Biography
UThomas Hardy-Playwlyw kunye neNqulo, uMbhali weMibongo kunye namaBali, ababesebenza ulwandiso lwexesha leVictorian. Umbhali wenze i-bias kwinoveli yasekuhlaleni, ifakwe kwi-phessimism, amagorha emisebenzi yakhe akakwazi ukuxhathisa iimeko zobomi, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke kunye nokubetha kwekamva.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UThomas Hardy wazalwa ngoJuni 1840 kwi-Dorset County. Ooyihlo- lowutitshala - ienkululeko, kodwa ethambisa kakhulu kangangokuba utata notatomkhulu kwafuneka basebenze namagumbi okulula amatye. Intsapho apho bakhulele khona amakhwenkwe amabini kwaye amantombazana amabini ayehlala kwilali yase-Appempton, kwaye bonke abantu babemi abangamashumi amahlanu.
Umama wayebandakanyeke ekukhuliseni abantwana. Ukuba ngumfazi omncinci, wayengafuni ukuba iindlalifa zigcine ubukho bubuthathaka, kwaye zaziqonda ukuba kufuneka ziqaliswe ngemfundo elungileyo. UThomas waya kwisikolo saseCawa-Parsish kwaye, ngaphezu koko, wafunda kakhulu ekunyanzelweni. Bazali balungiselele unyana wakhe ukuba azinikele kwi-san ye-san, kodwa kwathi loo mphefumlo onzima ojamelene.
Kwiminyaka eli-16 ubudala, uTomas waba nomdla kulwakhiwo, kwaye inkwenkwe ivunyelwe ukuba iqhelanise neshishini kwi-dorchester, eyabuyisa izakhiwo ezindala. Kwangelo xesha, kuphononongo oluqinileyo lokupeyinta, isiGrike nesiLatin. Ukuhamba eLondon, umbhali wexesha elizayo uphumelele kwiKholeji yasebukhosini kwaye wazinza emsebenzini e-Arthur Blomfield, uMongameli weNdawo yeSikolo saseSchool. Inkampani yonyana ka-Bishophu, yayinguSir Blomfield, ekhethekileyo ekubuyiselweni kweecawa kunye nezinye izinto zenkolo.
Uncwadi
Ukubuyela kwi-dorchester ngumthengisi ozimeleyo, ubukhali baceba ukubuyiselwa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye baqala ukwenza amanyathelo okuqala kuncwadi. I-noves yokuqala ye-thomas "Pozhyak kunye neNenekazi" zange kufike kwinzala - umbhali watshabalalisa lo mbhalo-ngqangi emva kokuba efumene umshicileli. Ukuze ungaphoxeki kuvavanyo lwetalente kwixesha elizayo, umbhali ukupapasha ngokungaziwa lo msebenzi ulandelayo - "Imali enqwenelekayo".
Ngo-1872, umvakalisi "uTinsler" wabona ukukhanya "phantsi komthi oluhlaza", owavula yonke imijikelo ebizwa ngokuba "yimisipha yabalinganiswa kunye nokusingqongileyo". Igama lombhali laqala kuboniswe kuphela kwiminyaka emi-4 kamva kwisiciko sokupapashwa epapashwe eMelika.
Inoveli kukuphila kweemvumi zecawa yelali yelali yaseMellstock, i-prototype eyenziwa yicawa yase-Orchestrard, esuswe li-Sant Hardy. Ke ngoko, iphepha le-thomas lichaze iinkumbulo zobuntwana, iinkcazo zendawo yokwenyani. Ngo-2005, uNicolas Lafland, oye wadubula uthotho oludumileyo "ukubulala kwesiNgesi", washukuma isenzo senoveli ukuya kwi-teiteeter.
