Biography
I-Gristory yamandulo yomdlalo wamaGrike kunye ne-Aristophan yamaGrike e-NictNamed uKicdian ishiyekile kwilifa loncwadi elenziwe kwizithethe ezizona zibalaseleyo zomdlalo wakudala. Kumagazikani angama-44 ukuya kumaxesha ethu, 11, kubandakanya "amafu", "amasele", "uxolo". Kwimisebenzi yeziganeko, bangenza imvelaphi yehlabathi lakudala, kodwa iingxaki ziyaqondakala kwaye umfundi wale mihla.Ikamva
UAristophane wazalwa malunga ne-446 BC. eAthene. Abantu ababephila ngexesha lokudlala bayala ukumhlula kubemi bale mpatho-mgaqo-nkqubo, kuba utata wakhe, uFilipu, owayefundisa kwisiqithi sase-Egypt ye-Kadasiya, apho ugqatso losapho ivela. Umama ka-Aristoapha wabizwa ngokuba nguZenodorora.
I-biography ye-biograph yendawo yamandulo yamaGrike izele ngamabala amhlophe, kunye nezibakala ezaziwayo ukuba zichithwe ngemidlalo ebhalwe nguye. Kwimidlalo yelo xesha kwi-Retirical Resoraties (Parabzisis), yayilisiko ukuthetha umntu wokuqala, kwaye ndiyabulela koku, kukho izibakala ezinomdla kwimisebenzi ye-Aristophan. Ngokusisiseko, banxulumana nobuchule bokubhaliswa, kodwa ukungangqinelani kuyakhuthaza iinkolelo zobuqu kunye neziganeko zobomi bombhali kukwaliwa.
UAristophane wazalwa ngexesha, xa imbongi nganye yayiyi-hadisk, ngokoqobo - utitshala: Wayefundisa ikwayala, bebeka iholide. Lo msebenzi wawusenziwa kubunini bobhaliso ukubhekisa kubantu abanemicimbi efuna izisombululo. Umbhali wabangela ukuba abenzele imisebenzi yabaphulaphuli abalumkileyo, kodwa kwaye kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba "ngamanye amaxesha" umhlaba "uya kugxininisa ukuba ubugcisa bubonwa njani kubugcisa.
I-Aristophane inokuchazwa njengomntu olondolozayo. Kumdlalo "uTata Homed" uvakalise iingcinga ezamkelwe ngokubanzi, ezigqwethekileyo zabacingayo - i-Euripid, uCowON, uComes, wabagculela ngokutsala entsha. Olona tshaba lubalaseleyo lombhali lwalujongwa njengezopolitiko, liqhinga lelixesha lemfazwe ye-pelopoous. Wavusa uAristopha izihlandlo ezithathu, kodwa akakwazanga ukuwuyeka umsebenzi wokuba nguMfikile: Inkathalo yokuhlambuluka yavela emva kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokufa.
Ababhali-mbali bathi iAristophan yabhala umdlalo wenkanuko yoluntu, kunye nokuphumelela kukhuphiswano loncwadi. Ikwayala awayeyibhale lona yayidlala yayinguKegly-ngummi osisityebi othatha iindleko zomxholo wayo (imihlobiso ehlawulelweyo, iimpahla, iiposta) ngohlobo lwenkonzo yoluntu okanye umsebenzi onyanisekileyo.
Kwakukholelwa ukuba ukuba yi-fergome - imbeko ephezulu, kodwa i-vinesis ibonwa njengesohlwayo esimiselwe ngamagqabantshintshi kunye nonyango olunjenge-clearon. Izimvo ze-kheuega zatshintshelwa kwi-Aristofan, kuba i-cerlorvatism yobutshaba ikho kwimidlalo.
Kwi-385 BC UPlato wathetha ne-pier yencoko yababini (iPier "(" Simmius ") kwiintlobo zothando. Enye yeenxalenye inikelwe kwi-Aristofen kwaye ibizwa ngokuba ngu "i-eros njengomnqweno wendoda yokugcina ingqibelelo yokuqala." Egameni lencwadi yemidlalo, uPlato wathetha nge-Androgynov - Intsimi yesithathu yoluntu, iphakathi phakathi kwendoda nebhinqa. Isithandi-sobulumko sathi ezi zidalwa zam zingaboni,
"Kwakukho izandla ezine, imilenze ininzi njengezandla, kwaye nganye ineentamo ezijikelezayo ubuso ezimbini zifana ngokupheleleyo."
