Biography
Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-Xix, uHerbert Spencer wayephakathi kwamanani aphambili engcinga yentanda-bulumko. Emva kwexesha, abathandi abathandayo bamthuma ngekhreyithi kunye ne-aristotle. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantu ababephila ngexesha lokufunda alunakuzixabisa izimvo zakhe. Esinjani sona umnikelo wokufumana imali ekuthandeni le ntanda-bulumko kunye nentlalo, babethetha ngenkulungwane yama-20, kwaye namhlanje iLifa leLifa Lesayensi lithathe ixesha lezenzululwazi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UHerbert Spencer wazalwa ngo-Epreli 27, 1820 eDerby, County County. Isithandi-sobulumko sexesha elizayo sakhulela kwintsapho yotitshala wesikolo. Bazaliswe ngabazali bakaSpencer, ngaphandle kwakhe, bambeke ekukhanyeni kwabathandathu abantwana, ezintlanu kubo bafa.
UHerbert akazange ezenze impilo eyomeleleyo, ke uTata wagqiba kwelokuba angamniki unyana wakhe esikolweni aze azibambe ngokwakhe ekukhulelweni nasemva kwemfundo. Inkwenkwe yayithabatha abazali bakhe kunye nolwazi, kunye neempawu zobuqu: kwinqaku le-autobiographical, isithandi-sobulumko besithi ixesha, inkululeko, esinesiphumo esingqongqo semigaqo yakhe, wafunda kuYise.
Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yemfundo yonyana wakhe, umdala we-swies wakukhetha ngocoselelo kuncwadi. IHerbert ngokukhawuleza ilikhohlelo yokufunda, kwaye nangona impumelelo yakhe kwizifundo zesikolo ayinakuthiwa yiShiny, inkwenkwe ayikwazanga ukuvinjwa, i-terisy kunye nembono etyebileyo kwaye ibukeka.
Nge-13, abazali babeza kumthumela kulume umalume- wayekulungele ukuthatha uqeqesho lomfana wokwamkelwa eCambridge. Nangona kunjalo, uSpencer, owayekholelwa kwimfundo esesikweni, akazange angene eyunivesithi.
Ukuwa konyaka we-1837, uHerbert, ehamba njengoMlawuli kaloliwe, wafudukela eLondon. Kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-3 kamva washiya ikomkhulu wabuyela ekhaya. Apho uSpencedr wazama amandla kufundisiso lweMathematics, kodwa ekubeni akazange akhule neeSayensi zichanekileyo, eziphononongwe ngokukhawuleza kule ntshukumo. Kodwa kwindoda esemncinci ndivuke ndinomdla kwintatheli. Kwiphephandaba le-radical ", wapapasha amanqaku ali-12 kwizihloko zezopolitiko nezentlalo. Ngo-1843, baphuma nencwadi eyahlukileyo.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, uHerbert wayehlala phakathi kweLondon noBirmingham, bazizama kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yemisebenzi. Ubhale umdlalo, imibongo kunye nemibongo, epapashe eyakhe iphephandaba, wasebenza njengenjineli kunye nolwazi. Kwangelo xesha, lo mfana akazange ayeke ukufunda, aqhelene nemisebenzi yabantu baseBritane nabaseJamani babelungiselela ukupapasha incwadi yakhe.
Ifilosofi kunye nentlalo
Umsebenzi wokuqala kaSpencer, onomxholo othi "i-static", yapapashwa ngo-1851. Kuyo, isithandi-sobulumko senza njengomsunguli wenkcazo yomthetho, eyathi kamva yaqulunqa kweminye imisebenzi. Isiseko sencwadi yayikukuqiqa malunga nokuba kwenzeka njani ibhalansi kurhulumente. UHerbert wayekholelwa ukuba ukulingana okunjalo kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ubume bentlalontle bungaphantsi komthetho wenkululeko kunye nenkqubo yobulungisa evela kubo.
Uluntu lokufunda lwadibana "nemiboniso yentlalo", kodwa umbhali ngokwakhe wagqiba kwelokuba ayingabo bonke abakwazi ukuvavanya ubunzulu bomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa ukwakhiwa kukaSpencer kutsala umdla weengcali zeBritane, phakathi kukaThomas huxay, eGeorge Eliot, Stewart Mill.
