Biography
I-Ilya Mesnikov yinzululwazi ebalaseleyo egama libhalwe ngoonobumba begolide kwimbali yeqela lezoqeqesho kwi-sytology. Ugqirha webhayoloji enkulu, "utata" we-phagocytic ithimgoni, ngaphezulu kwako konke ukuxabiseka kwezenzululwazi kunye nesayensi, ibango: ukuba akunjalo"Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kokholo, olu lwalukwa lolwahlukileyo, njengonokholo kubume bolwazi."Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Ilya Ilylich wazalwa nge-15 kaMeyi, i-1845 kwilali yaseIvanovka Kharkiv IPhondo (ngoku - I-Ukraine) kusapho olunembali eyonwabisayo. Utata Ivanovich ngumnini-mhlaba, igosa labalindi lavela kumntu onesidima. Phakathi kookhokho bakhe, i-cuplomat ebalaseleyo yeXevii, iPolyglot, iphulo kwiphulo likaPeter i-vikolai gaikolavich ye-nivrilovich.
Umama - Emilia Lupvvna, eMaiden Nevakivich. Intombi yendoda izityebi ePoland, le yemali kunye ngunozala uhlobo "iincwadi Russian-zamaYuda" Lev Nikolayevich Nevakhovich. Umalume wabalelwa kumshicileli we-lenpevating "ye-Elash" kunye nentloko ye-themba lemidlalo yempepha.
Utata wayenguAzarten kwaye kulula ukuvuka, ngoko ngexesha lokuzalwa konyana omncinci, ukunikela umfazi onesityebi wayesele eqikelelwa kwi-Ivanovka. Ababini abantakwabo MesntiIkov nabo baziwa kamva. Ingonyama yajika yaba yi-Switzerlandgeher geographir, i-anterchist kunye noluntu, ithathe inxaxheba kwindibano yase-Itali, kunye nencwadi ethi "Impucuko yeMbali" yeMbali " I-Ulyss ".
Kwibhayoloji kaMzalwan 'uIvana, ophawuleka kakhulu kukuphela kwayo. Umtshutshisi wenkundla ye-TULA yeNkundla yeTula yehla izifo ezigwenxa, ezakhokelela ekufeni. Imihla yokugqibela kunye nokubonakaliswa kwalo mntu wenza isiseko sokukhokela kukaLeo Tolstoy "Ukufa kukaIvan Ilylich." Ukutyelela umbhali kwilitha elicocekileyo, umtshutshisi wabelana ngeengcinga zakhe, apho i-Tolstoy yabelana ngeengcinga zakhe, apho iTolstoy yabelana ngetyala, evelisa umbono. Emva kwexesha, amakrele e-biologist aya kuthi, ubuhlakani boncwadi lwaseRussia wanika "inkcazo entle" yoloyiko lokufa.
I-Manor eManor e-Ivanovka uye waya kwiititshala zasekhaya. Phakathi kwazo, umfundi wezonyango owaqeqesha umntakwenu, okuphela kwakhe owayenomdla kunye nobunzulu obuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yeSayensi yezeNdalo i-Ilya, ePetros ezokuphinda enze iimvavanyo, iimvavanyo.
Ngo-1856 wangena kwiklasi yesi-2 ye-Kharkiv Gymnasium EnguNo 10. Waphumelela kwiziko ngembasa yegolide. Kuyo yonke imidla yokufunda kwibhayoloji ayizange ilahleke. Ngokuchasene noko, batyelele izifundo ngovuyo kwi-anatomy ye-anatomy kunye ne-physology kwiYunivesithi yaseKharkov.
Umntu owenzayo kwihlabathi elitsha lolwazi, i-Iyoya icela abazali ukuba bamthumele ukuba afunde eJamani, kodwa ukwamkelwa kwezibanda kunye nokusilela kwemali kwanyanzela ukuba umfo angabuyi emva kokumka. Indebe eyintloko yale "ntshutshiso" yayingumsebenzi kaCharles Darwin "Imvelaphi yeZilwanyana", iMvelaphi yeZilwanyana ", umntu endandiba negalelo endinalo inzululwazi yexesha elizayo.
