Biography
UGustave Kourbe, umculi we-French yenkulungwane ye-Xix, wamangalisa ngombono onamandla onyanisekileyo wendalo. I-canvas yakhe ididekile ngabaphulaphuli ngokuqaqanjelwa. Umbhali uAlexander Duma (unyana), owakhe wawubona umfanekiso "ulele", wabizwa ngokuba yi-Kourba "Umdlelene, wabizwa ngokuba yindoda nomculi." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umsebenzi "imvelaphi yehlabathi" ithathelwa ingqalelo enye yezona zinto zinamandla kwaye zixoxiwe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJean Dezer Gustave Kourbe wazalwa nge-10 kaJuni, ngo-1819 kwidolophu yaseOran, engakude kumda wezidiliya waseRazis Kourbe. Ukususela ebudaleni, uGuscave wabonisa umlinganiswa: Ngo-1831, inkwenkwe yanikwa ukuba ifundele kwisemina, kwaye abo bavumayo, bephulaphule intshumayelo yakhe, bengazange bangenelwe zezono. Omnye emva kwenye, abameli becawa babaleka kumyeni oneminyaka eli-12 waseFrance njengoMtyholi.
I-Naval encinci, efuna ukuxhasa igama lolwaphulo-mthetho olubi lokuziphatha kakubi kwesimilo, ikhokelele kuluhlu lwezono, olunokwenziwa - ukusuka ekuthambeleni ukungaziphathi kakuhle. Uqeqesho kwisemina aluzange lunike iziqhamo, kwaye ngo-1837 gustaves ngokunyanzelisa utata wangena kwiKholeji yasebukhosini kwizifundo zokulungiselela.
Kwangelo xesha, lo mfana waba nomdla wokupeyinta, wabandakanyeka kummeli weNeoclassism Charles-Atoine Flagus. Uyilo lubonakalise i-Frenchman yomelele kune-rourispridence. UKurba wabhala:
"Ekholejini, ndafunda ukuyidela iMfundiso. Ndifundile yonke into eyayifuneka, ndagqiba kwelokuba ndingafumani ncwadi ngezinto ezingeyomfuneko. "Ngo-1839, le ndodana yayisiya eParis, yazisa utata oya kufunda ilungelo. Kwikomkhulu laseFransi, wadibana noFrancois Bonin, kwixa elizayo i-gener enkulu. Wabonisa iLouvre Kourba.
Imbonakalo ekhethekileyo kwi-Frenchman ivelise ipeyinti ngamaDatshi amaDatshi kunye neBartoloma Murillo, uFrancisco de surbaran, diego velasqueza. Emva koko, ukuba ngumculi, i-gustaves yayisebenzisa i-manera yabo ukwenza ukupeyinta okuqaqambileyo ngeetoni ezimnyama.
Uhambo lweLouvre uhambo ekugqibeleni lwaqiniseka ukuba umfana ukhetha ukupeyinta njengomsebenzi ophambili. Wangena kwindibano ye-rists yaseRoma yaseRomas de Shreiben, emva koko wafudukela eSwitzerland kwaye waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Mhlawumbi apha aqala i-biography yomculi weKourbe.
Indalo
Iworkshop yaseSwitzerland ayizange ipeyinti imihlaba kwaye iphinde iphakame - into yomfanekiso kwi-canvas yayiyindalo yomntu, ihlala imbi kakhulu. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungakwazi ukusebenza kunye nenye imibandela yaseKourbe, ukukhwela indalo ekuzenzayo.
Ngo-1841, "Ukuziviwa kwenja emnyama" kwabhalwa. "Umhombiso" yayingumnyango weGrotto Penten. Emadolweni onyaka oneminyaka engama-22 ubudala uGustava wafumana isongo le-Spalien, kulo nyaka, umzobi wabhalela abazali:
"Ndinenja enomtsalane, ecocekileyo IsiNgesi uSweemiel, wandinika omnye wabahlobo bakhe; Wonke umntu unenzondelelo, kwaye endlwini uyamkholisa ngakumbi kunam.Ngo-1844, "Ukuziviwa kwenja emnyama" yafakwa kwi-salon salon-umboniso oqinisekileyo waseFrance. Emva kwexesha, amashumi okuzingca ngokwakhe wabhala: "Indoda enesityholo", "indoda enebhanti yesikhumba", "Molo, i-Kirse!", Ithemba.
Kwakuloo nyaka, i-Gütbi Bourbe yaqhubeka nohambo oluya eBelgium naseNetherlands, apho wadibana khona nomthengisi wepeyinti. Enkosi kule, imisebenzi emi-7 yomculi wathenga i-Hilem Villem Mesca - uMseki wesikolo se-Haumer of Teeting, esikolo esikhokelayo eNetherlands. Yaziwa ke iKourbe ngaphandle kweFransi yakhe.