Ukunxibelelana nabo, uHerbert wafumanisa amagama amatsha kwintanda-bulumko yale mihla - elinye lamaqabane amatsha, iMillert, yazisa kuye imisebenzi ka-Auguste Kont. Ukufumana ukuba ezinye zeembono zomFrentshi zivele ngezakhe, ukucinga ukuba azive enenxeba. Emva koko, uSpencer uye wagxininisa okuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kungabikho mpembelelo incinci kwizimvo zakhe.
Ngo-1855, unyango lwengqondo, epapashwe kwimiqulu emibini iphume. Kuye, uHerbert wachaza eyakhe ingcinga ye-psychology yengqondo. Lo msebenzi wanikwa uMbhali kwakufuneka, wathabatha imikhosi emininzi ngokomoya neyokwenyama. Kwibhayiloji eyabhalwa nguye, umcinga wavuma ukuba ekupheleni kwe-nerves yakhe yeza kwilizwe elibi kwaye laligqiba isincoko. Kodwa kolu vavanyo akuphelanga. "Iziseko zezengqondo" azizange zinomdla kubafundi, iindleko azizange zihlawulwe, kwaye uSpencer wahlala engenabomi.
Abahlobo abacwangcise ukubhalisa okokuqala kwi "ntanda-bulumko ye-syntithotic" "ubhaliso lwefilosori olwenziwe" kwifilosoti yentlupheko ", apho watyatyatheka khona uHerbert. Inkqubo yomsebenzi yayibuhlungu ngenxa yendoda- Ndazise ngokwakhe, ukuba ngaphezulu, ndiqondwe nguye ngexesha "lesiseko sengqondo". Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1862 kwapapashwa indima yokuqala, yabizwa ngokuba "zisisiseko". Ngo-1864 ne-1866, imiqulu emibini ye "iziseko zebhayoloji" yapapashwa.
Kwindawo yokuzalwa kwefilosofi, bobabini abaphumelelanga, abafundi baseRussia naseMelika babenomdla. Abalandeli beSpencer abavela kwihlabathi elitsha bathunyelwa ekuphelekeni kombhali wetshekhi yamawaka amawaka amawaka ukuze agubungele iindleko zopapasho kwaye aqhubeke nokukhululwa koluhlu olucekisiweyo lweencwadi. Kubahlobo kuye kwafuneka basebenze nzima ukweyisela iHerbert ukuba ayithathele le mali. Ukucinga de le yokugqibela inqabile uncedo lwemali enesisa, kodwa ekugqibeleni yanikezela.
Ngo-1870 kunye nowe-1872, amabala e-psychology "aphuma. Kwangelo xesha, uSpencer wakwazi ukusebenza kwesinye isincoko esinikezelwe kwintlalo. Kuyinyani, ayinakukwazi ukuqokelela izinto eziyimfuneko zedwa - ngeminyaka, umbono wentanda-bulumko uye wawohloka kangangokuba kwafuneka aqeshe unobhala.
Ngokudibeneyo benziwe idatha ecwangcisiweyo kumaziko entlalontle kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo, bengenalwazi kwiitafile ezikhethekileyo. Izinto zabonakala ngathi uHerbert ngoko wayethembekile ukuze agqibe kwelokuba amtyhilele incwadi eyahlukileyo. Inxalenye yokuqala yenkqubo "yokuchaza" yapapashwa ngo-1871, ukupapashwa kweminye imiqulu eminye imiqulu iqhubeke kude kube nge-1880.
Incwadi yokuqala, eyehliselwe nguSpencer, impumelelo yentengiso yayikukufunda kwezentlalo "(1873). Wayefuna ukuthintela ukukhululwa 'kweziseko zentlalo yoluntu "(1877-1896) - ngokombhali wombhali, intshayelelo engaqhelekanga yayiyimfuneko, eyayiza kuvumela abafundi ukuba baqonde isayensi entsha. Imisebenzi yokugqibela kaHerbert yaba "sisiseko semiqobo" (1879-1893), umsebenzi obeka inqaku kwinkqubo "yeHilosotical yeHilosoph".
