Biography
UKarl Linney usosayensi, iAsimamia kunye nonjingalwazi ngegama lehlabathi, elenze igalelo elikhulu kwisayensi. UBotany wamjonga uMdali wesayensi yabo, kodwa enyanisweni umsebenzi wesayensi we-linneia ubanzi kakhulu. Indoda iyayixabisa i-day yolwimi lolwimi lweSweden kwifom yalo yangoku. Ukongeza, inzululwazi inegalelo ekuqaliseni kwemfundiso yeSayensi yeNdalo kwinkqubo yemfundo yaseyunivesithi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UKarl wazalwa ngonyaka we-1707 kwiLali yeSwitzerland encinci yaseRoshulture. UNikolaus Linenaus - uyise wenkwenkwe, wasebenza njengombingeleli. Kuba wayengunyana wabalingane, abazali babengenamali yaneleyo kwizifundo zakhe. Elinye ixesha lafunda kwiYunivesithi yeLwandle, kodwa engafumani sidanga sesayensi, sanyanzelwa ukuba sibuyele ekhaya. Apho, umfana wanelisekile ngumncedisi kumfundisi-ntsapho wasekhaya, kwaye kungekudala athathe i-San kwaye asebenze njengomncedisi kwicawa yecawa.
Umama Carla - intombi yombingeleli. UKarl waba ngumntwana wokuqala wesibini, emva kwakhe, abanye abantu abane bazalelwa entsatsheni. Utata kamama, umfundisi uBrodeornius, uyafa ngonyaka wokuzalwa komzukulwana wokuqala. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-2, uNikolaus wonyula umfundisi, kwaye usapho luye kwindlu apho babehlala khona abakhulu.
Emva kokucwangciswa kwindawo entsha, intloko yentsapho ijikeleza igadi yeNdlu, imifuno yesityalo, iziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo. UCarl ovela ebusaneni wakudala wabuza, onomdla kwilizwe elingaphandle, ngakumbi utyani. Kwiminyaka eyi-8 ubudala, inkwenkwana yazi uninzi lwezityalo zendawo yabo. UNikala wabela unyana wakhe iqhekeza elincinci ecaleni kwendlu, apho uKarl wafika khona imbewu eyahlukeneyo, iintyatyambo ezikhulileyo kunye nemifuno.
Ulwazi lokuqala lwaseKarl olufunyenwe kwisikolo esisezantsi segrama kwidolophu enkulu, ngokufanayo apho wafunda utata wakhe, kwaye emva kweminyaka eyi-8 wangena kwindawo yokuzivocavoca. Njengoko esi sixeko sasikude neNdlu, sihlala sikunye nosapho oluvela eKarl asisebenzi, ke wabona kuphela kwiholide notata wakhe. Esikolweni, inkwenkwana yafunda kakubi, ekuphela kwento eyenziwa ngumfana-iMathematics, kodwa ngebhayoloji awazange alisuswe.
Olu phando aluzange lunikezwe umfana ukuba ootitshala bade banike abazali babo ukuba bawutolike unyana ukuba afunde ubugcisa. Ngelo xesha, izifundo malunga nezifundo ze-Logic kunye nezonyango zafundiswa esikolweni, ezaziqinisekisa ubunkokeli besikolo ukuba zishiye umfundi ukuba afunde kugqirha. Ngenxa yoku, uCarlo kwafuneka axele utitshala, umntu ngamnye afundiswe inkwenkwe. Ukongeza kwiiklasi eziphambili, le nkqubo yayiyeyona nzululwazi uyithandayo ye-botany.
Isayensi
Emva kokuphumelela esikolweni, ngo-1727, uLineney ungena kwiYunivesithi kwi-lindi. Apho uyazana nonjingalwazi we-genesis. Kwixa elizayo, le ndoda iyamnceda ngezindlu kwaye useto ekhayeni lakhe. Umfana uvula ukufikelela kwithala leencwadi likanjingalwazi. Kwangelo xesha, wadibana nengqokelela yobuqu bemimandla yaselwandle kunye nemilambo kunye neHerbarium yezityalo eqokelelwa ngutitshala e-lindi. Iintetho zeStebeus zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekumiselweni kweLinneia njenge-botany.
Ngo-1728, iLineney iya eyunivesithi kwiPhambili. Le yunivesithi le yunivesithi ibonelele ngamathuba amaninzi okufunda iyeza phantsi kokuqala konjingalwazi ongenamanzi. Abafundi bazama ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye ngexesha labo elikhululekileyo elichithwe kwisayensi yabo.