Emva kwempumelelo ye-Auto Aute-Auto Authe yenja emnyama ", i-paris salon yakhanyela umculi kumboniso-i-heyeday yesitayile sezemfundo. "Hayi" Beva abanye abapeyinti: i-Eugene Delactroix, I-OROR Gous, i-theodore rousseau, u-Atoine Louis Bari. Ngokudibeneyo bacwangcisa ukwenza indawo yobugcisa, eqinisekileyo engakhange bayinike indlela ye-salon ye-paris, kodwa amacebo anyhasha i-1848.
Emva kwenguquko, umfanekiso we-curb quists ezinomdla onomdla wabonakala kwi-salon ye-paris. Ngo-1849, "emva kwemini e-Ornan" yathengwa ngurhulumente waseFransi, kwaye umzobi ngokwakhe wanikwa imbasa enkulu yegolide ye-salon. Ibhaso livumele i-gustavu ukuba ibonakaliswe ngaphandle kwemvume.
Ngo-1853, i-kurba yedalwa yangenisa umfanekiso we "winster" enkundleni. Embindini we-canvas ibonisa umfazi opheleleyo ovela ngasemva. Ngokungafaniyo nabameli bexesha lokuphinda baphinde, lo mfazi kwimigangatho wale mihla wayengalunganga, wavutha. Omnye ugxeko uqaphele ukuba emehlweni emzimbeni, "kwane-chocodile ngewayephulukene nomdla."
Ifunyenwe emfanekisweni kunye neenjongo ezisebhayibhileni. Ke, indawo yenyikizi yamkhumbuza uMariya Magdalene kunye noYesu Krestu ukusuka kwiVangeli "Ungandichukumisi" (umfanekiso ka-Antonio noMordgio "uNoli uthi"). Umbukeli wajika angakulungelanga umfanekiso ofanelekileyo womfanekiso, kunye ne-Napoleon III, ebona lo mfanekiso, enza ityhutyha i-Whep. UGustave Kourba, owayelindele indumiso enkulu yoluntu, ehlaziyiwe kuphela:
"Ndilila lonke ilizwe lobugcisa."Ukugxekwa okungafakwanga kwakungamoyiki umhlobi, kwaye waqhubeka etsala ubunjani. Ngamanye amaxesha yayikukuthumela kunye nabasetyhini kwimifanekiso yeFoti yeFrentshi iVeld de Villenev, kwaye ke imisebenzi ye-kourbe yaba yifoto efanelekileyo, kwaye ingeyiyo imisebenzi yobugcisa.
Ngo-1866, uGustina Kourbe wabhala iipeyinti ezimbini ezikhutshiweyo ngaxeshanye, enye yayo, "imvelaphi yehlabathi", yaqala ukuba ibonakaliswe kwi-XX kuphela kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-XX. I-canvas "yokulala", eyaba yindawo yoluntu ngo-1872, yabangela olunye isaqhwithi somsindo.
Amantombazana amabini alala adakiweyo abonakaliswa emfanekisweni, mhlawumbi emva kokwabelana ngesondo - iingcebiso ezisasaziweyo, iingcebiso ezihlaselweyo, ebhedini eqhekezayo. Isiciko se-canvas sasebenza njengesizathu sophando lwamapolisa ngo-1872. Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, kude kube ngo-1988, umsebenzi wabanjelwa kwiingqokelela zabucala zavunyelwanga ukupapashwa.
"Yeyiphi i-Monster ... ingayenza le nto? Phantsi kwendlela i-cap, apho imfumba yentsimbi, inkcenkceshelo yomxube we wayini, ibhiya, i-hubbang, le pubbang, le pubnkin, i-pubbang, i-pubbang, i-artist, yindawo yentiyoc Kwaye angenamandla, "uAlexander Duma (uNyana) waxelelwa kwileta eya eGeorges, ukubona" ukulala ".Ngethamsanqa, uDuma Jr. Khange afumane umfanekiso otyhafisayo wehlabathi ", kodwa yaba sisitshixo semfihlo enkulu yemfihlo enkulu-i-imulator. Kwi-canvas, ebhalwe ngolungelelwano lwe-Sheikh Kalil Dhesha, ibonisa umfazi onamathunzi enamanzi: Kwimihlaba engaphambili egqunywe ziinwele, emva koko - isisu kunye namabele angenanto.
Ngokutsho kwenguqulelo eqhelekileyo, i-kurba yaba yi-Ireland Joanna hiffen - enye ye "ukulala", umthandi womculi wempentle.
Ngo-2013, umqokeleli wabucala wabonisa inxalenye ye- "imvelaphi yehlabathi". Lo mfanekiso ubonakalisa intloko yentombazana, amagorha e-sterodies ye-canvas. Kwintombazana, umbhali-mbali uJean-Jacques ferrier uFernier waqonda i-hiffenn.
