Biography
Ukudalwa kwePenicillin, iarhente yokuqala ye-antibiotic, umhlaba unyanzelekile ukuba usebenzise i-microbiologist ye-Alexander Elexander. Kwaye nangona eyona mpumelelo iphumelele amayeza yaba sisiphumo sokungakhathali okungenayo esasilawula elebhu, akunakwenzeka ukungakujongela phantsi ukubaluleka kwendawo ye-UNbel.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAlexander Fleming, owayengumntwana obizwa ngokuba nguAlec, wazalwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1881 kwisixeko saseScotdel. Utata hun guy oqukethe ifama yeFama Lochfield. Umama wenkwenkwe, uBritane wasibopha uRussion, waba ngumfazi wesibini ka-hug kwaye wazala abantwana abane. UAlexander waba ngowesibini.
Kumtshato wokuqala, umlimi wahlala wabantwana abane. Le ndoda yayineminyaka engama-59 ubudala xa wagqiba kwelokuba agqibe kwelokuba atshatise umtshato wesibini, aze aqahlise ukuba emva kokufa kungabikho mntu ubakhathalela abantwana abancinci. Utata wasweleka xa uAlek wayeneminyaka esi-7 ubudala. Ngethamsanqa, ubabalo lwaya kuba ngumfazi onamandla. Uye wakwazi ukongamela usapho, ukwahlula-hlula imisebenzi ngelondolozo lwefama kunye nokuphakanyiswa komncinci. Phezu kwako nje ukonwaba kukamama, u-Alec wobuntwana, abantakwabo noodadewabo ayinakubizwa ngokuba yingxaki.
Kwiminyaka emi-5 yekamva, uDarwell wanika isikolo sezilalini. Intsapho evuthuzayo yayihlala kwifama, ke qho ekuseni abantwana kwafuneka bahambe i-7 km ngokusebenzisa amasimi ukuya epatini. Ngeentsuku ezinamafutha, uGrace wanika nganye kwiitapile ezishushu zokudumbuluka izandla zakhe.
Indlela enameva yomeleza kuphela i-Elec ye-Elec yolwazi, kwaye eneminyaka eyi-12 wangena kwi-Acalmarky yaseKilmarnok. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, kunye nabazalwana abaPhezulu, inkwenkwe yafudukela eLondon yaza yaqala ukumamela iintetho kwi-Royal Polytechnic. Isikhokelo sanceda ukuba sikhethe uMzalwana uThomas, owayesebenza njengengcali ye-ophthalmologist. Ke uAlec waqalisa ukufunda amayeza.
Ulwazi olufunyenwe kwizifundo lwanceda inkwenkwe ngo-1901 ukuze ingene kwisikolo sezonyango kwisibhedlele isibhedlele sikaMariya. Ngapha koko, wayengoyena mntu umfundi onesiphiwo. Ngo-1906, ukuqhobhaya kwaba yi-bachelor yonyango kunye notyando, ngo-1908-iBachelor yeBactetiology.
Isayensi
Ngo-1906, unjingalwazi we-pathology ka-Almert Wright, owadala iyeza kuTyphissinal Waldo, wacela ukuba asebenze kwisebe leofisi lenzelwe esibhedlele saseSt. Okwalo mzuzu, isayensi kunye abafundi abathathu babefuna indlela yokunyanzela i-antibodies ukuba bajongane nosulelo losulelo.
Impumelelo edibeneyo ye-Alexander Flemic kwaye i-Almert Wright yaqala nge-aledle. Unjingalwazi usebenze ekwenzeni izixhobo zokuvumela ukuba inkqubo yokuqokelela ihlalutyo ngokuchaneka kwaye kubuhlungu. Ukubona iziphumo zomsebenzi, umfundi ucebe ubuchule apho abaguli abane-syphilis bangathatyathwa i-5 ml yegazi ukusuka kwigazi, kwaye i-0.5 ml ukusuka kumnwe.
Kule minyaka, i-syphilis yayijongwa njengesona sifo siyingozi kwaye singanyangeki. Yenzelwe ngo-1907 nguCimist Paul Erich, iyeza "iSalvarsan" lincedile nakwiimeko ezihleliweyo, kodwa kuphela xa iyeza laziswa kwi-vienna. Nangona le nkqubo yayinzima kwiimeko zanamhlanje, iimpazamo ezihlanganisiweyo zobuchule. Uxelele malunga neziphumo zonyango ezinesigulana asi-46 kwenye yeengxelo zokuqala zesayensi.
Ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, iAlmert Wright yacelwa ukuba iququzelele ilabhoratri eFransi yokufunda izifo ezosulelayo apho afela khona amajoni. Unjingalwazi wamenyelwa naye.
Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba ama-antiveptics esetyenziswe ngelo xesha ukuzibulala iintsholongwane, iphazamisa imeko. Kwinqaku lejenali yezonyango iLancet, iSayensi yathi i-antiseptics isebenza kuphela kumphezulu, kwaye hayi kumanxeba enzonzobila apho intsholongwane ifihlakele khona. Le ngongoma ixhaswe i-Wright. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabenzi boogqirha baqhubeka nokusebenzisa iAntiseptics, nokuba ifuthe labo libe lisiba mandundu imeko yezempilo yesigulana.
I-Deayidibezilility ngo-1919, iFlemimi ibuyela eNgilane kwaye yaqhubeka nokuhlola intsholongwane. Amava, izazinzulu ziqinisekisile ukuba i-antiseptics inciphise okanye iphumelele ngokupheleleyo isiphumo sokubulala iintsholongwane, apho i-lekocytes ihluthwe.
Ngo-1922, impumelelo yokuqala yesayensi yacwangciswa kwi-biography ye-microbiologist: Uphando oludibeneyo lwalukhokelela ekufumaneni i-lysozyme, into ebika. Ngelo xesha, amaFleyili asebenzela ukubanda kwaye akhethe kwindebe ene-bacteria. Emva kweentsuku ezi-5, kwafunyaniswa ukuba izinto eziyingozi zanyamalala kwindawo ye-mucus, i-turbidity evela kwiintsholongwane yayicacile. Ezinye izifundo zibonakalise ukuba iinyembezi kunye namathe omntu wayenayo "ukucoca" ubuchule bokwenza iproteni yeqanda.
U-Lizozyme wathathwa njengento egciniweyo yokugcina izinto i-bibibacrial de ibe ivule ivuliwe i-PINICICIN ngo-1928. Quote yesayensi malunga nolo suku:
"Xa ndivuke ngoSeptemba 28, 1928, mna, andizange ndicwangcise ukufihlwa kwezamayeza ndivule intsholongwane yokuqala ye-antibiotic, okanye intsholongwane yentsholongwane yokuqala. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba le nto ndiyenzileyo. "Ukubuya kwiholide emfutshane ngo-1928, i-fumiy yafunyanwa kwenye yeekomityi ze-petar. I-Neoplasm itshabalalisile imicrobs eziyingozi igcinwe kwikomityi. Kwiintsuku ezininzi, inzululwazi ayizange iphume ngenxa yeencwadi kwaye yafumanisa ukuba phambi kwakhe i-pennicillium Chrysogem, "igolide yegolide".
I-Fleming yaqonda ukuba le yeyona nto inamandla kakhulu. Ukuba i-lizozyme ifakwe intsholongwane engenabungozi, emva koko iPenicilli yayingaphatha i-syphilis, i-Pneumonia, i-Meningitis, Gangrene, Gonorrhea nabanye ekufeni. Iinkcukacha zokufunyanwa kwenzululwazi epapashwe kwijenali jenali yaseBritane ye-Portual ye-Portual. Ukothuka, umhlaba wesayensi akazange abuyele kwinqaku lonxibelelwano olukhethekileyo, kwaye ulwazi lwe-microbiogist lwalunganele ukuzimela ngokuzimela kwi-fungus. Umbono kwakufuneka ihlehlise ibhokisi ende.
Kuphela ngonyaka ka-1940, kwiminyaka eli-12 emva kokufunyanwa, i-Erest Shein kunye noHoward Foori weza kumnceda ukuba aphule. Bacoca into eninzi kangangokuba yaphilisa i-mice yosulelekile nge-staphylocococcus.
Kwakuyingozi ukwenza amava abantu, ngelixa iFlemimity isebenza kwiSibhedlele i-Royal Rolver, akazange ayifumane iqabane lakhe. Wasweleka ngenxa ye-meningitis. Inzala yesayensi kunye nomnqweno wokusindisa umhlobo utyikitywe inzululwazi yokufihla isigulana sasePeniciclin. Emva kwenyanga yenaliti, isigulana sibuhlungu kunokuba sisebenza kakuhle kwe-antibuitic efunyenweyo.
Ngo-1943, phakathi kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, ukuveliswa kwesininzi kwePenicillin kwasekwa kwimibandela yephamma. Enkosi kwichiza, amajoni anzondelelo aphiliswayo kumanxeba abi kwaye abuye ngaphambili.
U-Alexander Flemiw waqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-penicillin kwakwazi ukwenza intsholongwane kumayeza okubulala iintsholongwane. Inokwenzeka ukuba unyango lwalumfutshane kwaye lwaluqhutywa ngamachaphaza amancinci. Ukuthetha malunga nokuvulwa kwehlabathi, inzululwazi yakwalungela abantu ukuba bangabi naziintshaba zentsholongwane ngaphandle kokumisela ugqirha.
I-penicillin igalelo elikhulu kwibhayoloji nezamayeza: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane adalwe kwisiseko sento, egcina ubomi bezigidi zabantu. Ngenxa yoku kwafunyanwa, amafuya anikezelwa iindidi zamabhaso, eyona nto iphambili kuyo amabhaso kaThixo. "Ukuvulwa kwe-penicilina kunye nefuthe lakhe lonyango kumlo wokulwa nezifo ezahlukeneyo" ze-microbiologist kunye noogxa bakhe kunye noogxa bakhe boRri noChene onikezwe ngo-1945.
