Biography
"Yonke into ekhulayo", usihlalo we-Preyidium yelizwe eliphezulu, "iNtloko ye-USSR" i-mikhail kalin yayingumntu oqaqambileyo, kodwa umntu othandanayo. Kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo eguqukayo, wabanjwa izihlandlo ezili-14, wabonisa umdla owongezelelekileyo kwi-ballerinas yethiyetha yeBolshoi, kodwa wakwazi ukushiya iminyaka emininzi kumagama eedolophu, izitrato, iiyunivesithi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Mikhail Ivanovich Kananin yazalelwa nge-7 (19) ngo-1875 kwilali yePhondo laseTven (ngoku - isithili seKmahlansky sengingqi ye-Tver). Kusapho lukaIvan Kalinovich noMaria Valinevna, inkwenkwe yaba lizibulo, kwaye kungekudala kwafuneka alungelelanise umsebenzi onzima.
Ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-11 ubudala, uMikhail wafumana imfundo yasekhaya, emva koko kwiSikolo seZonky yokuqala. Le nkqubo yenzelwe iminyaka emine, waqonda ezimbini, wafumana iphepha elincomekayo xa wakhululwa ukuze afumane ulwazi kunye nokuziphatha ngenkuthalo.
Ngenye imini inkwenkwe, ihambahamba ijikeleze isithili sendawo, yadibana nabantwana abangaqhelekanga - inxibe iimpahla ezicocekileyo, izihlafu zidibene. Utata wabo yayiyi-jikelele ye-jikelele ye-Dobyman Detrovich Mordukhai-Boltsky. Umama kaMisikail, wayefunde malunga nendawo efanelekileyo, yeza kwiTetkovo, apho kwakuhlala khona usapho, umsebenzi wawusehleliwe ngonyana wakhe. Ke ngokuguqukayo kwixesha elizayo kungene ukuze basebenze uLacey.
Ngo-1889, abanini-bomhlaba bahambisa i-kalinin eSt. Petersburg, ngaloo ndlela bamnika itikiti lehlabathi. Apha, kwiNdlu ye-Mordukhai Bolotovski, ilayibrari etyebileyo yayikwiphepha. Iindwendwe zavumela inkwenkwe ukuba ithathe iincwadi, kwaye, ityekele ekufumaneni ulwazi, funda amaphepha enye emva kokuba enye, ekuqalekeni kwezemvelo nentanda-bulumko kunye nemidlalo yentanda-bulumko kunye nemidlalo yentanda-bulumko.
Ngo-1893, uMikhail Kalinin wangena kumfundi we-Thukary kwisityalo esidala samandulo, kwiminyaka emibini kamva waya eFestilovy Tatit kwaye wajoyina intlangano engaphantsi komhlaba. NgoJulayi 1899, wabanjwa ngokukrokrela ukusasaza amaphetshana 'okrakra ". Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwakungekho bungqina bale meko, uKalinina nabahlobo bakhe babethinjiwe ukuba babekwe kwi-tifli.
Kubutsha bohlaziyo, umlinganiswa oqinisekileyo wagqwetha, ke ukubanjwa akuqinisekanga ukuyeka ukungabonakali. Sele kwikhonkco, wajoyina i-tifli intlangano yedemokhrasi yenkululeko kwaye wadibana neGeorgia eIkebinamed koba, ikamva likaJoseph Stalin. Emva kwexesha, ngo-1901, ngexesha logwayimbo lukaKalinin njengomququzeleli, ndaphoswa kwinqaba yaseMetekin, ndaza ndathunyelwa kwiRevere (ngoku - i-Tallin).
Lilonke, i-mikhail ivanovich's biography yayinetyala eli-14, ayikho enye into, nangona kunjalo, engakhokelela kwisigqibo sokwenene.
Umsebenzi kunye nohlaziyo
Utshintsho lokuqala lweRussia luka-1905 lwaba sisiganeko esiphambili kubomi bukaMikhail Kanalin. Umfana wadibana noVladimir Lenin kwaye wenza umbono omnandi kolo mnandi. I-kalinin ikhutshelwe umgangatho wentshukumo yentando yesininzi yeBolsheviks: Umntu ovela kubasebenzi, okwaziyo ukuba nomdla kwaye uqinisekise isihlwele seKarl Marx.