Apho, uKarl watsiba nomfundi, wayenomdla kwibhayoloji, kwaye kunye nabantu abancinci baqala ukusebenza ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlelwa kwembali yemvelo eyayikho ngelo xesha. UKarl wagxila ekufundeni kwezityalo. Inqanaba elibalulekileyo kubomi bukaLineneda laqhelana ne-Ulof Celsius, utitshala wezentsomi. Oku kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1720, le ndoda yabonelela abantu abancinci ukuba bafumane ilayibrari kwaye bavumela ukuhlala ekhayeni lakhe, njengoko uKarl wayekwimeko enzima.
Kungekudala le ndodana yabhala umsebenzi wokuqala wophando, oquka ezona zimvo ziphambili zodidi lwezempilo elizayo lwezityalo. Phakathi kootitshala baseyunivesithi, impapasho yabangela ukuba umdla kakhulu. Umsebenzi wesayensi womfundi wawuxabisa i-rudbeck jr., ongunjingalwazi eyunivesithi, kwaye wavunyelwa ukuba afundise i-chanerator igadi ye-botanical yaseyunivesithi.
Uqengqeleka ngololiwe kwiLapland yenzeka kwiLinneia ngo-1732. Kuba wayengenalo ithuba lokuzixhasa ngokuzimeleyo, iYunivesithi yayisebenzisa ithuba lohambo. Le ndoda yaya kwiPeninsula yaseScandinavia, kwiinyanga ezi-6 zohambo awayefunda iimineral, izilwanyana nezityalo, kwaye wafunda nobomi bukaSaami wasekhaya. Ukuze ungaphoswa ziziphoso ezibalulekileyo, phantse kuyo yonke indlela awayehamba ngayo kwaye kuphela kwezinye iindawo oyekelela kwihashe. Ukongeza kwiqokelelo yesityebi yesampulu yesayensi yendalo, indoda yazisa iSweden kunye nezinto zobomi boMntu weLizwe.
Ingxelo yeNgxelo yeCarl idluliselwa kuluntu lwasebukhosini lwenzululwazi, ukubala kwinto yokuba iirekhodi zayo ziya kupapashwa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke, kwaye ngo-1732 kuphela kwingxelo emfutshane kwiLapland Flora yapapashwa kupapasho. Yayiyikhathalogu yezityalo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo.
Eli nqaku libizwa ngokuba yiFlorula Lappendica liye lomsebenzi wokuqala opapashwe kwinzululwazi, apho athetha khona ngokuhlelwa kwenkqubo yesondo. Inzululwazi yahlulahlulahlulahlula-hlulahlula eziklasini, zaxabana nobukho bomgangatho kwizityalo, ezimiselwa zizilwanyana kunye neenkunzani. Kananjalo i-KARL yahlulahlulahlulahlula iiklasi kumaqela akwimigangatho yesakhiwo sezihlobo. Xa ufunda esi sihloko, uLinei wayedla ngokuba neempazamo, kodwa, ngaphandle kwale nkqubo ivulwe ngunjingalwazi yayinomdla kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwesayensi.
Inyaniso enomdla kukuba kuphela kwiirekhodi ezili-1811 zokupapashwa okupapashiweyo kwidayari yamadoda, apho wachaza izinto azibonileyo zobomi bukaSaami. Olunye ulwazi malunga nendlela yokuphila kwabantu bomthonyama yelo xesha ayiqhelekanga, ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yexesha elidlulileyo, iirekhodi zalo zixabiseke kakhulu kwicandelo le-nenography.
Ngo-1735, uKarl uya eHolland, apho wakhusela i-dissertation kwaye efumana isidanga sonyango. Ukusuka apho, kuyakhula kukusindisa, apho ipapasha isincoko ngesihloko "senkqubo yendalo". Kwiminyaka emi-2 yobomi, uninzi lwezimvo ezinengxaki zazalwa kwisixeko saseDatshi, esichaza kwiimpapasho ezipapashiweyo. Iiklasi zezilwanyana zenzululwazi yesayensi yahlulahlula: ezi ziintaka nezilwanyana, ii-Amphibhiya kunye neentlanzi, iimpethu nezinambuzane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umntu athabathelise izilwanyana ezincaziyothileyo, ezaziwa kwixesha lakhe i-invertebrates iwela kwiklasi yeempethu, kwaye imbi kwaye izirhubuluzayo kwi-amphibians.
Ngeli xesha, i-biologist ichaze kwaye yahlelwa ingqokelela enkulu yezityalo ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwangelo xesha, ukushicilelwa kuvela kwi-linnei Bibyy, emva koko kwatshintsha isayensi yendalo kwaye yazukiswa yindoda phakathi kwezazinzulu.
Iminyaka echithwe kweli lizwe yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwi-Karl yesayensi. Ngeli xesha, upapasha izincoko ezinkulu. Ukongeza kumaphepha enzululwazi, le ndoda yabhalwa kunye ne-autobiografi, apho wachaza ubomi bakhe kwaye wabelana nabanye abafundi abanomdla kwinyani kunye nembali ukusuka kuhambo.