Ungene kwisebe lendalo le-faculty yemzimbeni nemathematics yeYunivesithi yaseKharkov. Inkqubo yabafundi ibalulekile kangangeminyaka emi-4, kwaye i-2, eyanika ifa eliselula lenzululwazi kubantu osebenza nabo. Emva kwexesha, amakrele ngaphambili "aphumelele" iJamani. Ngo-1864 waqhuba uphando kwisiqithi saseDelgoland, emva koko wasebenza kwilebhu ye-laboorf lecade kwikhampasi yaseJamani.
Kwiminyaka engama-20 ubudala, wafudukela e-Itali, apho aqhelene ne-biologist Alexander Kovalevsky, oya kuba liqabane lakhe kunye nomhlobo othembekileyo. Ngempumelelo edibeneyo kwimbumba yomfana, imbasa ethembekileyo ye-Charles Baer yafunyanwa. Ukubuyela eRussia, i-Ilya ily ikhusela inkosi rhoqo, kwaye ke i-dissertal yokucoca, ikwazile ukufumana i-degrees ye-25.
Isayensi
Izinto ezifunyenwe nguMessoikov bekukho uguquko kwaye azizange zamkelwe ngoko nangoko luluntu lwezenzululwazi, kuba izimvo ziguqulwa sele zisekiwe ngomsebenzi womzimba wezintloko.
Nokuba umsebenzi osisiseko wenzululwazi, ithiyori ye-phagogocytiction, awayifumana ngayo i-Nobel ibhaso kwicandelo le-filbology kunye neyeza, lagxekwa.
Phambi kokuba i-mechnikov, i-turins emhlophe yegazi yaqwalaselwa nje xa ujongene neenkqubo kunye nezifo. Inzululwazi yaphikisana ukuba i-leukocytes ingabakhuseli esebenzayo yomzimba, efumana amasuntswana asemgangazweni ngaphakathi. Igalelo lenzululwazi kukuba oogqirha banamhlanje behlabathi bayazi ukuba iqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo luphawu lomzabalazo wokugwetywa, ngenxa yoko iyingozi ukuyidubula inqaku elithile.
Inyaniso enomdla: bekuyimfuneko ukuchaza "ucoceko lwento" kuye. Ukujonga izibungu zenkwenkwezi zaselwandle kwi-messina yase-Italiyane ngo-1882, wafumanisa ukuba iiseli ezihambahambayo (i-phagocytes) zijikeleze imizimba yasemzini ezingena elunxwemeni, kwaye "zitye".
"Ikwenzekile kum," aseleni labhala emva koko, - ukuba ezo zeseli zifanele zikhonze emzimbeni ukuze zichaze amanani anengozi. Ndazixelela ukuba ukuba ingcinga yam yayilungile, emva koko iZanoza, ifakwe emzimbeni we-chreyiting ye-starfish, kufuneka ijikelezwe ziiseli ezihambayo ngexesha elifutshane, njengoko liqwalaselwa emntwini ovukile umnwe wakhe. "Ukutsala ipinki ipinki kwi-larva, iqinisekisile ithiyori kunye nekota yenkulungwane yokucima ulwazi kwi-bacteriology, emzuzwini, kunye nolunye uhlobo lwazo, ezinye zazo ziya kuba class.
Nge-1886th yabuyela eRussia, yahlala eOdessa. Apho kwafika evela eFrance kunye notywina uNikolai gemalei, owayefunda eLouis Passipur, indlela yokugonywa ngokuchasene neRAbies. Kwakuloo nyaka, izazinzulu zavula iSikhululo sesiBini seBhactulogical sehlabathi ukulwa nezifo ezosulelayo.
Kunyaka kamva, amakrele afudukela eParis, apho afumana khona indawo kwiZiko lePasteur iziko. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, inzululwazi yagqiba kwelokuba ihambe ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sobutshaba sabasemagunyeni kunye nosonjokwalwazi. EFransi, ifumana ukwamkelwa koxolo nofanelwe kakuhle.
