Biography
Ifilosofi yamaGrike amandulo I-Emmemecle ishiye i-2 imibongo kuphela eyafunyanwa njengelifa, kwaye bagcinwa kuphela ngohlobo lwamaqhekeza kunye neekowuti, kodwa bafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwezimvo ezilindelekileyo. Kwibhayiloji yokuqonda kunzima ukwahlula iinyani ezivela kwiintsomi. Abantu ababebudlelane babekholelwa ukuba wayenamandla angaphezu kwendalo kwaye wakwazi nokusamkela abafileyo, kwaye ukubaleka kwakhe ngokwakhe ubuyixhasa umbono wokuvela kwakhe. I-Bertrand Russell kwincwadi ethi "Imbali yeFilosofi yaseNtshona" ebizwa ngokuba yi-Enpedocla"Umxube wefilososo, umprofeti, indoda enesayensi kunye ne-charlatan."Ubuntwana noLutsha
Kwiminyaka embalwa yefilosofi eyaziwa kancinci, kwaye malunga nomhla wolwazi lolwazi lwakho lokuzalwa ngokuchaseneyo. Uninzi lwababhali-mbali luye lwathanda ukuba yayingama-490 ixesha lethu. Eyona nxalenye iphambili yobomi bomfanekiso wabanjwa kwiSixeko saseAkraganta (ngoku - iAgrigento) eSisily, ngoko ke bubungqina obubhaliweyo, ngoku kubizwa ngokuba yi-emdocl evela kwi-akragant. Eminye imithombo iye yenzeka kwakhona ukucacisa "unyana wobukumkani".
Ulwazi lwebhayiloji malunga nesithandi-sobulumko saziwa ikakhulu emsebenzini we-Diogerk Lanertsk, i-econy yabo kunye nemisebenzi yabanye abantu abadala. Waba ngumsunguli wesikolo seoretory, wabhala izicatshulwa zeentetho kwaye wayedume ngokubalulekileyo. U-Aristotle wawuthathe uMsunguli we-ratoric.
I-EMDEDOCL yayingumxhasi wedemokhrasi kwaye ixhasa i-acker encinci ukuba ihambe kule ndlela. Isikhundla sakhe eluntwini sasinzima, kwaye isikhundla siyakholisa, kodwa wayengakwazi ukugcina esixekweni. Abaxhasi bakaTirani babamba amandla kwaye bagwetywa isithandi-sobulumko ukuba bafunyulwe esixekweni. Emva kotshutshiso, i-embecle yasuka kwipolitiki, ingenelo ngokupheleleyo kwintanda-bulumko.
Abantu ababebudlelwene bayakholelwa kakhulu, kwaye yayingulo mthombo wolwazi lwakhe olunzulu-kuphela ababingeleli baseYiputa banokubafundiswa kubugcisa benkqubela phambili, kwaye abambona basempumalanga yento yokuba ukucinga okungekho lula kwakungamazwe awahlukeneyo, hayi.
Kumazwe asemveli, intanda-bulumko yayithathelwa ingqalelo ngumsebenzi ombi kunye nomlingo. Wachazwa yimimangaliso eyahlukeneyo, kanye, eluvukweni lwabafi - ngenxa yokuba wayekwazi ukuvuselela umfazi, iintsuku ezingama-30 ziye zathi cwaka. Wabizwa ngokuba luhambo - ngokwembali, xa umoya ubeke phantsi kangangokuba wabeka isivuno, i-empedecle i-odole ukuba yenze iinduli kunye neenduli, emva koko kwemozulu iphuculwe.
Intanda-bulumko yanikwa usindiso lukaSelinuntunti oluvela kwisifo sespheni: uyalele ukuba ahlukane nelitye ukuze ayeke umoya ofayo kwisitya esifayo, kwaye kungekudala imimoya yasentla yafika emoyeni kwaye yathatha isifo.
Intanda-bulumko
Iingcamango zakhe ze-EMPOCL ifakwe kwifom yemibongo. I-Distonce ASCTARES ASETYENZISIWEYO NGOKUSETYENZISWAYO NGOKWENZA IMISEBENZI, "Imibongo emibini:" Ukucocwa "kunye" neNdalo ". Kucingelwa ukuba, zombini zaziindawo ezingama-550 kuphela zagcinwa. Imibongo ibandakanyiwe kwimibongo ichaza iingcinga zakhe kuphela, kodwa i-mbedhers yayisebenzisa i-syllable kunye nenye indlela yobugcisa bombongo.
