Biography
I-novelist adumileyo ne-Satiri Fenimore Coloper iphule kwimvelaphi yoncwadi lwaseMelika: Umbhali waba ngulondolozo lohlobo olutsha. Umbhali wobuchule, iikowuti zakhe kunye nee-gorerisms aziphulukani nokubaluleka. Ingqwalaselo yabagxeki kunye noluntu bakhutshwa zombini yimisebenzi yeCooper kunye nebhayiloji yayo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJames Fenimore Compaper wavela ngoSeptemba 15, 1789 kwiSixeko saseBurlington (i-USA). Uzalelwe kwintsapho yejaji uWilliam Cooper kunye nentombi kaKvachere uElizore. Kwiminyaka yenguquko, utata wafumana iyelenqe elibanzi lomhlaba kufutshane neNew York, kubandakanya nechibi lesikolo. Kwiminyaka eliqela, ijaji inyule ubomi kwilali, kwixesha elizayo yaba sisiXeko sasePhokothwayo. UTata wakha indlu elunxwemeni lwechibi waza wagqiba kwelokuba afuduke nomfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana abayi-11.
Umama wenkwenkwe akazange avume ukuhamba, uWilliam wayalela ukuba abasebenzi bayayivusa kunye nesihlalo ababehleli, badluliselwa kwiqela labasebenzi. I-Kupeur encinci ngexesha lokuhamba yayingunyaka kunye neenyanga ezimbini.
UJames wafundiswa kwisikolo sasekhaya, isidanga seyunivesithi yaseIreland sazibandakanya kubuntwana bakhe. Kwaye omnye utitshala ogqibileyo uCabridge wayelungiselela inkwenkwe ukuba ingene kuyo. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, waba ngumfundi weyunivesithi ye-yale, kodwa wayefunda apho kuphela iminyaka emi-3 kuphela. Kwesine, wazama ukuvuthela ucango lwabafundi lwabafundi kwaye waqeqesha i-esile ukuba lihlale kwi-propessoorship.
Imfundo ephezulu ngokupheleleyo, lo mfana akazange afumane, kuba yagxothwa ngenxa yokuphathwa gadalala. Ke kwaphela ukuqeqeshwa koocala ngo-1806, kwaye isohlwayo saba sesosiqhelo ngeli xesha - umfana wabhekisa kwizithuthi ngumatiloshe. Iminyaka ichithwe kwinkonzo, intsimbi ngoJames ayiluncedo kuphela, kodwa iya konwaba. I-Cooper isebenze ngaphambi kwetyala kwaye yaba yingcali kwizithuthi. Ekubeni uYakobi wayenamandla okwakha inqanawa yasemkhosini kwiLake Ontario, kwimifanekiso "yakhe" yamaRoma "kukho iinkcazo zale ndawo.
Uncwadi
UJames Cooper waba ngumbhali ngamathuba. Ngesinye isihlandlo, ndifunda inkosikazi ivakalayo, inoveli enye, wabona ukuba kwakulula ukubhala ngcono. USuzan wabamba umyeni wakhe eLizwini, amaqabane wenza imbambano. Ukuze ungabonakali kwibhokisi, kwiiveki ezimbalwa, uJames wabhala inoveli yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba "kukhuseleko". Igama lombhali lalifihlakele, kuba abasemagunyeni baseMelika abazange bahlukane nokunyaniseka kurhulumente wesiNgesi. Kodwa abagxeki beNgilani bawugatya umsebenzi, kuba iziganeko zazingahambelani nembali yelizwe.
I-rounticism ekwindawo elandelayo njengabagxeki. Umsebenzi wesibini weCooper yayiyinto edumileyo. Igorha lenoveli, elithatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yaseMelika ukuze inyuse i-tudistion, inyule eyona ndlela inzima yokuzinikezela: iyoyisiza somkhosi otshabazayo. Ubomi ophuma, waphinda waphinda wenza amatyala, ngaphandle kokucinga ngamabhaso nozuko.
Inoveli yayinempumelelo enkulu: Bobabini eMelika naseYurophu. Ukuqala kohlobo olutsha kuncwadi lwaseMelika lwenziwe. Umbhali wagqiba kwelokuba aye kudidi lweengcali ezivela kubathandi. UJames waqhubeka nokubhala, elandelwa zizicatshulwa, apho ubunjani baseMelika kunye nebali lakhe kulandele ngokweenkcukacha nangokubangela umdla.
Kwiinoveli "zoovulindlela", "iMogican yokugqibela", "umbhali we-rairie" kwaye "uZvehoye" kunye "no" Zvethoye "kwaye" i-Zvethoye "kwaye" uZvethoye "wakwazi ukudala i-epopepes malunga nekati yaseMelika kunye nabantu ababedla ngokuhlala emhlabeni. Impumelelo yothotho lwemisebenzi eyenziweyo kangangeminyaka engama-20 eyamkelwa nokuba nokugxekwa kwesiNgesi, ukubiza iCosper ngu-American Walter Scott.
Le misebenzi i-5 idityaniswe ngegorha eliphambili le-NAMPO, ethetha kwincwadi nganye kumaxesha ahlukeneyo obomi, ubungozi obugqibeleleyo kunye nokuzonwabisa. Imisebenzi idityaniswa nemicimbi: Ubonisa ukungqubana kobukho bomntu obukho bomntu kwiimeko zoluntu kunye nobomi boluntu lwe-bourgeois. Le yokugqibela itshabalalisa ngokuvumelanayo hayi kubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, kodwa naphakathi komntu nendalo.