Ukusebenza ngecala ngeyona mithombo ibalaseleyo yexesha, ubhala imisebenzi enomtsalane malunga nekholera, isifo sephepha i-typhoid, isibetho. Wahlala umqeshwa weZiko de kube sekupheleni kwemihla yakhe, emva kweDyunivesithi. Ixhaswe ngoogxa baseRussia, kubandakanya imbalelwano ne-Ivan Sechenov, Dmitry Mendeleev, Ivan Pavlov.
Ayisiyo kuphela i-dissertiswation yesayensi, uphando, kodwa neencwadi ezinikezelwe kwimiba yefilosofi, ithiyori yendalo iphela, inkolo iphuma kwipeni. Umphandi ongakhathaliyo ekutshoneni kwelanga kwi-epoch yayingumsunguli we-geontogy yesayensi kwaye wazisa ithiyori ye-Orthobiosis:
"Ubomi obunene ngokusekelwe kuphononongo lwendalo yomntu kunye nokuseka imali ukulungisa i-dishmonia yayo."
Ukujonga ukuba umntu unokuphila iminyaka eli-100 nangaphezulu, eginyiwe ekomelezeni imbonakalo ebonakalayo esebenzayo kumhlaba ofanelekileyo wokutya, i-hygiene. Kuphela kobomi obonwabisayo, ngokoyika, umntu wayeya kususwa ngokungagungqiyo kwi "nkoloseko yobomi" "kwindalo". Icacile iimbono zabo ngokweenkcukacha kwimisebenzi ye-EXDE ye-EXDE NOBUCHULE NGOKWENZA INDODA.
Phakathi kwezinto ezichaphazela umgangatho kunye nezinto zokuphila, isayensi ibalaselisa i-microflora yamathumbu. Ukutsala ubomi obude kwaye obonwabisayo, obethandwayo ukuvulwa kwe-Lict Thoptock kunye nomfundi kunye nomfundi. Ngo-1908, wabhala inqaku malunga nezibonelelo zobisi olumuncu. Enkosi kwi-mesntiikov, yoghurt, kefir kunye nezinye iimveliso zobisi ezibilisiweyo zibandakanyiwe kutyalo lwemihla ngemihla, zibonelela ngenkxaso emzimbeni.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya kwisayensi, ngasese ngamakrele yayingumntu ngokweemvakalelo, thambekele kwimozulu. Ngokufikelelwa kukufikisa kwabandezeleka ngenxa yokudakumba kwaye noxolo lwangaphakathi olufunyenwe kunye nembono efanelekileyo yehlabathi.
Utshatile kabini. Ngomlingane wokuqala weLyudmila Fedorovich wayetshatile ngo-1869. Umtshakazi wabanjwa esiphelweni kwaye wayebuthathaka kangangokuba waziswa kwiCawe esitulweni. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, uLyudmila wasweleka, kwaye amakrele anqabileyo wagqiba kwelokuba azibulale, esela i-morphine. Idosi yayinkulu kakhulu kwaye yabangela ukugada.
Umfazi wesibini we-Olga yayingumfundi wakhe, umfundi. Kwakungekho abantwana abavela kwisibini.
Ukufa
U-Ilya Ilyich wasweleka ngo-1916 ngokuchasene nesifo sentliziyo, esisindileyo ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwam.
Umzimba wahluleka ngesayensi elandelwa sisisu. Uthuthu lwenzululwazi kwiZiko lePasteur kwiziko.
Amabhaso
- Ngo-1867 - UKarl Bair Paice
- Ngo-1902 - Ilungu le-Hotnote le-St. Petersburg Academy yeSayensi
- Ngo-1906-I-Compey Demel
- I-1908-Ibhaso le-NEbel kwi-physiology kunye namayeza
- Ngo-1916 - UAlbert Megali (Royal Society ubugcisa)