Biography
Ngomfanekiso kaEdward Minka "Creek" ngoku uneqhelekile ngokungcono kunembali yomculi waseNorway. Ubomi bakhe, bubuhlungu kwaye bubuhlungu, bahlutha kukufa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuphoxeka. Ekutshoneni kwelanga imihla yabo, uEdward Muk washiya irekhodi kwidayari:"Izifo, ubuhlanya nokufa yayiziingelosi ezimnyama ezibhabha kwi-cradle yam yokuhamba nam ebomini."Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Edward wazalwa ngoDisemba 12, 1863 kwisixeko saseNorway saseLöhen kwintsapho yamaKristu yaseMink naseLaura Katrina Bjölstad. Inkwenkwe yayinodade osele eJuhanna Sofia kunye nabancinci-i-Igner noLaura, kunye noMzalwana uAndreas. Ubuntwana bomculi wexesha elizayo babusekhompyutheni: Ngokuyinxalenye ngenxa yomKristu - ugqirha wasemkhosini, ngokuyinxenye ekukhangeleni izindlu zexabiso eliphantsi.
Nangona usapho lwe-muk lwaphila kakubi, abantu abanempembelelo yokufumana ikufuphi nohlobo lwabo. Ke, isalamane esikude sasingumculi kaJacob. Utomkhulu ka-Edward wakhumbula umhlaba njengomshumayeli onetalente, kwaye uMzalwan 'umKristu, uPeter Andreas - umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo.
Xa uAdward waqala iminyaka emi-5 ubudala, umama wakhe wasweleka esifo sephepha, kwaye ifama yathatha udadewabo uKaren. UChristian, ekubeni eyindoda evuthayo, emva kokuba inkwenkwe iwele kumhlaba othandekayo. Waxelela oonyana bakhe kunye neentombi zakhe waqalisa igazi lembali yase-Gefles, kwaye amaphupha amabi ayephupha ngala ngu-Edward. Ukubaleka kwimibono ephazamisayo, inkwenkwe yayitsalela. Sele ke imizobo yakhe yajonga italente.
Ngo-1877, umdala uEdward uEdward, uSofia wasweleka esifo sephepha. Le ndoda isekufutshane naye, ngenxa yoko waphulukana. Umsitho olusizi wayesisizathu sokuphoxeka elukholweni. Kwidayari, i-muk iphinde yaphinda yaba nguBawo "wangena emva egumbini, ngomthandazo wasonga iingalo zakhe, kodwa akancedi intombazana ukuba iphinde ibuye. Iintsuku ezichithwe ngudade oswelekileyo kamva zibonakaliswa kwimizobo ethi "Intombazana Egulayo" kunye "sentwasahlobo".
Izifo ngandlela ithile zilandela usapho lweMuk. Kungekudala emva kokusweleka kukaSophie, omnye udade-Edward, uLaura, waqalisa ukuziphatha ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Wayehlala enexhala, aqengqeleka, wathunyelwa, wahlala ethe cwaka ngezinye iintsuku kwaye akazange athethe namntu. Ufunyaniswe une-schizophrenia.
UmKristu wabona kunyana wenjineli, ke ngo-1879, eneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, uEdward wangena kwikholeji yezobugcisa. Inikwe ngokulula i-physics, ikhemistri kunye nemathematics. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo, kunyaka kamva, umfana wagxothwa, wagqiba kwelokuba abe ngumculi. Ukuqala kotata oyinkwenkwe akazange axhase: Wawuthathela ingqalelo umsebenzi wobuchule bokuhlaselwa. Ngaphandle koqhanqalazo, ngo-1881, umqukumbe oselula wangena kwisikolo sasebukhosini sokuzoba eOslo.
Ngo-1883, igama lika-Edrey Minka laliva kuqala kuluntu lwaseNorway. Njengomda wedrafti, i-chatsaist yazisa intloko "eTude." Ukusukela oku kwaqala ukumila komculi omkhulu.
Ukupeyinta
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, i-Munk ithathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wawulahlekile phakathi kokuqaqamba kwezithunzi kunye nevolumu yamagama amagcisa. Ngo-1886, uEdward wazisa intombazana ebizayo 'eyintombazana "kwaye yafumana i-pharation yohlolo olubi. Olu hlaziyo luvele kwelinye lamaphephandaba asekuhlaleni:
"Eyona nkonzo ibalaseleyo onokuyinika i-erbarm munka, ithe cwaka ukuba idluliselwe yimizobo yakhe. Imizobo kaMusk inciphisa kakhulu inqanaba lomboniso. "Isizathu sokugxeka yayingumbutho obonakalayo womsebenzi kunye nokungasebenzi. Umthakatha omncinci otyholwa ngokuphucula ubuchule kwaye uphuhlise.
