Biography
Ugqirha waseRoma waseClaudius Galen wenza igalelo elothusayo kuphuhliso lwesayensi. Kwibhayiloji yakhe, amabala amabi "amaqashiso", kwaye kwizikhombisi abasinda kunqabile, kodwa oku akukuthintelwanga iminyaka eliqela ukuqaphela impumelelo njenge-axioms. Nditsho neempazamo ezingazifuniyo zeGalen, kude kufike iRenaissance, yayithathwa njengezihlobo zingenakuthelekiswa nanto, kwaye imisebenzi yakhe yamisela kwangaphambili ukuphuculwa kwamayeza aseNtshona ngenkulungwane ye-15 ngaphambili.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UGalen wazalwa nge-131 ePergame, isixeko saseMalaya Asia (ngoku yi-Turkish Bergama), kwiBhodi yeBhodi ye-Emperor Adriana. Abaphandi bathanda ukuqukumbela ukuba uClaudius ayilogama lobuqu, kodwa umboniso oqinisekileyo weSihloko se-Clarissimus "intle", eyongezwe kwigama lombhali kwimibhalo-ngqangi yesantya esiphakathi.
Ugqirha wexesha elizayo wazalelwa kwintsapho ekhuselekileyo nefundileyo. Utata kaNikon uvile ukucinga okuthengiswayo kunye ne-connoisseur yemathematics, ngoko ke wanikela ingqalelo kwimfundiso yoNyana, iphupha ukuba uza kwenza isithandi-sobulumko esidumileyo esivela kuye ngamini-nye. Ngokwembali, tshintshela isigqibo kwaye unike iGatelen ukuze ufunde iyeza. Wamenza wanyanzelisa iphupha lesiprofetho - ngelo xesha, amaRoma abalulekile ezi zinto ukuba aziphendule.
Amayeza kunye nemisebenzi yesayensi
Iyeza likaGalena lafundiswa inzululwazi ebalaseleyo ePergm, kuquka neAnaas Satir kunye ne-pathologist strothonik. Xa utata waswelekayo, umfana wayehamba ehambo ukuya eSodrna ukuba athathe amava ogqirha basekhaya. Apho waqhubeka esifundweni phantsi kobunkokeli be-pelops edumileyo - umbhali wethiyori yolwalamano lokuphefumla ngokujikeleza kwegazi. Oko kuqala kusebenzisa igama elithi "Aura" (ukusuka kwi-Greek "umoya wesiGrike"), ukukholelwa ukuba into yomoya ihamba ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngeenqanawa. Emva koko, uGalen watyelela iKorinte, apho wafunda isayensi yeziyobisi nakwisayensi yendalo, emva koko wangena khona abafundi bakhe, apho wangena khona abafundi baka-Abraklion.
Ngelo xesha, uAlexandria wahamba neziko lesayensi yezonyango, kwaye ugqirha oselula waphupha ngokufumana ulwazi olukhethekileyo kunye neengcali ezinamava apho. Nangona kunjalo, xa wayefika kwiGalen apho, umthetho uphuma, ukuthintela ukulungiswa kwemizimba yabantu, kwaye i-anatomy kwafuneka ifundwe kwiinkawu kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo.
IGalen ibuye ilangazelelo. Ukubalela ukuhamba iminyaka emi-6, wahlala kwisikhumba sakhe. Ngexesha ugqirha wayeneminyaka engama-29 ubudala. Wangena kwindawo yotyando esikolweni se-gradiators kwaye kwiminyaka emi-4 elandelayo wazuza ubugcisa bokukhutshelwa kwe-walieling, ukuthunga i-ras kunye nonyango lwexhuphu. Umsebenzi wawunzima, othelekiswa nonyango lwemihla ngemihla lomkhosi, ngaphandle kwesixhobo sanamhlanje, amayeza kunye ne-anesthesia.
Imeko ye-galen ifanelwe emva kokuba ibonise amandla akhe okusebenza kwisidumbu senkawu. Imeko yempilo yeewadi yanikwa ingqalelo ekufutshane: Ukulimala kangangoko ugqirha wabiza "iwindows yomzimba", wanika ithuba lokufumana umbono we-anatomy. Ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe, basweleke kuphela aba-5 kuphela, ngelixa umthetho wakhe wangaphambili wangcwatyelwa 60.