Abasebenzi bemyuziyam ye-Orsay, apho imvelaphi yehlabathi yoqobo "iveliwe ngoku, le ngxoxo yacel'umngeni. Ngo-2018, umbhali-mbali uClaude Shupp uye wagqiba kwiileta zika-Alexander Duma (unyana) ukuya kwi-Georges Physe:
"Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza eyona ibrashi intle kwaye ichanekile ibrashi ye-mutro ye-tetaiselles ye-caseraiselle e-opera."Mhlawumbi, yayimalunga ne-Ballerina edumileyo yase-Ballerina, eyayikuloxesha lokubhala "imvelaphi yehlabathi" yayiyinkosikazi ye-Shelil Sheriff Sheriff Pasha. Ababhali-mbali bale mihla bakuqonda oku kukho kusika.
"Imvelaphi yehlabathi" ngowona mfanekiso ushukumisayo ekuqokeleleni uGustas Kourba. Ebhalwe ngo-1866, wasinda kwimfazwe yesibini yehlabathi, wathathwa njengelahlekileyo, kodwa ngo-1955 wafunyanwa nguJacquasest Lakan. Umsebenzi wawugcinwe uyimfihlo evela ngamehlo e-purry ongemva kwe-Shift Cannol, yasebenza njengenkuthazo yokubhala abasebenzi "abasiseko abasiseko be-psychoanalysis."
Emva kokusweleka kukaLakan, umzobo watshintshelwa kwi-oars myumyumyuli wokuhlawula irhafu yelifa. Ukususela ngelo xesha, "imvelaphi yehlabathi" iboniswa ngasemva kweglasi ye-bulletproof, kwaye umlindi ukwindawo ejikelezileyo, ukumisa umphicothi zincwadi eziphilileyo.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nobomi bobuqu be-hustuva kourba yaziwa kancinci. Kuthiwa ukuba umculi wayehlala ejija iinoveli ezine-simolars, kubandakanya uJoann Hiffeman noKenya eKenya. Kodwa omnye wabo, uVirginia bina, wayenikela ingqalelo kaKourbe iminyaka eli-10.
Esi sibini sihlangabezana neParis ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1840. Ngo-1847, babenonyana owayemiselwe ukuba baphile iminyaka engama-25. Kwiminyaka yee-1850s, abathandi basasazeka, kwathiwa bacinga ukuba u-Gustavu unesifo se-Gustavu yentombazana ekuphela kwentombazana. I-Virginia ishiye umntwana kuye.
Ukufa
Ngo-1871, i-Kurba ixhase i-paris commar. Wanyulwa nguMkomishinara weNkcubeko, imisebenzi yakhe yayikukukhusela imisebenzi yobugcisa ngexesha lokungqingwa kweParis. Esebenzisa ithuba lendawo esemthethweni, umculi othile ucekisile ukuphelisa ikholamu ye-WAndom, eyayisithintela "imvakalelo yomjelo wamagazi kwigadi yoxolo."
Kwilitye lesifundo sokudiliza
"Ikholamu ... sisikhumbuzo esiya kwi-Barbarism, uphawu lwamandla anqabileyo kunye nozuko lobuxoki, ukuthuka komthetho wamazwe, ukuthuka kwabaphumeleleyo kubowenziwa ngamaqela, ukuzama okuqhubekayo kwenye ye Imithetho emithathu emikhulu yeRiphabliki yaseFransi - ubuzalwana ... ".Ngomhla we-18 kaMeyi, ngo-1871, kwenziwa ikholamu, kwaye kwiintsuku ezili-10 kamva i-2. Abalandeli okanye babulawe, okanye babanjiwe. Ixesha lokuqala likaNaval lakwazi ukuphepha ukohlwaywa. Nge-30 kaMeyi, amapolisa akhangele iworkshop yakhe, athabathela amalaphu ali-106. Nge-7 kaJuni uGustava ubanjiwe. Ukubhukuqa kwekholamu yeVandom, wagwetywa iinyanga ezintandathu ezivalelwe. Kwakhona, umculi kwakufuneka abuyisele imali echithwe ekubuyiselweni kwesikhumbuzo.
I-Kurbe kwakufuneka yahlulahlula-hlula imizobo, kodwa imali yengeniso ibingazange yanele. Awufuni ukuya ebhankini ngenxa yeentlawulo zonyaka kwinani le-10 francs, nge-23, 1873, umzobi wasinda eSwitzerland.
Impilo ejonge phantsi, eyile, i-hemorrrhoids ekhulayo kunye nabasebenzi bamanzi baphelise iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bukaKurba ukuya esihogweni. Ukufa kwamfumana umhla we-1878, nge-3177.
Sebenza
- 1841 - "Ukuzingca ngenja emnyama"
- I-1845 - "ithemba"
- I-1849 - "emva kwesidlo sasemini kwi-Ornan"
- I-1853 - "I-BOCCLES"
- 1853 - "Veesels"
- 1854 - "Molo, Mnu. Kourbe!"
- I-1855 - "Iworkshop ye-Artist"
- I-1861 - "Umfazi kwizitokhwe ezimhlophe"
- Ngo-1866 - "ukulala"
- Ngo-1866 - "Imvelaphi Yehlabathi"
- I-1870- "waza"