Biography
I-Bertrand Russell ithandili-bulumko yaseBritani eyaziwayo, ipolitiki, umbhali wemisebenzi ye-prosaic. Wacel 'umngeni i-pacifism, wayenomdla wokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo kwaye wakhuthaza ezo nkululeko. Kwiakhawunti yezazinzulu kwi-Locatic Loogic, intanda-bulumko yolwazi. Abaphandi bafowunela iBerran Russell phakathi kwabasunguli be-Britane neopositisism.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Igama elipheleleyo lenkwenkwe, elivelayo kwintsapho ye-Aristocrats Russell nge-18 ka-1872 - iBertrand Arthur William russell. Wazalelwa eTrelleck, idolophu yaseMontmautshire, kwilifa likaRavenskrift. Utata womntwana wayengunyana we-Prime yaseNgilani nenkokeli yeqela likaVigi. Izihlobo zentanda-bulumko yexesha elizayo yahlukile kwimfundo nakwinqanaba eluntwini. I-Liberalism yayisegazini le-russell, ethetha ngokufihlakeleyo ngemicimbi yemfazwe kunye nehlabathi.
Utata kaRussell, inkosi Amzs, wayengomnye we-hedlemente ye-pecificism, eyakhiwe yithiyeni lenkulungwane ye-19 ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye wathandwa kakhulu kule nkulungwane yama-20. I-Bertrand iye yaba yindawo esebenzayo yembono kunye nemibono katata. Unina wayengumlingane wenkululeko kwaye wakhusela amalungelo abasetyhini nangaliphi na icala elifanelekileyo. Le yokugqibela yazisa umsindo kaKumkanikazi uVictoria.
Abazali bakaRerren Russell basweleka xa wayeneminyaka emi-2 ubudala. Emva koko walandela ukufa kukadade. Ndikunye nabazalwana abakhulu abaphezulu, inkwenkwana yahlala ikukhathalelo lukamakhulu-incoko. Uye wanika abazukulwana ngemfundo egqwesileyo enkosi kubalawuli bamanye amazwe. Imfundo ye-Aristocal, ilayibrari enkulu kunye nootitshala abanesiphiwo baba senza iVild Vivial yabantwana. I-Bertrand inomdla kwiMathematics kwaye idla ngokubhengeza umakhulu okholwayo, ophethe isikhundla esingakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. Ngo-1889, eneminyaka eyi-17, iBertrand yaba ngumfundi weKholeji kaTranya eCambridge.
Ngo-1894, wafumana iBachelor yobugcisa. Wathwalwa ziingxelo zohlalutyo lukaGeorge uEdward Mura, uRussell wafunda i-wiriricism kwimisebenzi kaJohn Cke noDavid Yuma. Ngo-1895, uBertrand waba lilungu loluntu lwesayensi lweKholeji, kwaye ngo-1897 wagqiba ukuphelisa abantu "kwiziseko zejometri".
Ukufumene imfundo, uRussell waba yi-fritarary eBritane kwaye waya notyelelo lwamashishini eParis. Emva koko watyelela uBerlin, apho aqokelelwa khona izinto eziqokelelwayo ngenxa yomsebenzi wetyala "idemokhrasi yaseJamani" epapashwe ngo-1896. Iindlela zokuhamba ziyaqhubeka kutyelelo eUnited States kwaye zaphela ngokubuyela eNgilani, apho uBersrand Russell waveza izifundo zakhe ze-cambridge kwincwadi ethi "Ingcaciso ebalulekileyo yefilosofi".
Iimbono kunye nePhilosofical
Ngo-1900, uBertrand Russell kwi-pisti ka-Alfred Alfred Whiterehead waba lilungu leCongres yePhilosofi yeze-pilosofi ebanjwe eParis. Ufunde umsebenzi we-gotoba ye-gotoba right noJuseppe Perano, ofunde ingcinga yokomfuziselo, wadala eyakhe incwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi "Imigaqo yeMathematics". Upapashwe ngo-1903. Umsebenzi wazisa udumo lwe-russell.
Izifundo kwicandelo elinye kwimathematics kwaye ilondolozwe umbhali waqhubeka kwixesha ukusuka ngo-1910 ukuya ku-1913, kwaye emva koko wazisa uhlelo oluninzi lwe "Mathematics", kubhaliwe ngokubambisana nentsebenziswano. Izazinzulu ziqinisekise ukuba ifilosofi itolika zonke iiSayensi zeNdalo, kunye ne-Logic iba sisiseko salo naluphi na uphando. Bahlukane nefilosofi yokuziphatha kunye nethiyori, besenza ukuba kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwento. I-russell kunye nentloko emhlophe ibekwe eChader, kuba iphunyezwa yinyaniso, ngelixa yonke enye into ihlala ibandakanyeka, kwaye ke iyabulala.