Ebutsheni bakhe, i-Edeocl ixhasa iPythagorean okwangoku, kodwa emva koko yagxothwa kwimiqolo yabafundi - nokuba ungcamze ulwazi olufihlakeleyo ngokwakhe, okanye ngenxa yokuba wayezabelele impumelelo yakhe (Akukho mntu uluvo). Ezinye zeembono zePythago, ngokukodwa iMfundiso yeDidiyo, emva koko yenzelwe isiseko se-naunphilophilophy yokuthandelaka.
Ukuzivocavoca kusekwe kunyango lwe-Arhem - isiphelo semigangatho emi-4 ehambelana neziphoso ezi-4 - uncedo, uZeus, Gera kunye neNevesti. Izinto ezingapheliyo kwaye zingaguqukanga, zihlala zihamba, zizalisa indawo kwaye zizenzele zonke izinto ezijikelezileyo, kubandakanya umzimba womntu. Umzekelo, igazi liqulathe izinto ezi-4 ngokulinganayo, kwaye amathambo ama-4 omlilo, 2 - uMhlaba kunye no-2 - umlilo. Kwangelo xesha, izinto ngokwazo ziyadlula kwaye azidali kwanto, kodwa zihamba ngokulandelelana kwezigaba ezi-2 ezichaseneyo - ifayile (uthando) kunye neNeuki (intiyo).
Ukuzalwa nokufa kuka-Emperclecle kujongwe ingqalelo ephosakeleyo, ngasemva apho kukho unxibelelwano olulula kunye nokwahlula izinto. Olu mbini luphantsi kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo ekhoyo, yenza inkqubo ye-cyclic, apho umanyano kwaye uninzi lubonakalisiwe.
Kwimibongo yemibongo, isithandi-sobulumko sivakalise iingcinga ezininzi ezingaphambili ezaphambi kwexesha lakhe. Emva koko, kunjalo, izimvo ezinesibindi azinakwenzeka ukuba ziqinisekise ngoko nangokomntu, kwaye abantu ababephila ngexesha lezenzululwazi babonakala beyimfihlakalo, kodwa ngophuhliso lwesayensi, izazinzulu zamangaliswa kukuba kwisayensi yakudala kwisayensi yakudala kwisayensi yakudala.
Umzekelo, i-EMDPOCL ixhasa umthetho wolondolozo (okokuqala ngqa evezwe ziiales), ukuxabana ukuba akukho nto ivelayo kwilithuba. Kwimeko "kwindalo", wabhala ukuba ukukhanya kusasazeka ngesantya esithile, esikhulu, kodwa ngobukhulu bokugqibela. Kwimisebenzi ye-EMMemecle ifumene iziseko zethiyori yokhetho lwendalo, ephuhliswe nguDarwin: Isithandi-sobulumko sixabana ukuba iindidi zihlala zitshintsha, kwaye ziyasinda kuphela ezona zilungelelaniswe nazo.
Ngokwemvelo, imfundiso yakhe ngokubanzi ayifani kakhulu nezimvo zebhayoloji yale mihla - umzekelo, amalungu ancindiweyo wayekholelwa ukuba izilwanyana zokuqala zaziboniswa kwaye zaphuhliswa kubabhali be Abalandeli kwaye babeka iziseko zokufunda ubomi obusebenza.
Le ayisiyiyo igalelo kwisayensi eyenziwe yifilosofi. I-Empedocl yathetha ngombono womoya njengento ethile, irekhode ukuqaphela kwe-Mentififual Fact Fact kwaye ibonise ukuba inyanga ingowakhe, kodwa ibonakalise ukukhanya kwakhe. Wayenomdla wokuzalwa komntwana: wayengaqondakali kakhulu, wakugqala ukuzalwa kwamawele amabini akhethiweyo amabini kwaye wazama ukuchaza le nto ngethiyori yomphefumlo.
Isithandi-sobulumko sakudala seso sezimvo kunye nemeko kwicandelo lezamayeza, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwi-dedyfiology kunye nembono yemvakalelo. Ungomnye wowokuqala owazama ukwahlula ukuphiliswa kwakhe kwimpawu nakwiinkolelo ezingaboniyo. I-empendecle inyanzelise ukuba iyeza lesonyango - isayensi, ingabi yimfihlo yolwazi, kwaye ugqirha unyanzelekile ukuba afunde umzimba womntu, kwaye angalandeli iintsomi zamandulo.