Xa kwaqhambuka nini umnyhadala esixekweni, ugqirha oneminyaka engama-33 wafudukela kwikomkhulu. Apho wafumana ukuthandwa, kungekuphela nje njengogqirha, kodwa njengomhlohli onamava. I-falen yakhe inyanzelekile ukuba inyanzeliswe ifilosofi evDae-wayiphilisa le nto kwisigulo esiqatha, kwaye umntu ocinga ngokuba nombulelo wamzukisa kulo lonke iRoma njengogqirha onobuchule.
Kungekudala iGalen iveliswe kumlawuli ongu-Abrenie kwaye wayalela ukuba afundisise kwi-anatomy kwitempile yehlabathi. Ikhosi yayityelele kwagqirha kuphela, kodwa nakwabemi abanomdla kwisayensi, kubandakanya nabameli bezinto eziphezulu, umzekelo, uConlil-loungs Nornder kunye nezihlobo zomlawuli we-Derbar.
Ngaphandle kwempumelelo yangaphandle, iGalen eRoma yaphila inzima, okokuqala ngenxa yendalo yakhe. Wayengumntu osebenzayo nobuthandekayo ongenanto, yonke indawo efuna ukuzitsalela ingqalelo kuye, ngenxa yokuba iintshaba kunye neentshaba ziya kuba lula. Ekugqibeleni, xa ukungathandi abantu abasebenza nabo 'kwinkanyezi' enganyamezeleki, uGalelen washiya iRoma aza ahamba e-Itali.
Wabuya emva kweminyaka emi-2 ngokufowuna komlawuli. UMark Aureliy wamyalela ukuba avele kwinkampu yasemkhosini ku-aquile aza ahlanganisana, kodwa ugqirha wakwazi ukweyisela umlawuli ukuba amshiye ekhaya. Ngeli xesha, ukoyika iintshaba zaba eGalen bengaseli: uyayitshintsha indawo yokuhlala kwaye wayehlala kwindawo engapheliyo.
Ngenxa yoko, wazinza kwibhotwe njengogqirha wobuqu woMlawuli. Wayekuxabisa ukungqinelana kwakhe - iGalen yangamncedisi kuphela ukuba woyise rhoqo, kodwa abonwabele iincoko zefilosofi. Uphololowe yena noRouthya, indlalifa ukuya kumanqaku Aurelia, owabulawa ngenxa yelo xesha loLcokise.
Ukuqonda okungaphezulu kunye nokoyika iintshaba (uninzi kakhulu) lonke eli xesha alizange lishiye iGatele enekratshi. Ukusuka kwiintshaba, wambulelwa kuphela umntu osebenza naye. I-ASTLEPADs VICHIC, eyafundwayo kuCleophon kwaye yayihlala eAthene, yayidume ngetalente kunye nezithethe zelanga kwaye ifune ukuphelisa ilanga kunye negallen yakhe ekuphela kwegadane.
Ubhubhane odumileyo luqhagamshelwe negama likagqirha, olubizwa ngokuba yiChuma Galen, emva koko i-Antoninovsky Chuma (ngokwegama lomlawuli-). Imibhalo yesandla yayirekhoda imeko engaqhelekanga yokusasazwa kwesi sifo.
Izimvo zabaphandi malunga nokuba zingaphi izinto ezithathwe ubomi, amanani ahlukileyo - akhankanywa ukusuka kwi-7% ukuya kwi-50% yabemi. IIREKHODI ZOKHUSELEKO NOKUGQIBELA SESIFUNDO SESIFUNDO SESIFUNDO SE-Mfutshane kwaye singathathi ntweni, kodwa kwinto yokuba iGalen ibhaliwe, ingabi sisibetho.
IGailn ichaze iimbono kunye nezimvo zawo ngokweendlela zokunyanga, ezona zidumileyo zithathwa njenge "Anatomy" kunye "nokuqeshwa kwamalungu omzimba womntu". Uninzi lomsebenzi lwalugcinwa kwitempile yehlabathi kwaye, ngelishwa, lwatshiswa ngexesha lomlilo kwilayibrari yasePalatia.