Ngexesha lenguqulelo kaFebruwari ka-1917, uKalinin wangqina ukuba lo mntu uxhokonxa ukuba akhokele abantu: Wayisebenzisa ikholamu yababonisi kwiNtolongo "umnqamlezo". Ngenxa yokuhlasela, onke amabanjwa - ababulali, abadlali abadlwenguli baphuma besiya enkululekweni. Kwiiveki ezininzi, i-petrograd iba liziko lolwaphulo-mthetho.
I-mikhail ivavich ithathe inxaxheba kulungiselelo lwenguqu ka-Okthobha, iintlanganiso ezininzi zofakelo lweVladimir Lenin echithwe kwindlu kaKalinin. Ngo-1918, inguquko yaqala ukupapasha amanqaku malunga ne-petty bourgeoisie. Ubize kwi-bolsheviks ukuba angabinazinkcaso ngale klasi, kwaye ngokuchasene noko, ukubonelela ithuba lokusebenza. I-Lanin igxekwa ngokugxekwa i-kalinin ngeengcinga ezinjalo:
"Ndivukele kakhulu i-kariade kalin, kuba ibhloko ene-bourgeoisie encinci, kunye nama-suuvinists - engathandekiyo. Oku kukungcatshwa kwezoluntu. "Kuphela kusemva kokuvuka kuka-1921, iimpikiswano ze-mikhail ivanovich zavakala. Isiphumo yayikukuqaliswa kwe-nep.
Ngo-1919, uKalinina wanyula isithuba sikasihlalo we-DVI. Ingonyama i-qutsky kwimemories "Imifanekiso yeentsilelo" yatsho ukuba eli nyathelo ngokwalo. Kwangelo xesha, ngexesha lonyulo, wathetha amagama athi igama lesidlaliso likaMikeil Ivanovich "sonke-Russian (sonke-Union) isitalato" iminyaka emininzi:
"Siza kubiza i-kalinide iKalinin kwaye sithi kuye:" Kwiminyaka edlulileyo ubuye semaphandleni, kwaye ngoku ndishiywe ukuba ndinguSoviet owokuqala-ubudala. "Emva kokuqeshwa kwisikhundla esiphakamileyo, apho uLenin kwi-Joke ebizwa ngokuba yiNtloko yeLizwe, iKalinin ayizange iyeke imisebenzi yentlalo. Umzekelo, kuyanceda ukuphelisa imiphumo yendlala kwingingqi yeVolga eyalandela imfazwe yamakhaya. Ngo-1923, kunye noClemet, uVororilov wahamba iCapucassus North Caucassus ukucacisa imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente waseSoviet kubahlali bendawo.
Ukufumana ingcebiso kunye noncedo kwinguqu, abantu namandla nabo baphathwa. Ke, ngo-1932, xa usombulula umbuzo wokugxothwa ngamawaka amathathu eentsapho ezinamawaka amathathu, ezazikhutshelwa ngaphandle kwiifama ezihlangeneyo, kuluvo lweKalinina lwalungathandani. Kwaye umbono ngu:
"Ndiyithatha njengengekho ngqiqweni."Kwaye sele iqalile, icinyiwe.
NgoDisemba 1, 1934, i-mikhail ivanovich isandile umthetho ekwenzeni utshintsho kwiKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Olu tshintsho, enyanisweni, icinezelwe ngokusemthethweni. Emva kwexesha, ngexesha lesohlwayo sekhohlakele, abantu babesiya kuncedo eKalinin. Uphendule wathi:
"Umfazi wam ngokwakhe ubanjiwe, kwaye andinakumnceda. Kwaye andinakukunceda. "Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1906, i-mikhail ivanovich yathatha i-Exaterna Ivanovna Lornberg, estonka ngobuzwe. Kusapho, ekunokwenzeka ukuba babize abonwabileyo, abahlanu bazalwa.
Unyana wokuqala uValerian wazalwa ngo-1907. UKalinin wayengenguye uyise. Waphumelela uValeryry kwiZiko le-Leningrad Polytechnin, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1930 waza watshata, unyana wavela. Ngo-1935, kwafa inkwenkwe. Emva koko, utata onentliziyo ekhawulezayo waqalisa iingxaki nge-psyche kwaye ngo-1947 wazibulala.
