Biography
UJean-Batista lamarka lolona loyiliso loMdali wolwahlulo lwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Wenza inzululwazi enkulu yenzululwazi, kodwa waphila ubomi, umzabalazo opheleleyo kunye nokubandezeleka. Ngokwe-biography esemthethweni, usosayensi wasweleka engabonakali, kwintlungu nentlupheko, kwaye kuthathe ixesha elininzi ukuze inzala ingayixabisa impumelelo yakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine, Chevalé de Lamarc, wazalelwa kwidolophu yaseBashen-Le-Le-Le-Le-I-Petit nge-1 ka-Agasti, 1744. Kusapho awayengoyena mncinci kubantwana abayi-11.
Bazali, nangona babengazibukhali, babehlwempuzekile kwaye abakwazanga ukunceda unyana wabo ukuba akhe umsebenzi wasemkhosini, awayephupha ngayo. Endaweni yoko, bathumela uJean esikolweni seJesuis eAmiens, emva kokuphela kwakufuneka afumane i-san.
Ngo-1760 utata kaLamariya wasweleka, kwaye umfana oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, ukuphosa iincwadi zenkolo, ukutywina emkhosini. Iminyaka e-7 elandelayo yobomi awachitha kumkhosi okhoyo waza wafumana igosa legosa, elahlulelwe kwiimfazwe ngokuchasene neBritane kwiMfazwe yeminyaka esixhenxe.
Isayensi
Umdla onyanisekileyo kwindalo ivuke kwisongu sexesha elizayo kuphela iminyaka engama-25. Xa imibutho yakhe ihleli ixesha elide eRiviera, i-Jean-Batter lachitha lonke ixesha lakhe lesimahla kufundo lwezityalo kwaye layifumana inomdla kakhulu. Kungekudala kuye kwafuneka ayeke umkhosi kwimo yezempilo-kwidabi laseLamarck efumene ukonakala kakhulu kwe-vertebrae ye-vertebrae. Ipenshoni yomntu osemkhosini yayim, kwaye ilungisa imicimbi yezemali, kwafuneka afumane igosa likarhulumente.
Inyani enomdla - umfana wayengumculi onetalente kwaye wayethandabuza kakhulu, ngaluphi ndlela indlela eya phambili - uyilo okanye yesayensi. Inkanuko yezilwanyana zasendle ziphumelele, kwaye emva kwexesha, uLarback wafumana indawo yokuba ngumqeshwa kwi-Royal Gome, apho wathatha ingqokelela yeqokelelo edumileyo yezityalo kunye ne-invertebrates.
Emva kweminyaka eli-9, kwisiseko sale ntlanganiso, uLarback wabhala incwadi. Umsebenzi weFlora France, equka imiqulu-3 iyonke, ngokukhawuleza imzise i-fume kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa - ngelo xesha uBotany wayekwifashoni. Izazinzulu zaqonda ukubaluleka kwesayensi zokuqulunqwa kweLamarca (iqulethe izimvo ezintsha kunye nemithetho-siseko yenkqubo yezityalo) kwaye wamnika ubulungu kwiZiko leMfundo yaseFransi.
Kwiminyaka emi-2 elandelayo, umphandi ochithwe kuhambo lwaseYurophu. Ngeli xesha, watyelela iziko lemfundo kunye nezitiya ze-botanical kwaye wazalisa indibano yabo ngenani elikhulu leesampulu ezintsha. Kude kube ngu-1789, uLamarc wabamba indawo yoKhathalelo oluphambili lweRoyal Herbarium, kodwa umsebenzi ophumeleleyo wesayensi oselula waphazamisa inguquko. Xa ingqokelela yesayensi yendalo iphelile, uLamarc, othwele ikati yemiboniso, wenza intetho kwiNdibano yesiZwe kwaye wacela ukuseka imyuziyam.