Igalelo lakhe elibonakalayo kwisayensi yayisisiseko se-Entimotoloss. I-galen yahlulwe yangamacandelo awaziwa lixesha lesi sifo, ichazwe kwaye icwangcisa indlela yabo (wahlulahlula izinto zokuqina, ulwelo, kwaye wakhankanya unxibelelwano lwempembelelo yomzimba-ngokwemeko Kugqirha, izizathu zangaphakathi "zilungiselele umhlaba» kuphuhliso lwesi sifo.
UGalen waba ngomnye wokuqala owaqala ukusebenzisa indlela yovavanyo kwi-biology. I-DIVIVICRATION yenzuzo edumileyo, amava esilwanyana, ephuhlise itekhnoloji yokuvula ye-chumer. Ukufunyanwa okuxabisekileyo kukuFunyanwa kunye nenkcazo ye-nerveral ye-nerval kunye nentambo yomgogodla. Inyaniso enomdla - izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba ngenxa yomthetho iGalen yonke i-galelen yonke iyonke, ayizange ingenzi i-autopsy enye yomzimba.
Ulwazi lwakhe kwi-Anatomy lwalulinganiselwe kulwazi olufunyenwe ngenxa yokuvulwa kwemizimba yeenkomo, iinkawu kunye neehagu, kwaye ngenxa yezi zinto zona zizona rhoqo. Wawubona umda wamava akhe, esalatha kwirekhodi.
Inani lilonke lemibhalo-ngqangi yeGalen kuqikelelwa ukuba isondele kwi-400, nangona kuphela isiqingatha sabo yayizizonyango - de kamva, wayigcina intanda intanda-bulumko kwaye waqiqa izihloko ngezihloko ezingaqhelekanga. Malunga ne-100 i-100 igcinwe kude kube le mini, yawo amagama amatsha emizimba, amathambo kunye nezinye iikhomenti ze-anatomical zatsalwa. Kwimibhalo yakhe, uGalen wathatha indawo eqhelekileyo, kodwa amagama amagama e-gippoct anembonakalo yabo abantu ababephila ngexesha.
Ugqirha waseRoma ugqalwa njengotata we-farmacology. Ezinye zeendlela ezichaziweyo, ezinjenge-raddkrem, ebizwa ngokuba "yilungiselela" i-galelwenys "zisetyenziswa kumayeza kunye ne-cosmetology unanamhla.
Indawo yeGalen kuMayeza ihleli ihleli ikhethekileyo. Imfaneleko yakhe yayingaphaya kwenkulungwane ye-14, kwaye izimvo zagcina iGunya kude kufike amaXesha Aphakathi, ukuvelisa ngokucokisekileyo iGamanism, eyalawula icawa yecawa. Kuphela kwixesha lokuphindaphindwa, kukho umntu ogqibe kwelokuba akhuphe iinjongo zakudala kunye nezinto eziphunyeziweyo kwaye ichonge ukungangqinelani kwezimvo ezikhoyo - yayiziiparacels.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukukhankanywa akugcinwanga ngomfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana bakagqirha omkhulu. Mhlawumbi kubunzima bakhe, obusisityebi, ikamva lingafumananga xesha lobomi, kodwa mhlawumbi bebubudlelwane bexesha lokukhumbula bakuphoswe olu lwazi njengabalulekanga kangako.
IGalen ithathele ingqalelo kakhulu umntu kwaye ayigwetywa kabukhali ukuwa kwemilinganiselo yamaRoma, ukuthelekisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwabo uqulathe kuphela ezinye iindlela zokwenza izinto ezizezintathu ezintabeni, ngelixa ezinye zikwikomkhulu.
"Ingqondo yoogqirha abaninzi ijolise kwisayensi, hayi kwiindlela eziluncedo, wabhala ngomsindo. -I-Borestolubie ibenza babe nakho naliphi na iposti.Ukufa
Sisonke, ugqirha odumileyo ubuye kwilizwe lakhe ePergami azinikele ekusebenzeni kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo. Wafa ngexesha lolawulo lukaSeptimia waseNyakatho. Oyena nobangela wokufa ayaziwa, kodwa xesha sisazinzulu yayisele ebudaleni - njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ke ngoko-70, nokuba oneminyaka engama-87 ubudala.