UAlexander wazalwa ngo-1908, waphumelela kwiziko le-leningerad Polytechnin. Emva kokukhululwa, ndadityaniswa nomtshato nentombi yeSondlermar yaseNatalia Gukovskaya. Babengenabo abantwana. Wasweleka eneminyaka engama-80, kwinqanaba lesayensi yezobugcisa.
Intombi ka-Kalinina Lydia (1912) noAnna (1916) ubomi bokuzinikela kunyango. Omnye yayingugqirha, enye - x-ray. I-Lydia kuphela komntu omnye wabantwana abangayekanga ukunxibelelana noMama oMperiweyo. Emva koloyiso olukhulu ngo-1945, kunye noCatherine Ivanovna bahlala eMoscow.
Intombi yesihlanu, uJulia, wafa kamsinya nje emva kokubonakala kokukhanya.
Ukongeza kubomi bobuqu, uMikhail Kalinina wayenenye nangakumbi, imfihlo. Kwincwadi ethi "I-kremlin goats. Ukuvuma kwenkosikazi yeStalin "Vera Davyddova, kufutshane nenkokeli, yabhala ukuba inguquko yayiphefumla ngokungalinganiyo kwi-ballerinas yemidlalo yeBolshoi.
"I-mikhail ivanovich ibanike itshokholethi, impahla yangaphantsi yangaphantsi, imenyiwe kwisidlo sangokuhlwa. Ekubalweni kwezipho, khange bamnqabi kwinkululeko encinci kwaye baqabula entanyeni, "wabhala entanyeni.Ukholo lukaBelin luxelele iVera kunye nokubulala, kwakudala awabandakanyekayo kuye: Umdanisi oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala uBel Uvarov wala ingcali ethandabuzekayo, kwaye kamva wahlonitshwa ngeentlola kwaye wacinezelwa.
Ngo-1938, kwaziwa ukuba inguqulelo idlwengule i-Aleshali-oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala uAlexander Egorova. Inkqubo yayikhokela ngoJosefu Stalin. Ityala kwisiganeko lalichaziwe ngumfazi waseKalinina, bathi, akazange abambe iintsika zomyeni wakhe. Wabhengezwa ngokuguqukayo waza wathumela iminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwinkampu. UCatherine wabuya emva kweminyaka eyi-7.5 kwiqabane elifayo.
Ukufa
Ngo-1945, i-mikhail kalinina yafunyaniswa inoncology. Ukusebenza ukuze ususe i-tumor ayincedi. Inguqu iguqukele kwiStolin ngesicelo sokukhulula inkosikazi yayo enkampini ukuze incedise ukusinda kwiintlungu ezimbi. Inkokeli ixoxile i-catherine, nangaphambi kokuba ifile wayekufutshane neqabane lakhe.
I-mikhail ivanovich isweleke nge-3 kaJuni, ngo-1946 ukusuka kumhlaza onamandla. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, ibhokisi yebhokisi yehliswa ludonga lweKremlin engcwabeni.
Imemori
- Ukuhlonitshwa kwe-mikhail kalina, amagama eedolophu zaseKalineyod (ngaphambili kwe-knigsberg), i-kalinin (ngoku kalika), iKalininbad), i-kalinins kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala nezinye izinto;
- Kude kube ngowe-1990, esinye sezikhululo zeMoscow Metro kwaye isebe labizwa ngokuba yi "Kalininskaya" ("ngoku" Aleksandrovsky igadi "). Esitishi isaziingcungcutheka, kwaye isebe liligcinile igama;
- E Kananeradrad, isikhululo sinelitye lesikhumbuzo le-10 ukuya kwi-mikhail ivanovich enesandla esoliweyo;
- Ukusukela ngo-2013, ama-3,358 amaziko-izikwere, izitrato, amalungelo akhoyo, i-alleys zibizwa emva kweKalinin;
- Kwi-Petersburg, izakhiwo ezithathu zagcinwa, apho kwakuhlala khona i-kalinin eyakha yaphila. Eyona nombolo yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ye-92a kwi-UL. I-EEels. Ngokutsho kwePlaquel yeSikhumbuzo, "kule ndlu kwigumbi le-M.I. I-Kalinin ngo-Oktobha 1917 v.i. Lenin yaqhuba iintlanganiso zeqela ngokulungiselela umgudu oxhobileyo. " Ukugweba ngefoto yanamhlanje, isakhiwo sabuyiselwa. Ngoku kukho iziko lamaYuda elitsha.