I-British Cetker inamathele kwi-Pospotivism - ukuhamba kwentanda-bulumko, ivela eFransi. Abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuba i-metaphysics yeklasi ayikwazi ukuphendula imibuzo engxamisekileyo yesayensi yale mihla. Babengenamdla kulwazi olungafikelelekiyo, oluqiqisayo, ixabiso elingakumbi babona kwizifundo ezinamandla. USpencer, kunye nomsunguli wangoku nge-Auguste, noJohn Millem, waba ngummeli wokuqala we-pospotivism.
Ithiyori yendaleko iphuhlisiwe nguHerbert yayibanzi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, indaleko ngumthetho osisiseko wophuhliso olwenziwe ngaphakathi kuzo zonke izinto. Kukukukona kuthuzo ukusuka kwinguqulelo yokungahambelani nokunxibelelana nokunxibelelana, ukusuka kwi-themogeneous to gwenxa kwaye ivela kwi-iverfinite enye. Inqanaba lokuphela kwendaleko kwiSpencer kukulingana - umzekelo, amandla anokuqhubela phambili kwaye olondolozayo kuluntu. Le thethi yefilosofi yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya intlalo, ne-biological, yengqondo kunye nezinye izinto zengqondo.
UHerbert wayethetha nombhali wethiyori yezinto eziphilayo. Inkampani yabonakala kuye njengento ephilayo, eyandayo kwi-Mass, iba nzima ngakumbi, kwangaxeshanye, i-Counts yabantu i-Analogous iguqukayo: Abanye bafa, kodwa abantu abatsha beza ukutshintsha. Amaziko obuntu obubulumko athelekiswa neqela lomzimba esenza imisebenzi ethile.
Ukongeza kwinkqubo yemodeli yesikhumbuzo "yeSpensomer yeHencengophy," iSpenri ikhuphe inani leencwadi, phakathi kweyona- "(1883)," ndoda "("), Ngo-1902) nabanye.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nobomi bobuqu yefilosofi abukaziwa kakhulu. Esona sizathu siphambili sokulilolo sayo sixhomekeke kwinto yokuba yonke iHerbert yakhe isisinge emsebenzini. Ngo-1851, ukucinga ukuba ukucinga, ukukhathalela umfazi ofanelekileyo, wasuswa ukuba ayithumele kwisithsaba.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicwangciso azizange zimiselwe ukuba zifezekiswe - ukuba ziqhelene nentombazana, uSperincer wala umtshato. Esi sigqibo wasikhuthaza into yokuba uMtshakazi Uphuhliswe. Kwixa elizayo, uHerbert akazange adale usapho, zonke iingcinga zakhe zajikela kwiSayensi kunye neencwadi.
Ukufa
UFerbert Spencer wasweleka nge-8 kaDisemba, nge-1903 eBrighton. Wangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba aphezulu eLondon, ecaleni kothuthu lwenye intanda-bulumko ebalaseleyo Xix - Karl Marx. Ukusweleka kweBritane kwakungaphambi kokugula - ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, akasafuneki ebhedini.
Ibhaliwe yi "Autobiography" yapapashwa ngo-1904, kunye nabafundi beencwadi ezinesibindi kwizinto zla. Ukuqulunqwa kukaSesifo kwaxelwa kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba kupapashwe, ii-odolo zangaphambi kwe-pre-zafika kubapapashi. Ngosuku lokuqala, intengiso "I-Autobiography" ye-Autobiography "yahlangulwa ngokungenisa, i-Sun yokufunda ayizange ifumane indleko.
I-Bibliography
- 1842 - "Imida efanelekileyo yamandla eLizwe"
- 1851 - "Ootisayo"
- Ngo-1861 - "Imfundo yengqondo, yokuziphatha nenyama"
- Ngo-1862-1896 - "Inkqubo yeHilosophy yeSyntithotic"
- Ngo-1879 - "Idatha yokuziphatha"
- Ngo-1884 - "NDODA NE-State"
- Ngo-1885 - "Ifilosofi nenkolo. Indalo kunye Nenyani yeNkolo "
- Ngo-1891 - "Isincoko: Inzululwazi, kwezopolitiko nentanda-bulumko"
- Ngo-1891 - "Ubulungisa"
- Ngo-1902 - "Iinyani kunye nezimvo"