Iinyani zebhayiloji yabo esetyenzisiweyo kwaye xa ibhala inoveli "Amehlo aluhlaza" - iimeko zentlanganiso yokuqala nentombi, iingxaki ezibangelwa yimeko eyahlukileyo yendoda nomfazi. Owona gorha ophambili we-Elffine afunwa kumbhali omthandayo uEmma.
Inoveli "kude nesihlwele esikhathazekileyo" sizise inkululeko kunye nokuthandwa kwemali. Ekugqibeleni uThomas ekugqibeleni kwi-dorchester, wakhe indlu kwaye wakwazi ukwenza ububi obukhethekileyo. Imveliso iphinde yakhusela. Kwi-meloddrame malunga nonxantathu wothando ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, uJonathan furt, umntakwabo Coln Förta, kunye ne-Lindan Shin noCary Maligan, i-terens stamp noJulie kunye noJulie Christie.
Ibali "Izandla ZaseIitelberts" sijikeleza abameli besona sikhanyisayo, kodwa abagxeki bancoma i-tomas ukuba bakhule ngokuza kwi-curming ukuya kuthi ga kwi-Merminali-Newton, apho inoveli " Buyela kuMamands "ubhala. Umsebenzi oqinileyo wenza umsebenzi ofanelekileyo ezingqondweni zabafundi, waxelela ibhinqa elitshatileyo liphelelwe endlwini kunye nesithandwa sakhe.
Ingcinga yentambo ebomvu idlula kwibali elizama ukulwa ukungavunyelwa kwekamva kuya kuyenzela ingcwaba. "Ishelgu elandelayo ye-pume", "ezimbini kwinqaba" kunye "nelikhathazekileyo" nazo zinikezelwe ebomini kwisiNgesi esingaphandle.
Kwinoveli "uSodolophu weKestridge", ubukhali wathetha malunga nekamva lomntu ongenamakhaya, onombulelo wobuchule bakhe unguSodolophu wesixeko, kodwa awunakubanjwa ngaphezulu kwePiramidi yeNtlalontle - iziganeko ezivela kwixesha elidlulileyo Ubomi bakho, kunye nobomi babantu abangqongileyo. Ngo-2003, uMlawuli weBritane uDavitan Tucker wakhwela ifilimu enegama elifanayo nokuthatha inxaxheba kukaJuliet ofliet, uPolly Walker noJames Pürfoy.
Mhlawumbi owona mbhalo ubalulekileyo uThomas Hardy uthathwa njengo "Tess kwintsapho D'Erversville." Inoveli yothukile uluntu oludumileyo, akazange aphoswe ukuba uqhadini, abagxeki abangenanceba, baqhuba umbhali kwiDustond kunye nentlekele yokuyila.
Ingxelo yentombazana ebingelela ngenxa yosapho, ibunjiwe ngokufumanisa kunye nembono yokuba ulungelelwaniso oluninzi alwenza umntu onwabile. Ngokusekwe emsebenzini, hayi enye yokuphuculwa kunye nefilimu epheleleyo yefilimu epheleleyo. Iindima eziphambili kuzo zenziwa nguJamma Arhon, Madasi Dixit, uNastasya Kinski.
Inoveli "u-Adstred" - okokugqibela kwimisebenzi ebhalwe kolu hlobo. UThomas, sele egqitha amaza okugwetywa nokugxekwa, ngeli xesha wabandezeleka okungazange kubonwa ngaphandle. I-Bishop Wakefield ilungiselele ukutsha kwekopi yencwadi, ngokungathi ibonisa abalandeli abambalwa, indlela eyingozi kwaye inobungozi.
Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu, ubukhuni obutshintshele kwiifom zezingoti, ezazihlala zithatha indawo yokuqala. Abaphandi bobuchule bombhali wesiNgesi ababa ngaphezulu kwemibongo eyi-1000 kunye nenoveli, emanyene kwiqokelelo esasazekileyo.