Kwixa elizayo, uRussell uqhubeke nokucingisisa kwi-empirical kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba le kuphela kwendlela yokwazi inyaniso. Ngo-1904, wakuqhutywa eHarvard kwaye emva koko wabapapasha ngoshicilelo olwahlukileyo. Inzululwazi iqaphele ubukho beziphikiso kwi-Logic kwaye waqala ukuphikisana ngendima yobungqina kunye nobungqina bamava kwintanda-bulumko.
URussell wayengamelana nepolitiki. Ukuya kuba kunye nenkosikazi 'yoMbutho weFabian' kunye nonxulumano lwentlalo, walwa ukulingana kwabasetyhini kwimicimbi yonyulo kwimicimbi yonyulo. Ngo-1910, iBertrand ityelele isigqeba sakhe kwiqela lenkululeko kunyulo lwepalamente. Wayengayifumani inkxaso oyifunayo, njengoko abaxhasi beembono zesihlomelo eluntwini babencinci, kwaye isimo sakhe sengqondo kwinkolo siphikisana nemeko ngelo xesha.
Ukususela ngo-1916, uRussell wayesemgangathweni 'ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo yasemkhosini "kwaye wabhala imigaqo" yokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezentlalo "," iMfazwe yezeNtlalontle ", njl njl. kwaye abavalelwanga yinkampu yegazi elichasene nezohlwayo zejele ngenxa yokwala ukusebenza emkhosini.
Udumo oluhlwempuzekileyo oluqokelelwe ukugxothwa kwiKholeji yeTrini, yayinguMfundisi ongubani. Ithala lencwadi yakhe yathengiselwa ukuze ihlawulwe intlawulo yentlawulo, kwaye urhulumente wawusekaliswa ngokusuka eUnited States ukuze ufunde izifundo eHarvard.
URussell akazange azilahle iimbono zakhe kunye neengxelo ezibalulekileyo ngo-1918 wayengasentolongweni uBrickston, apho wabhala khona "intshayelelo kwintanda-bulumko yemathematics". Iminyaka yee-1920 iphawulwe ngokupapashwa "yokuhlaziya ukucinga", "iziseko zeatom", "iziseko", "ukuhlalutya umcimbi". Imbono yentlalontle yenzululwazi ifumene ukuqiniswa emva kokuba i-trotsky, gork kunye noLenin ngo-1920.
Ngokutyelela iSoviet Union, uRussell wagxeka urhulumente kwincwadi ethi "Ithiyori kunye nokusebenza kweBolshevism." Uhambo olulandelayo lwase-Asiya lwazisa amava okufundisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseBeijing kunye nokudala abasebenzi babizwa ngokuba "yingxaki ye-China". Ukususela ngo-1924 ukuya ku-1931, inzululwazi yafunda izifundo eUnited States.
Ngeli xesha, iingxaki zehlabathi zazinomdla. Umbhali otyhidiweyo kwiincwadi ezithi "Inkululeko kunye noMbutho, 1814 ... 1914", "Amandla entlalontle yoLuntu." Ukususela ngo-1935, uBertrand Russell wayehlala eMelika kwaye wafundiswa eChicago naseCalifornia. Imbono yakhe yepolisi yoyiswa emva kokuhlasela kwamaNazi, okwenzekileyo ePoland ngo-1939.
Inzululwazi eyenze impendulo yasemkhosini kwaye ngenxa yoku yayingathandwa eUnited States. Wayesamkelwe ngabameli babefundisi nabali-lebhu yeBhunga leSixeko, abanyanzelwa ukuba baphendule ekuqeshweni kwe-russell prosessophy kwiKholeji yaseNew York.
Ukubuya ngo-1944 kwiindonga zeKholeji ye-National Teinity eRussell eqhubekile, wafunda intetho ngonomathotholo kwaye waba ngumnikazi "we-pirit". Ipapashwe ngo-1950 "isincoko esingaqhelekanga" safumana amabhaso kaNobel kuncwadi. URussell akazange ayityeshele ithuba lokwenza intetho egunyayo xa ifumene imbasa.
Umsebenzi wentlalo
Ulwaneka loxolo, isithandi-sobulumko sithathe inxaxheba kwizibonakaliso kwaye sasingusithethi seenkomfa ezahlukeneyo iinkomfa. Isibhengezo sokuqhekeza kukaRussell-Einstein sanceda ukwenza indalo intshukumo yenzululwazi. Ukususela ngo-1954, wadlala isidanga seNyukliya, kuba ngalo mzuzu ibhombu ye-hydrogen yavavanywa. URussell wayelilungu lentshukumo ehambelanayo kunye "neKomiti 100".