Ngelo xesha, imiboniso yayingeyonto ingaqhelekanga yenkqubo enzulu, kodwa inkcazo engabonakaliyo yeZimbiwa, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezivele azihambelani nesayensi. U-Lamarc wayenenjongo yokwahlula izinto ngokwamaqela, enokuthi, iqukethe iiodolo zokuzalwa kunye nosapho. Ukubekwa esweni kweMiboniso yeMiboniso kunye noku-odola okungqongqo kwendawo yabo kwakufanele ukuba inikwe umsebenzi owahlukileyo.
Isiphakamiso esivunyiweyo, kwaye ngo-1793 iMyuziyam yeSizwe yeMbali yeNdalo yavula iminyango yeendwendwe. I-Jean-Batstists i-lamark yathatha indawo ethobekileyo yomkhathaleli weholo engaphakathi, ibeka izinto ezilungileyo zengqokelela yakhe. Ngelo xesha, wasebenza kulungiselelo lwesichazi-magama se-botanical-ukusuka kwi-1781 ukuya kwi-1800 5 yetafile kunye neetafile ezingama-900 zaphuma.
I-Botany yayikude kakhulu kwinkalo ye-larck. Ngelo xesha, ubukhulu becala bungaqhelekanga phakathi kwezizazinzulu, kwaye abantu abaphila nabo bayakholelwa ukuba umntu wesayensi kufuneka abe nolwazi olubanzi kumasimi ahlukeneyo. UJean-Batterstistrists bafunda kakhulu iyeza (kwaye wafumana imfundo efanelekileyo), iZoology, iJoefiks kunye neFindolos.
Ukuthelekisa izibakala ezifunyenweyo, weza ekufumaneni ukuba kukho iqokobhe elipheleleyo lokuphila ejikeleze iplanethi yendalo. Ixesha lexesha ngokwakhe, nangona kunjalo, laziswa kwinkulungwane kamva ngugqirha wase-Austrian I-Edwagist, kodwa imisebenzi kaLamarc yaphefumlelwa nguye.
Umsebenzi odumileyo "intanda-bulumko ye-zoology" yeza ngo-1809. Kuyo, umphandi waqala wachaza izimvo zakhe malunga ne-hierarchy ye-hierarchy, ubudlelwane bokuphila kunye nokungaphili, nakwizinto zangaphandle nengaphakathi ezichaphazela inkqubo yendaleko. Uphakamise ubume bendalo kwisahluko, ukuxabanisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo zaqala ukukhula kunye nokukhulisa amandla angaphakathi.
I-lammaring yeyombono wokuhlulahlula izilwanyana kwii-vertebrates kunye ne-invertebrates, ezisetyenziswa kwi-biology unanamhla (ngendlela yebhayoloji "iphakamise ukuba yena). Emva kokukhutshwa "kwentanda-bulumko", inzululwazi yazinikezela ekufundeni kwento elula, kwaye ukusuka kwi-1801 ukuya kwi-1822 yabhala malunga ne-7 imiqolo-7 ye-7.
Inzululwazi yesayensi yayiyinto enkulu. Igalelo lakhe kwisayensi aliphelelanga ekusebenzeni kwi-biology-yenzululwazi yeyomisebenzi kwi-meteorology, i-hydrology kunye ne-geology, yavula ingqalelo yexesha lokuphuhliswa kokuphila.
Nangona i-lers yokuqhuba yokuqhuba ye-Lamarc ayizange ivulwe (wayekholelwa ukuba ukuzama ukuvela ngaphakathi kwezinto zokuziphucula amandla), ekuhambeni kwexesha kwavavanywa, ukusuka apho ingcinga yeDarwin ivukile kamva.