Kwaye i-munch ithathe i "ntombazana egulayo" kunye nezahlulo zakhe. Njengomzekelo, waba ngumntu oneminyaka eli-11 ubudala neelsen. Nje ukuba aguqukele kuBawo we-Edward ngoncedo - umntakwabo omncinci waphula umlenze. Intombazana yayichwayitile kwaye intle ngamaxesha athambileyo apeyintiweyo ukuba oyena mdwebi mncinci wamcela ukuba abe yinto efanelekileyo.
Emva kokuba abagxeki abanzima, uEdward wayeka ukunyaniseka, umzobo wakhe awukwaphula kwaye ulufumane. Kunyaka emva konyaka, ngo-1889, wazama ukuphinda axelele udade osemfanekisweni "yintwasahlobo". Ukudala i-IT, i-munk yenze i-veloment: Uyayibona indlela amakhethini atyhutyha ngayo, aze azive ukukhanya kwelanga, ukutyhubela ngaphandle kwefestile.
Kwii-canvas zosuku lwehlobo zichasene nemozulu enzima, elawula egumbini. Intombazana ebomvu-ebomvu, incika ngasemva kumqamelo, ujonge umfazi osele ekhulile noMelankoly, ezandleni zakhe iyeza. Akukho zitoni ezikhanyayo ezinxibe iimpahla, kunokuba zibukeka ngathi sisithsaba sokulila. Kuvakala ukuba kwakukhe wakufa wobulali kubo.
Ekupheleni kowe-1889, xa i-munch yaya kufunda eParis, wazifumana iindaba zokusweleka kukayise. Umculi wawa eluxineni, waphula unxibelelwano nabahlobo. Lo msitho uye waba sesitshixo emsebenzini we-capeist. Ubhale ke kwidayari:
"Makungabi ngaphezu kokubhala amanyano afunda amadoda kunye nabafazi ababophelelayo. Baza kutshintshwa ngabantu bokwenyani abaphefumlayo kwaye bazive, bathande kwaye bahlupheke ... ".Kwinkumbulo kuBawo E-Edward wabhala umfanekiso "ubusuku eSan Clas". Emaphulweni, ezele busuku, ehleli efesti yendoda. Ababhali-mbali bale mihla babona ngolu hlobo lomzimba, kwaye utata wayelindele ukufa.
Ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe, umzobi waqalisa ukusebenza kumjikelezo wemisebenzi, owathi kamva wafumana igama elithi "i-fries yobomi: ubomi obuphathelele uthando, ubomi nokufa." Kuyo, i-Muk ifuna ukubonisa amanqanaba okwenza umntu - ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni. Umjikelo ubandakanya imisebenzi ephambili: "UMadonna", "Creek", "uMdaniso woBomi", "Ash". Iyonke 22 Imizobo, yahlulwe kumaqela amane: "Ukuzalwa uthando", "ikhula kunye kwelanga wothando", "Ukoyika wobomi" yaye "ukufa".
Ibandakanyiwe "ngobomi bobomi" kunye nomfanekiso "Melancholy" 1881. Abagxeki babengamkelelanga ngovuyo, nangona kunjalo, baphawula ukuba i-Muk ifumane isitayela sayo - i-Virls eqaqambileyo, iifom ezilula kunye nokuhamba ngokuhlwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Umjikelo wonke wangeniswa okokuqala ngo-1902.
Kumsebenzi kaEdward Minkana, akukho mfanekiso ikhulu, kodwa "isikhalo" saziwa kakhulu. Kwimigangatho eqhelekileyo, isidalwa esifana nomntu sibonakaliswa kuyo, isibhakabhaka sipeyintwe ngee-thus ezibomvu zeorenji. U-Creek, wasinda kumlomo kaHumanoid, ngokungathi unuka emngciphekweni. Amanani amabini amaninzi abonakala ngasemva. Kwidayari yakhe, i-munk yabhala:
"Ndihambe ndahamba ndahamba ndahamba nabahlobo ababini, ilanga lelanga, kodwa ndingalindelekanga isibhakabhaka saba yigazi, ndaye ndaphelelwa yigazi, ndakhangela i-fish-mnyama Kwaye umzi, abahlobo bam baqhubeka ngakumbi, mna nabahlobo bam bema, ndinovuyo, ndiziva ndilile, nditsho ndilile.Phantsi kombono wento awayeyibona ngo-1892, umzobi wabhala umfanekiso "ukuphelelwa lithemba". Kuyo, endaweni yesidalwa esiqhelekileyo, indoda iboniswa kwisigqoko. Kunyaka emva koko, i-Muk ikhuphe i-Dumanoid, emva koko iyipeyinti ngeoyile. Emva koko, kongezwa ezimbini kwezi nguqulelo. Ngokukhethekileyo ngumfanekiso we-1893, ogcinwe kwiMyuziyam yeSizwe eOslo.
Ababhali-mbali bafumana indawo apho uEdward wayewubona umfanekiso. Ngokubangela into yokuba ngaphambi kokuba kufutshane nale ndawo yayikwiindawo ezinkulu zokuxhela eOslo kunye nesibhedlele sengqondo. Umphambukeli we-Musk
"Batsho ukuba kukhala izilwanyana ezinqwenelekayo, ezixutywe nesikhwazi sokugula ngentliziyo, zazinganyamezeleki."Kungoko, "ukukhala okungapheliyo, ukutyhoboza".
