okubangela umdla kukuba, i-kipling ngoyena mncinci kwiipremiyamu ezinikezelweyo. Umbhali weza kumsitho, kodwa akazange avakalise intetho enyanisekileyo. Kungekudala emva kwalo msitho, umsebenzi wokuyila wombhali unqabile.
Ubomi Buqu
ELondon, uRudyard Kipling wadibana nommvakalo-mshicileli oselula Walcott Belilir, ongu-1892 wasweleka eTyhis. Kungekudala emva kokuba efile, umbhali watshata udadewabo Walcotta - Carolina. Xa esinye isibini sinandiphane ngexesha leholide yeholide, iBhanki, apho imali eyonga i-kipling iqhubekile. Iimali zolutsha zanele kuphela kwindlela eya eVermont, apho izalamane zomfazi wayo.
Ekuqaleni, abasanda kutshata bafakwa endaweni encinci. Kodwa kwakamsinya nje emva kokuzalwa kwentombi kaJosephine, xa umntu osisithoba egumbini waza wasondeza umhlaba, ozonwabisa kunye nokuxhobisa indlu kuyo. Intombi yesibini yase-Elsi yayisele izalelwe kule ndlu. Intsapho yahlala iminyaka emine, kude kufike ixantelo le-ipiling neShurin.
Emva kwesikhuseli ngo-1896, usapho lubuyela eNgilani, apho kwazalwa khona umntwana wesithathu, unyana kaYohane. UReddarde wayengutata onothando, kwanentsomi apho ubushushu bokomoya bububushushu obukhulu, uBiplic ogadwe lwabantwana.
Ayisiyiyo yonke into ebomini bombhali yayikuthambile. Ngexesha lohambo oluya eUnited States, intombi enkulu kaJosephine yasweleka ekuphenduleni kwemiphunga-yaba sisiqhulo esomeleleyo kumbhali.
Kule nto, ilahleko yeReddard ayiphelelanga-ukusweleka koNyana kwimfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, engakufumanisilanga, washiya inxeba entliziyweni loMbhali. I-Kipling kunye neCarolina kwimfazwe esebenza ebomvu, bachitha iminyaka emi-4 ukucacisa iimeko zokufa koNyana.
Babenethemba lokuba uNyana ubanjiwe kumaJamani. Kodwa ngoJuni 1919, ekugqibeleni, umbhali waxelela umkhosi kumyalelo wokufa woNyana wakhe. Malunga nale micimbi yeyokwenza ifilimu "inkwenkwe yam kaJack".
Kwabantwana abathathu baseKipling, kuphela uElisi waphila ubomi obude: Wasweleka eneminyaka engama-80. Ibhinqa elikwi-Intanethi, lazama ukugcina izithethe zendoda kunye notata wakhe kubo bonke ubomi. Emva kokusweleka kukaElie, uthathe impahla yakhe kwiNgxowa-mali kaZwelonke.
Ukufa
URudyard waqhubeka nokubhala, kodwa impumelelo ikhe yahamba nombhali. Ukususela ngo-1915, umbhali wabandezeleka eGasritis, kodwa kamva wafumanisa ukuba isifo sasingachanekanga - Ngokwenyani, ibhola ye-ipling yabagula. Umbhali wasweleka eLondon nge-18 kaJanuwari, ngo-1936, engaphantsi kweveki emva kotyando. Umzimba we-reddard uyatshiswa, kwaye uthuli lubekwe kwikona yeembongi eWestminster Abbey, ecaleni kweCharles Dickens kunye noThomas Hardy.Ukutshona kwelanga kozuko lweKipling kwakusenokwenzeka ukuba ikwimbono entle kwaye inolondolozo, kunye nokufikeleleka koluntu. Okwenziweyo bacinga ukuba umbhali udlulise isihloko kunye nemigaqo yobuhle bayavuma.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ekuqaleni kwama-40s, umsebenzi we-ipling ufumana kwakhona abagxeki. Emva kokukhutshwa ngokutsha kokuqokelelwa kwemibongo ye-reviard, inzala kwimisebenzi izalwa ngokutsha.
I-Bibliography
- 1888 - "Amabali alula avela ezintabeni"
- Ngo-1888 - "Amajoni amathathu"
- 1888 - "usana uWil vinki"
- 1893 - "Ikati emhlophe"
- 1894 - "Incwadi yehlathi"
- Ngo-1895 - "Incwadi yesibini yehlathi"
- Ngo-1896 - "abaphathi abaziinkalipho"
- Ngo-1896 - "iilwandle ezisixhenxe"
- Ngo-1896 - "White Gos"
- Ngo-1898 - "Imisebenzi yoMhla"
- I-1899- "stalks kunye k"
- I-1899 - "umthwalo wendoda emhlophe"
- Ngo-1903 - "Izizwe Ezintlanu"
- Ngo-1901 - "KIM"
- Ngo-1904 - "iindlela kunye nokuvula"
- Ngo-1906 - "Pak kwinduli ye-bill"
- Ngo-1909 - "isenzo kunye nentengo"
- I-1910 - "amabhaso kunye nefani"
- 1910 - Umbongo "Umthetho" ("owakho phakathi kwesihlwele")
- Ngo-1918 - "igadi yeGefsema"
- Ngo-1919 - "Amehlo amancinci aDawn"
- Ngo-1923 - "Abalindi baseIreland ngexesha leMfazwe enkulu"
- Ngo-1932 - "isithintelo kunye nohlaziyo"
- Ngo-1937 - "Kancinci malunga nawe"