Kumfanekiso wendalo, ubugcisa bukaJames babonakaliswa, imbonakalo kazwelonke yaseMelika ibonakaliswa kwimifanekiso ephilayo nabukhulu.
Impumelelo ehloniphekileyo uJames wazisa umxholo we-maritime. Kule misebenzi, umbhali uxelele malunga nokuvulwa kweMelika, malunga nemfazwe kunye neepirates. Abalinganiswa bombhali bebophelela iimbamba, bekhangela ubuncwane kwaye bandise iintombi ezimnandi. Ubunyani bamabali, ubuchule kunye nokuchaneka komfanekiso wamagorha abanyusa kwimisebenzi bafana nomoya ophilayo-ubambe umfundi.
Ekuqaleni kwe-1840, iinoveli zeCooper ziye zafumana ukuthandwa eRussia. Iinguqulelo zokuqala zangena kwiRussian yenza umbhali wabantwana A. O. Ishimov. Igosa "lenoveli" lemikhondo "ebizwa ngokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ngokuphathelele lo msebenzi, v. G. Galinsky ivakaliswe, ivakalisa ukuba le ngumdlalo we-shakespeare ngendlela yenoveli. Iinoveli ze-coovel zikaCovel ezifundiweyo enkosi kwigama lesibini elinqabileyo lombhali-uFenimore.
Umfanekiso wamaIndiya wawuvulwa lobugcisa bokuvula, ngaphandle kwento yokuba abanye abantu abazelwe sele bechaphazele esi sihloko. Umbhali uchaze intlekele yabantu baseIndiya: Abakholelwa kwi-boloniyalists emhlophe baphangwe, bathengisela, bonakalisa kwaye babatshabalalise. Abantu bomthonyama baseMelika balandela inkopheko ye-Ihunan, babechazwa kuzo zonke iintlobo. Kodwa uJames wayitshabalalisa le ntsomi, ebonisa ukuba amaIndiya ahlala egqitha emhlophe ngesicwangciso sokuziphatha.
Amabali anikezelwe kubuhlobo obuthembekileyo ophakathi kwe- "Creat-Colden" "kunye" neenyawo ezibiweyo "zenani lombhali.
UFenimore wathathwa njengoMsunguli wohlobo olutsha kwiLizwe loncwadi - i-Roman-Ntshona. Izizukulwana ezininzi zababhali baseMelika ababizwa ngokuba yi-hyorper ngutitshala kunye nekhuthazo.
Imisebenzi ethile yombhali ikhuselwe, phakathi kwabo iifilimu "zefilimu", "i-mogican" kunye "nomkhondo".
Ubomi Buqu
NgoDisemba ngo-1809, eAlbany, uFindor Cooper wabulawa. Oonyana boMgwebi babusuku bonke bobusuku bobusuku, kwaye isabelo sikaJames sasingamawaka amabini, esimalunga ne- $ 1 yezigidi yimigangatho yangoku, lo mfana uye washiya u-Agunya. Impembelelo yayo ichaza impendulo ethambileyo kwiBritane kunye noRhulumente wase-English, ofunyenwe kumaRoma yokuqala eCooper.
Ubomi bobuqu baseSuzan noJames bunokubizwa ngokuba bonwabile ekuqondeni ngelo xesha: abantwana bazalwa ngomnye, indlu yayigcwele ngumyeni kunye neshishini elinezopolitiko.
7 Abantwana bazalwa bengamaqabane, omnye wabo waba ngutatomkhulu wombhali waseMelika odumileyo waseFenar.
Ukufa
Iminyaka edlulileyo yobomi bukaYakobi, yintloko yentsapho emva kokubhubha kwabazalwana abadala, yayisebenza njengombhali-umbhali-mbali. Wadala imisebenzi kwimbali yeNew York kunye ne-US Navy.
UJames Feminire Cooper wasweleka nge-14 kaSeptemba, 1851 ukusuka kwi-cirrhesis yesibindi, ngaphandle kokuphila ngenye imini ukuya kwiminyaka engama-62.
Iincwadi zika Cooper kwaye namhlanje ziyaqhubeka nokufundisa abantu bexesha lokuzukiswa, inkalipho nokunyaniseka.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1820 - "Izilumkiso"
- I-1821 - "i-spiy, okanye intsingiselo yendawo engathathi hlangothi"
- I-1823 - "i-matman, okanye ibali le-maritime"
- Ngo-1825 - "LOEONL Lincoln, okanye ukungqingwa kweBoston"
- Ngo-1826 - "Owokugqibela kweMogican"
- Ngo-1827 - "Steppes", ngenye indlela "Prairie"
- Ngo-1827 - "i-red corsair"
- Ngo-1829 - "i-vish-fish fish"
- Ngo-1830- "I-Magian yoLwandle"
- Ngo-1831 - "Bravo, okanye eVenice"
- 1832 - "Geendemaadeer, okanye i-Benenedine"
- 1833 - "Ibhola, okanye i-abbey ye-vinograda"
- I-1835 - "Monikins"
- Ngo-1840 - "I-PAPSFInder, okanye elunxwemeni lwe-ontario" okanye "iingoma zakho"
- 1840 - "Mercedes e-Bestlell, okanye uhambo oluya eKatay"
- Ngo-1841 - "ST. Work's Work's World, okanye umkhondo wokuqala wemfazwe" okanye "lanya hunctur"
- Ngo-1842 - "Ababini Abami"
- 1842 - "Wondeng Okonoki"
- 1843 - "Vandotte, okanye indlu endulini"