Ngo-1898, "imibongo" ye-Wessec "yaphuma, umbhali waquka umsebenzi obhalwe ngamaxesha xa uThomas wathanda inqaku. Kule, njengakwezinye ingqokelela ezisixhenxe, ubukhuni ubhale izihloko ezingathathi hlangothi - wafaka kwinkosikazi yakhe, wachaza ubuhle bobomi be-rustic kunye neemeko zasekhaya.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, i-Homas Hardy ibhetele kwi-Epic Veerere, ilandela ingxelo ye-Napoleon Bonbarse kwivesi. Umdlalo, obizwa ngokuba ngu "Denasta", wapapashwa kwiindawo ezintathu. Ngo-1923, "intlekele edumileyo yeKumkanikazi yaseCornwell" yapapashwa, eyayisekwe kwiintsomi zeCeltic malunga ne-Arthur yeKing Arthur kunye neTheyibhile yeTheyibhile.
Ngaphandle kokugxothwa, ukugwetywa koluntu, umbhali weva kwiisangqa zoncwadi ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo. I-Hardy yaba lilungu le-Bhokisi yakudala yaseBritane Magdalen School kunye neKholeji yeKumkanikazi, wafumana ugqirha woncwadi lwe-cabridge nase-Oxford Puorious. Ngo-1912, uThomas wanikwa imbasa yegolide yoluntu lwasebukhosini.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi wokuqala kaThomas Hardy ngo-1874 yayinguEmma Lavinia Gifford. Intombazana eyandinika intier kumbingeleli, umbhali wecawe awayeza kuyibuyisela. I-cum yayo nge-1912 yaba yeyona nto iphambili iLeitmotif yomjikelo we-Lyric 'Histy 1912-1913 ".
Lo mbongo "wacinga ngoTrazi kwiindaba zokufa kwakhe" unikezelwe kumzala wakho kumgca woomama. Kwakucingelwa ukuba uThomas waqala inoveli enezipuzzle kwaye isibini sitshatile ngokufihlakeleyo.
Okwesibini, i-Harddd itshatile ixhego le-Emily Florence Dagdale. Umbhali wadibana naye ngo-1905, uEmily ke wafundisa isikolo sabafazi. Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokusweleka kuka-Emma, uThomas wenza isicelo, kwaye uDagdale, akazange othuswe ngumehluko oneminyaka engama-40, wayithatha. Njengoko abagcini bebhayoloji baphawulile, bonke ubomi babo umbhali we-Way, kwaye uElily wamkhupha incwadi yamabali, wasala emthunzini weGifford - kunye nombhali, umbhali wajongana nemibongo.
Nokuba ngowokuqala okanye kumtshato wesibini kuThomas wayengenanyana.
Ukufa
Ekupheleni kuka-1927, uThomas waba ngumrholi kwaye wasweleka ngoJanuwari 1928 kwiSango lika-Max Max. Umngcwabo wawunguJanuwari 16 kwi-Westminster Abbey. Inyaniso enomdla: umzimba we-hardy ungcwatyelwe kumazantsi etempile, kwaye intliziyo ikwi-Stylford, engcwabeni lomfazi wakhe wokuqala.
Kunyaka emva kokusweleka komyeni wakhe, uFlorence wapapasha incwadi ethi "Ubomi BOKUQALA WOTHOMS HHEDY, 1841-1891", apho iidayari zakhe ziqokelelwa.
Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba ukufa kukaThomas Hardy kutyunjelwe ibhaso likaNobel kwincwadi kwaye lanika iodolo yokufaneleka.
I-Bibliography
- Phantsi komthi oluhlaza "
- "Amehlo aluhlaza"
- "Ukwahlulahlulwa Kwakukho Isihlwele Esikhathazayo"
- "Ukungakhathali"
- "Ebudeni bamaHlathi"
- "Tess kwintsapho D'Erversville"
- "UJuda uswele
- "I-Wessekse poom"
- "Kukumkani odumileyo weNtlelelo kaCorntoll"