Emva kokuba ebuyele eSweden, uLineney akazange ashiye umda wayo, ekuqaleni indoda yayihlala eStockholm, emva koko yafudukela ePumpsalu. UKarl wayesebenza njengogqirha, ekhokelwa liSebe lezetany, waya kuhambo kwaye wadlula ulwazi lwakhe kwisizukulwana esitsha.
I-Carl Linney yenza izinto ezininzi ezifumaneka kwintsimi yebhayoloji kunye ne-botany. Inani lamanqaku apapashiweyo likhulu, izincoko ezipapashwe ngexesha lobomi nasemva kokusweleka kwenzululwazi. I-prorit yonjingalwazi ibonwa ngurhulumente, kwaye impumelelo yayo yaziwa kude kube ngaphaya kwemida yelizwe liphela.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye nenkosikazi yexesha elizayo uSara Liza, i-linny linny yadibana eFAUN. Ngelo xesha, le ntombazana yayineminyaka eli-18 ubudala, utata wakhe wayengugqirha wasekuhlaleni, indoda yafundiswa kwaye yayinemeko enomtsalane. Iiveki ezimbini emva kokuba umntu endimaziyo, uKarl wenza uLisa, kwaye ngoko nango ngokukhawuleza amaselula afumana intsikelelo katata kaLisa.
Umtshato wagqiba kwelokuba ahlehlise iminyaka emi-3, aye kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ebuyele wabuya wangena ngokusemthethweni. Kuyinyani, umtshato wadlalwa kunyaka olandelayo, umbhiyozo wadlula kwintombazana yendlu.
UNinenev wayenabantwana abayi-7. Unyana wokuqala wazalwa ngonyaka we-1741, inkwenkwe yayibizwa ngokuba yiKarl, kwaye sele ikhulile, le ndoda yafumana uKarl Lineny Jr. Iintsapho ezimbini zosapho zafa kwasebusaneni.
Ubomi bobuqu buqu bukhule ngempumelelo, walithanda iqabane lakhe, kwaye iimvakalelo zazinjalo. Le ndoda yabiza ifani yomfazi wayo kunye neentyatyambo zikayise ezihle kwintsapho yaseIris ekhula emazantsi e-Afrika.
Ukufa
Ukususela ngo-1758, uLiny kunye nenkosikazi yakhe nabantwana bahlala kwi-ESTATE 10 Km ukusuka ePupsala, apho waphumla kwaye wasebenza.
Ngo-1774, uLinei wayenesibetho (i-hemorrhage kwingqondo). Ke oogqirha basindisa umntu, kodwa impilo yayingafikelelwanga ngokupheleleyo. Wayekhubazeke ngokuyinxenye, kwaye unjingalwazi weyeka ukufunda izifundo. Wayewise lo msebenzi kunyana wakhe olizibulo, kwaye naye wayehlala kwilifa.
Ukubetha okulandelayo kwenzeka ebusika, ukusuka kwi-1776 ukuya kwi-1777 iminyaka. Emva kohlaselo lwesibini, uKarl waphulukana nenkumbulo yakhe, akazange aqonde izalamane zakhe kwaye ade azama ukushiya indlu. Indoda isweleke ngo-1778 e-Uppala ngonyaka oneminyaka engama-71 ubudala.
Ekubeni isoftware yamkelwa njengommi wesixeko, wangcwatywa kwi-Ipta Castral.
Emva kokusweleka kweLineney, washiya ingqokelela enkulu, kubandakanya, kubandakanya iRhabiria, kunye nethala leencwadi elinethala lencwadi. Yonke le nto yafumana ilifa unyana wakhe uKarl Jr. Kodwa emva kokuba umntu ebhubhile ngesiquphe, umntu wasibulala ngentliziyo, ukuba athabathe umhlolokazi uNeneyina, ukuba athengise ingqokelela. Ngaphandle kwezichaso zehlabathi lezenzululwazi lelizwe lezemimandla lenzululwazi, intlanganiso yayisathengisiwe yaza yakhutshwa. I-Sweden ilahlekile imisebenzi yeLinei enexabiso lokuphuhliswa kwesayensi.
I-Bibliography
- 1735 - "Inkqubo yendalo"
- 1736 - "Ithala leencwadi le-botanical"
- 1736 - "iziseko ze-botany"
- 1737 - "Flora Lapland"
- 1737 - "Ukuzalwa Kwezityalo"
- 1738 - "Iiklasi Zotyalo"
- I-1745 - "Flora Sweden"
- I-1749 - "I-Swidis Pan"
- 1751 - "Intanda-bulumko ye-botany"
- 1753 - "Iindidi"