Ngo-1894 waphawulwa ngokuvela kwemisebenzi emibini-"ukuvuthwa" kunye "nentombazana nokufa". Zombini iipeyinti zidibanisa ukwahlukana ne-phenomena. Ke, "ngokuziqhelanisa" ngaphezulu kwabaselula, buthathaka, umthunzi omnyama, owoyikayo, owoyikisayo ubunqunu, woyika ubuntu bakhe.
Kumsebenzi "wentombazana kunye nokufa", ubuhle bokwenzisa bungabulali ukufa, ukumthatha njengomhlobo ongcono. Inkcaso enjalo iphawuleka yale mihla.
I-Muk idale imizobo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo: imizobo, imbonakalo yomhlaba, ubomi. Ngexesha lokugqibela, umsebenzi wakhe waba krwada, kwaye iiplani zilula. Amaqela kunye namasimi avela kwii-canvases zakhe.
Ubomi Buqu
U-Edward Munk wayengatshatanga kwaye engenabantwana, kodwa uyaziwa malunga neenoveli zakhe.
Ngo-1885, wadibana noMillie Taulov. Intombazana yayitshatile, kangangokuba ayizange inyameke kakhulu umfana onzulu, kodwa akazange azigatye. U-Edward abhekiswa kulo uthando olunzulu: ukujija inoveli enamabhinqa atshatileyo efuna ukuwela yonke imiqobo yenkolo. Ke ngaphandle kokufumana ukuphindaphinda ukusuka eMilli, i-munch ayilalisi.
Ngo-1892, umculi waqhelana ne-Stanislav Psybysheyskevsky, pole, ngobuzwe, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yexesha elizayo uDagney Yul. Intombazana yaba yimgring ye-mulka, waphinda wasebenzisa umfanekiso wakhe kwimizobo. Abaphandi bavuma ithuba lokuba kukho ubudlelwane bothando phakathi kwabantu abancinci.
Ezona zibuhlungu yayiyinoveli ene-toollasla (Matilda) Larsen, eyaqala ngo-1898. Ekuqaleni, ubudlelwane babo babunjalo, umfazi waqalisa ukudinwa ukugculela ngokugqwesa. Ngo-1902, waziva ukubanda kukantanda yakhe kwaye wasongela ukuzibulala. Ukothuka, uEdward weza kuye.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, i-quarrel yenzeka phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yoko i-Muk yadubula isandla sakhe. Ngokutsho kwenguqulelo eqhelekileyo, uTulla wayefuna ukudubula, kunye nomculi kwiinzame zokuxhuzula i-proolver ecinezelwe kwi-trigger. Indoda yayilahliwe esibhedlele, kwaye kolu lwalamano lwaphela.
Kude kube kufa kubomi bobuqu of Mukka, umfazi othandwayo akazange avele.
Ukufa
Umculi wayenempilo ebuthathaka, nangona kunjalo, ngo-1918, iSpanish i-overbug, esonakalisa izigidi zabantu. Ngo-1930, phantse bubonile ngenxa ye-hemorthage emzimbeni we-witreus yeliso lasekunene, kodwa khange uyeke ukupeyinta.
Inyanga emva kokuzalwa kwayo nge-80, ngo-1944, umculi wasweleka. Ifoto yakhe ye-ProSHumous igcinwa kwimyuziyam ye-minka e-Oslo.
Emva kokusweleka kwengcaciso, zonke iipeyinti zatshintshelwa kuRhulumente. Amawakawaka ee-oyile zeoyile kunye nokukrola namhlanje kwenza inkcazo enkulu yeMyuziyam yeMink.
Ukukhankanywa komculi kufumaneka kwiincwadi zobugcisa kunye neefilimu. Ke, ngo-1974, ifilimu "e-Edward Munk", ixelela malunga neminyaka yokwenziwa kwengcaciso.
Ukupeyinta
- I-1886 - "ntombazana egulayo"
- 1892 - "Ukuphelelwa lithemba"
- 1893 - "Creek"
- Ngo-1893 - "Ukufa kwigumbi loguli"
- Ngo-1894 - "Madonna"
- Ngo-1894 - "I-SEBEL"
- I-1895 - "Vampire"
- Ngo-1895 - "Umona"
- 1896 - "Ilizwi" ("ihlobo ebusuku")
- 1897 - "King"
- Ngo-1900 - "Umdaniso woBomi"
- Ngo-1902 - "Iminyaka emine ebomini"
- I-1908 - "Ukuzibonakalisa ngokuchasene nesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza"
- Ngo-1915 - "kubungqina obufayo" ("Fever")
- Ngo-1919 - "ukuzonwabisa emva kweSpanish ifuthe leSpain