UZeus wayethiyile le freek, kwaye ke ngokomsindo we-rummy usike i-androgyn kwisiqingatha, kwaye baba ngabafazi abaqhelekileyo kunye nabantu. Ukusukela ngoko, xa intlanganiso, isiqingatha sedayinti enye igubungela
"Imvakalelo emangalisayo yokuncamathisela, ukusondela kunye nothando abalufuni ngokwenene ukusombulula kangangexesha elincinci."I-plato yokuziphatha ibonakalise isicatshulwa:
"Uhlobo lwethu luya kufikelela bliss xa sinelisekile yi-EROTA kwaye wonke umntu uza kufumana into efanelekileyo yothando ukubuyela kwimeko yabo yoqobo."Kwintetho, iPlabane ibonise ukuba i-Aristophane ifuna ukwanelisa i-erota. Ukuchaza iqabane, isithandi-sobulumko sibhala ukuba "wohlula ixesha lakhe phakathi kwe-Aphrodite kunye neDionsiss", oko kukuthi, phakathi kwewayini kunye nolonwabo. Kuyaziwa ukuba iAristophane ikwisiqingatha, oku kungqinwa kukukhankanywa 'ngamafu "kunye" nelizwe "elidlala, kodwa eneneni kunokwenzeka, kodwa zijonge iibhotile zombhali.
Izithuba ezininzi kunye nobomi bemihlekazi. Kuyaziwa ukuba wayenabantwana ababini - oonyana baka-Araros noFilipu, bobabini baqhubeka netyala likatata babhala behlekile. Kukho iingcinga ukuba i-Aristophan yayinonyana wesithathu, iNikostrat okanye i-phytileter. Ukukhankanywa ngegama lokugqibela, kabini kuvela kwikhathalogu yeholide yeLena. Engagcinwanga ngolwazi malunga nabafazi base-Aristofan.
I-Aristophane yasinda kwiMfazwe yePilopo yokufumana i-peloponess, i-oligarchic ezimbini ze-oliganic kunye neenzame ezimbini zokubuyisela idemokhrasi. Akukho namnye kwimfazwe yomkhosi wasemkhosini ongazange athathe inxaxheba. Ngokufanelekileyo, iqhinga iBhunga lamakhulu amahlanu, olona lawulo lugqwesileyo kakhulu eAthene. Umbhali ophakathi kwe-387 ne-380 esweleke i-BC, unobangela wokufa awucacanga.
Indalo
Ingcinga yokuba u-Aristofan wabhala uloyiso uqinisekisiwe. I-Debut Dlala "I-Buteters" (elahlekileyo) kwi-dionisia 427 BC IBhabheli yathatha indawo yesibini, emva konyaka, yanikwa imbasa ephambili, njengoko umoya wokuqala - wafikelela ku- "Arhania" de kube lelo xesha. Kufanelekile ukuba ingabamkeli loo nto ngoMbhali wale Plate zontathu ezi ntsimi, esele ifihliwe, umhlobo odumileyo, umhlobo weAristophan.
"I-Arthayin" yabeka iLena kwi-425 BC, isibongozo somdlalo kukuyekisa imfazwe ye-pelopoous kwifemu yehlabathi. I-Dicopolis iba ngumlinganiswa ophambili kwingxelo, enyanzelekile ukuba ishiye ikhaya kwaye ize eAthene ngenxa yeemfazwe. Uzama ukonwabela abantu bendawo apho umhlaba ulunge ngakumbi kunemfazwe engapheliyo, kodwa i-Demagogue Lirester kwicala labo.
Ukuthatha isigqibo sokuthatha amanyathelodwa, i-Dicopolis ithumela umntu eSparta onokuthi agqibe kwihlabathi elisegameni lakhe. Eli phulo liphumelele: iSpartans inika iAthene iminyaka engama-30 ngaphandle kwemfazwe. I-dicopolis ye-dicopolis ifanekisela iholide, ukuphakama apho uArhaniania wajoyina isixeko, "abantu banamagqabantshintshi, njenge-oans," iintshaba ezifungelweyo. Banomsindo kwiqhawe lokukhuthaza ukungenelela kwi-oda yezinto ezimiselweyo.
I-Dicopolis ibuza iLizwi lokugqibela kwaye liye kunceda ukuba lukhuphele ukuboleka i-speections. Amagama athethwa yiHugu Gqibezela i-Arthanyaya ukuba ibuye umva, kwaye umhlaba usekwe eAthene. I-Dicopolis ivula imakethi yamarhamente kunye nobomi emhlabeni.