Ubomi Buqu
I-Alexander Eleming yayiyi-massone. Kwinqanaba, i-delly nkosi isebenzela ebhedini "ingcwele Maria", emva koko 'kwinceba ". Ngo-1942 wanikwa isihloko se-Deacon yokuqala yendawo yokuhlala emanyeneyo ye-England. Ifikelele kwi-30 degrees (ezingama-33) ngokomgaqo wamandulo wamandulo wakwamkelweyo.
I-Alexander Dlemiuku yayitshatile kabini.
NgoDisemba 23, 1915, iqabane lososayensi laba sisibhedlele esibhedlele saseSt. Mary, ireland uSara Sarah Schaull. Emva kwethuba, uNyana wazalwa unyana Robert, owahamba emanyathelweni kayise waba ngugqirha. Intsapho yajika yomelele - de ibulawe kaSara ngo-1949, amaqabane awayehlala emphefumlweni.
Ngo-1953, iSayensi iyatshata kwakhona. I-Amalia Kotcuri-quirekas, i-grenka ngobuzwe, yayiyiminyaka engama-31 emncinci kunendoda yakhe. Wayekwakheka i-bacteriologist, kodwa wazinikela kwimisebenzi yamalungelo oluntu. Kwiminyaka emi-2 emva komtshato, uAmalia waba ngumhlolokazi.
Ukufa
NgoMatshi 11, 1955, ngo-74, u-Alexander uyagula wabulawa yintliziyo yokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo eLondon. Ngokwesicelo somzimba osezantsi, sitshisiwe, kwaye uthuli lutshisiwe kwiCawa yeSt. Paul, ecaleni kwengcwaba lika-Goraral Horaral. Kwilitye lengcwaba, ukugweba ngefoto, iiLwimi zabhalwa: "A.F.".Iinyani ezinomdla
- Zombini ezifunyaniswe ngezenzululwazi ze-alexandezer zenzeka ngenxa yobunqambi bayo. Kuthiwa ukuba ilabhoratri yengcali ye-microbiologist yayihlala ixoxwa ziiflethi, iityhubhu zovavanyo, izirinji kunye neendlela, ukucoca kwi-desktop kwakunqabile. Ngokwemvelo, isivungu saphuhliswa kwintsalela yeekhemikhali. Ke, ishiywe iveki Ikomityi emdaka ye-Peris yase-Peris yaseFeyus ye-Fericillium, eyathi kamva yaguqulwa yaba lilungiselelo elinamandla le-penicillin.
- Emva kokuvula iPenicilina, ukwamkelwa kwesayensi kwawela kwi-Alexander Eleming. NgoJulayi 1944, ukumkani waseBritan wamxelela umxholo othi "Mnu", ngoNovemba 1945, isayensi saba kathathu nguGqr. Inzululwazi. Ngendlela, kwangaxeshanye, inkulumbuso yeBritani uWinston Churchill kunye noMbutho weMfazwe yeHlabathi yeBernard Montgoard ifumene isidanga sogqirha kwi-Luerman.
- Bathetha iindlela zeCagelill nasebusweni baguquka ngaphezulu kwesinye. Kwiminyaka yee-1950s, inkolo yenkolo "amandla enceba" aqashe intsomi ngokutsho kwesona senzululwazi, omnye umntwana, akhupha i-friesical ye-Swamp. Njengophawu lombulelo, utata kaCahugera wahlawulelwa ngemfundo yeFlemimimed kumaziko onyango athembekileyo, kubandakanya kwi-Royal Polytechnic. Kukho ibali elingangenxa yemfazwe, ezopolitiko ekufeni kwePenicillin zisindisiwe. Le nyaniso i-Alexander iyavuzwa kwileta eya kumhlobo uAndre Grezia:
Iikowuti
Kuba umphandi akakho uvuyo olungaphezulu nje kokufunyanwa, nokuba lincinci kangakanani. Imnika inkalipho yokuqhubeka nokufuna inkanuko ... isihloko esitsha sivula iSayensi kuphela, kodwa oko kunzima ngakumbi umhlaba, kunzima kakhulu oqhele ukusebenzisa ilabhoratri eqhelekileyo Ibhotwe le-marble, liya kubakho indoda emibini: nokuba uya kuloyisa ibhotwe lebhorble, okanye ibhotwe liya kumfumana. Ukuba umphanda ophangaza umphandi, ibhotwe liya kujika ibe yindibano yocweyo kwaye liya kuba njengelabhoratri eqhelekileyo; Kodwa, ukuba umphezulu uya kuphumelela ibhotwe, umphandi wafa. Kukho impumelelo ephumeleleyo ebangela iminqweno emitsha.Izinto ezifunyenwe
- Ngo-1922-i-antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
- Ngo-1928 - i-antibiotic penicillin