ULamarc wayenabachasi abaninzi kwimeko yesayensi. Ngokukodwa ungayithandi izimvo zakhe ngenkalipho yayinguGeorge Kuvier - i-biologists kunye nokugxekwa, ezaziwa ngamagqabantshintshi enobutshaba kwi-Nectrologist ayikwazanga ukumelana neenkcazo ezibukhali. Imfundiso yakhe yokufumana izilwanyana, ukuvuselelwa koko kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yeentlekele zemvelo, yayithathelwa ingqalelo yinyani, kwaye ukutshintshwa kwezimvo zendaleko zenzeke kungekudala.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bosapho baseLamarc babugcwele ziintlekele kunye nelahleko. Umfazi wokuqala uMarie-Anna-Anna - uRoyalie omkhulu wasondeza ngoonyana abathathu - uAndre no-Andre noChare. Okwesibini wazama ukucwangcisa ubomi bobuqu ngo-1974. Abantwana abavela kumfazi omtsha uCurlotte babuyela umva wayengenawo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iqabane laba liminyaka engama-30 limncinci, lamlandela engcwabeni phambi kwakhe, kwaye waphinda wahlonela ngabahlolokazi.
Ngo-1798, i-Jean-Batch itshatile uJulie Mly. Wangcwaba umfazi wesithathu ngonyaka we-1819. Ekuphela komntu owahlala nabafundi ebudaleni baba yintombi yakhe kumtshato wokugqibela weKorlylia (eminye imithombo ikhankanywa ukuba iintombi ezimbini zamkhathalele, kodwa igama layo kuphela.
Akukho namnye kubantu ababephila naye kwinzululwazi eshiye inkcazo eneenkcukacha ngembonakalo kaLamarc, akazange azichaze iimpawu zakhe ngokweenkcukacha. Ilifa lezenzululwazi elisisityebi lide ilityalwe ixesha elide, kwaye i-metrit engakhathalelwanga. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ngenxa yabakhuphiswano, imicimbi yezemali yeLarteck engaphantsi kobomi yayimbi. Akazange afumane imvume kwaye esiya kwisigqibo esiphezulu: uNapoleon, lowo eso sayensi wambonisa incwadi yakhe, ngoko wanyula ukuba wayengakwazi ukumelana neenyembezi.
Ukufa
Ngale minyaka idlulileyo, uJean-Baptiste Lamarte wabandezeleka ngenxa yesifo ngaso, ekhokelela kubumfama ngokupheleleyo. Akawushiyanga lo msebenzi, wazisa isincoko sakhe sentombi yakhe. Incwadi yakhe yokugqibela yayiyindlela "yenkqubo yolwazi", apho uLamarde wazama ukuwenza ukuba yonke into eyazi ngezilwanyana zasendle, kwaye yayizama ukukuqonda oko kwakuthethwa yinto yomntu. Ngelishwa, ngexesha lobomi bombhali, ipapasho yayingathandwa.
Inzululwazi yafa kwiminyaka engama-85. Izizathu zokufa kwakhe, kunye nendawo yengcwaba, ngokuqinisekileyo azisaziwa, kodwa imbalelwano, izinto kunye neencwadi zilahlekile. Utata ovuthayo, uKornelia wayekwimeko ebalaseleyo yemali awayeza kufuna uncedo kwiZiko laseFrance.
Ngo-1909, ikhulu leminyaka emva kokukhululwa "kwentanda-bulumko yeZoology", ilitye lesikhumbuzo eLamarka livulwe nge-paris. Kwi-BAS-UXOLO, Imeko echukumisayo iboniswa - indoda endala eyimfama eyimfama, i-Supp Espen, ihleli kwisitulo, ithobela intloko. Kufuphi kubonisa intombi eyintombazana equkayo. Kwi-peditrine, amagama eCornelia ankqonkqozwa:
"Imbewu iyakuncoma, iya kuziphindezela, bawo!".I-Bibliography
- 1776 - "Imemoir malunga ne-phenomena esisiseko kwimozulu"
- 1776 - "Izifundo ngezizathu zeyona phenomena ibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni"
- 1778- "Flora Fling"
- I-1801 - "Inkqubo ye-invertebrates"
- I-1802 - "i-hydrogeology"
- I-1803 - "Imbali Yendalo"
- I-1809 - "Ifilosofi yeZoology"
- 1815-1822 - "Imbali yeNdalo ye-invertebrates"
- Ngo-1820 - "Uhlalutyo lwento yabantu"