Impumelelo ye "Arhania" eqinisekisile i-aristophan ukuba ikhuphe umdlalo olandelayo phantsi kwegama lakhe - kwi-424 BC. Ukukhanya kwamzile "abakhweli". Umsebenzi wathunyelwa ngethuba apho umbinzana, olona tshaba luqaqambileyo lwesicelo, lwakhazimla kwimitha yozuko kwizinto ezifezekisiweyo kwimfazwe yokufumana iMfazwe.
Iziganeko ezenzeka phakathi kweAthene kunye ne-Sparta banegalelo ekuphelisweni kwehlabathi, kodwa uCleani waphakamisa abahlali ukuba baqhubeke neemfazwe. Iqhekeze ibe yipolitiki, i-Aristophane yadala umdlalo omdaka. Isiphoso nxamnye notshaba sinomsindo kangako ukuba abadlali baphumi indima yokucoceka, kwaye kwafuneka adlale iAristofhan.
Embindini weyelenqe - i-Eles endala, abantu baseAthene babonakaliswa ngokomfanekiso wakhe, kunye ne-pafladers, e-prototype eyenziwe nge-cedon. Idemos, ekubeni kwi-pafulantian ekuthinjweni, kutyhila ukuqikelela, ngokutsho kwesosalo somthengisi ophethwe ngumthengisi uya kuyibhukuqa umniniyo wamakhoboka nobuqili. Iidemos kunye namaqabane amabini, ukuphakamisa kunye nesidlaliso, lungisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kwesosi kunye ne-pafalads. I-Agorakritis ijika ibe bubuze yomchasi kwaye iphumelele. I-Paflaglonets, yamkela ukohlula, ihlazekile, iba ngummi olungileyo.
Kunyaka emva kwe-423 BC, uAristophane wabeka amafu "amafu", isimangalo esijolise kumasophist, kubandakanya uSoche. Umsebenzi ubonakalisa ukuba i-sutepicetics lutshaba lweenqobo zenkolo kunye nosapho, isimilo.
Iqhawe lomdlalo yi-tirpadd andala, ethi, ngenxa yendlela yokuphila elungisiweyo, unyana kaFippID useziindlebe ezinamatyala. Ukuqonda ukuba ooSophist bafundisa abahlali be-jurispridence kwaye i-oratory - into encedayo yokuphuma kwindawo ekhathazayo, i-chappsyad ithumela i-fidipppid. Inkwenkwe iba ngowona mfundi ubalaseleyo weSofa. Emva kokuphumelela, uFippid ubuyela kuYise, wabetha yena, engqinelwa, enelungelo lokunyanga abazali bakhe. Kwinto eyoyikisayo ekuziphatheni koNyana, i-sppssad itshisa iworkshop yeCorates, apho ayonakalisa khona iingqondo zabantu abancinci.
Eyona mveliso ilungileyo ye-Aristophan ithathwa njenge "ntaka", ibonelelwe nge-414 BC. Ke iAthene yayikwiincopho zamandla, kwadlula imfazwe, kwaye abemi bakha iinyawo zomoya. Umhlaba ophakathi kwezulu nomhlaba kwaye, ulibele thixo, qalisa ukunqula iintaka emsebenzini wabemi. UZeus, othuswe kukuhlinya abantu, ubavumela ukuba balawule urhulumente. Ngenxa yoko - ukungakhathali okungapheliyo kunye neemfazwe ezinegazi.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iimbono ze-Aristofan ziyalondolozwa, umsebenzi wakhe wenyuka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngenani lababukeli kunye nabathandayo Ibinzana elinesibindi, i-Indeny kunye nomnqweno wokuxela inyani- kunokwenzeka ukuba ezi mpawu zobuchule "Bita Hordy" zilungile.
Iikowuti
Umntu olumkileyo uya kuba nakho ukufunda lutshaba. Yinyani i-Sage yenyani, ngubani owaziyo okuninzi kwaye ngokucacileyo. Ezona ziphindwe ngokucacileyo, kufuneka zibukhumbule wonke umntu emhlabeni. Xa kufuneka ndikhumbule , Ndikhumbula, kodwa ukuba ndingade ndikhumbule, ndide ndibulale.I-Bibliography
- I-425 BC - "i-ajornjan"
- I-424 BC - "Abakhweli"
- I-423 BC. - "amafu"
- I-422 BC - "I-Wabps"
- I-421 BC - "Uxolo"
- 414 BC - "Iintaka"
- I-411 BC - "iphepha le-iphepha
- I-411 BC - "Abafazi kwi-Fesmoforii's"
- I-405 BC - "amasele"
- I-392 BC - "Abafazi abakwindibano yabantu"
- I-388 BC - "plutos"