Ukusuka kwindawo ye-gnoseology, i-EMDEDOCL yenze inkxaso yolwazi olungeyonyani kwaye yayilithemba ngokwemida yalo, ixambulisa ukuba inyaniso ikhona kwaye akukho miqobo iphambili ekuqondeni. Kwangelo xesha, ilizwe lomntu liyazi iimvakalelo: I-organs yayo ihambelana nento efundwayo kunye nee-pores ezikhethekileyo. I-pores ebanzi, ulwazi oluninzi olubanzi noluntsokothileyo kubo unokuqonda kwaye uyazi.
Ndikunye ne-anakogor, i-empedecle ibeka iziseko zophuhliso lwentanda-bulumko yamaGrike, ukusuka kuzo iimfundiso zee-Atomists, imisebenzi ye-Aristotle kwaye i-Plato yenyuka.
Ubomi Buqu
Akukho nto yaziwayo malunga nenkosikazi yesithandi-sobulumko esikhulu. Kodwa ke, inzala yaba yiyo: I-Satire "yobomi" ikhanyisela ukuba uNyana uzelwe, Ngubani na ocinga ukuba wayezukiswa nguyise ozukiswa nguyise. Kwimithombo ethile kukho ukukhathaza kwentombi, ethi ngabom, nokuba ngengozi itshisile inxenye yemibhalo-ngqangi engapheliyo yefilosofi.
I-emvede yahlulwe yindlela yokuziphatha egqithisileyo kwaye ithanda ukugxininisa ukuphakama kwakhe kwabanye. Wanxiba iingubo zombingeleli, yingubo ebomvu, ibhinqa elinegolide, nengwevu yegolide, yonke indawo ibonakala ijikelezwe ngabantu ababemi nabo. Ufumene ilizwe elinesidima labazali bakhe, nto leyo ayikhetha ukuyichitha ngendlela yantlandlolo, ekhupha i-Dowry kwaye icwangcise imitshato ephumelelayo kubo.
Ukufa
Malunga nendlela i-EMpedocl eswelekileyo, kukho iinguqulelo ezimbalwa- ukusuka kwikhaya ukuya kumnandi. I-Diogen Lanertsky ikhokelela 2 kubo. Ngokwangowokuqala, isithandi sobulumko esidumileyo saziswa ezulwini, kwaye 'kufuneka ibhalwe njengoThixo kaThixo. " Ngokutsho kwelesibini - i-EMDEDOCL ikhethe ukuzibulala: Ukuziva usondela kwindlela yokufa, wakhawuleza waya kwi-Ebano ye-Ebano Beyibhiyozelwa ukuqhutywa kukufa kwakhe, bafumana iimbadada zayo zobhedu kothuthu.
Nangona kunjalo, kubungqina obucacileyo belo xesha, kufunyanwa iinguqulelo ezilula: kunokwenzeka ukuba i-empende iwele kwiholide yaseMessen, yaphula ithanga, yafa. Kukhankanywe ukuba enyanisweni watyibilika wawa elwandle. Ukuba yindoda enkulu ebuthathaka, isithandi-sobulumko khange sijamelane ne-raid wagod kwaye inyibilike.
Yeyiphi kutoliko eyiyo kwaye yayingunobangela wokufa, ayiziwa ngokunyaniseka. Ababhali-mbali abavumelani nembono, mdala kangakanani xa wayecinga ngexesha lokufa: 60, 77 okanye 109.
Inzala yamisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwidolophu yakhe. Emva kwexesha, amaRoma ayishukumisela kwikomkhulu kwaye wafaka isikwere phambi kwesakhiwo saseSenethi. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesithandi-sobulumko nayo igcinwe, ngokwendlela umntu anokwenza umbono wokubonakala kwayo.
Iikowuti
Isithintelo esikhulu sengxaki yokuthintela amathuba amathini. Kukho uluvo olungelulo emphefumlweni malunga nokungafi. I-Cosmos enye, kodwa i-Supect enye iphela, inxenye yendalo, enye iphela Ngaba akukho nto ingadibaniyo. Ayikho into, kwaye akukho nto inokwenzeka into eza kutshatyalaliswa.Inkqubo
- "Malunga nendalo"
- "Ukucoca"