Ngo-1959, wafumanisa ukuba isikhundla sakhe kudliwanondlebe kunye nomkhosi womoya. Kwintetho endala esekukholweni ezindongeni zePalamente, wada waya entolongweni. Ngo-1962, uRussell wabhala iintloko zamazwe, uJohn Kennedy noNikita Khrushchev, malunga nemfuno yoTerisis yoxolo kwintlekele yeCaribbean.
Ukuphuma kwiKomiti "100" ngo-1963, isithandi-sobulumko sigxile kwimisebenzi ye-Atlantic Foundation yeHlabathi kunye nombutho wayo kuchasana nesixhobo senyukliya. Uqokelele iKhomishini yeMfazwe ngenkxaso yamanye amanani oluntu. Umbutho ucamngce esidlangalaleni i-United States nguCulprit wasemkhosini kwiVietnam. URussell wayichasa ungenelelo, kwaye ukwagwebe ukuhlaselwa kweCzechoslovakia, esenzeka ngo-1968.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubonakala ngathi i-Butgraphy ka-Butrsell's bissell yaye yaqhagamshelwa kuphela kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi neyentlalo, kodwa ifilosoti ayizange ilibali ngobomi bakhe. Igama lakhe abaphandi banegalelo kuluhlu lwabathandi beenkulungwane ezidlulileyo, kwaye kukho isiqinisekiso. Umbhali wayetshatile amaxesha ama-4, kwaye inani leenkohliso yakhe likhulu.
UAlice Smith waba yi-russell yokuqala enyuliweyo, umntu obanjwe nge-Trinity College kwiKholeji yoTelity iminyaka yobudala. Ngo-22, thambisa iAlice Alice, kodwa ukubonwa kwabo kubomi bosapho akuzange kuguqulwe. Ukukhohlisa kolonwabo loSapho, kudalwe ngamaqabane, kuwile xa kuthanda i-fan uthanda umfazi, intloko yomhlophe. Ukuhamba kakuhle kukhokelele kuqhawulo mtshato, kwaye ngo-1910 uthando olutsha luhlala entliziyweni yenzululwazi. Watsaleleka ngu-Ottolin Morlal, iqabane leqabane lePalamente. Ulwalamano ngokukhawuleza luye ku-Hayi, luyekile kwinqanaba lembalelwano, kwaye uRussell wafumana umhlaba weenoveli ezintsha.
Ngo-1914, e-US, e-E, e-Bertrand, wadibana nentombi kagqirha uHelen Dudley kwaye wammemela ukuba atyelele eNgilani, kodwa ukuba utyelelo lwentombazana sele kubudlelwane ne-Irin Cooper. Ngo-1916, walwa nomsebenzi otshatileyo ngokuvuma kukaMaleles, waba sesithathu kubudlelwane neqabane lakhe. Unxibelelwano kunye nomculi ubuxhasa iminyaka engama-30.
Ngo-1921, isithandi-sobulumko satshata noDore Mnyama, unobhala, wayehamba naye kuhambo lokuya eRussia. Wazala unyana nentombi yakhe. Ukukhetha isikolo sabantwana, amaqabane agqibe kwelokuba enze ngokwakhe iziko labo lemfundo avulwa ngo-1927. Iingcinga malunga nomtshato kunye neentsapho, ezabalekanga umbhali ngeli xesha, wavakalisa kwincwadi ethi "Umtshato kunye nokuziphatha".
Imanyano yeRussell kwaye imnyama yayimfutshane. Inzululwazi yaba nomdla kwimpumetha yoMoya emiselweyo yaye yayibandakanya kubudlelwane beminyaka emi-3. Ngo-1936, umtshato wabanjwa notitshala wabantwana bakhe, iPincricia Spencer. Umahluko phakathi kwamaqabane wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Intsapho yayihlala e-USA. Eli bhinqa lazala unyana webharari, kodwa lo mtshato yayingelilo inqanaba lokugqibela kubomi bombhali.
Ngo-1952, waqhawula umtshato ngenxa yenkosikazi yakhe yobudlelwane nombhali-Edith umnwe. Bavumelana ngesiseko sembono efanayo yezopolitiko yezopolitiko: Ukuhamba eYurophu kwaye wabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yemfazwe.
Ukufa
Ngokungafaniyo nabalandeli bethiyori yothando lwasimahla, iBertrand Russell ayifihli iingcinga zakhe, ezithetha ingxelo kunye neekowuti zakhe. Ukutsala inyaniso kunye nokuthembela kubudlelwane, wayenyanisekile kwintanda yakhe, ngoko ke ubomi bakhe bachitha indoda eyonwabileyo. Iminyaka yakutshanje iBertrand Russell ihlala emantla wabes, ukunxibelelana nabantwana kunye nabazukulwana.
Inzululwazi ifile nge-2 kaFebruwari ngo-1970. Unobangela wokufa yayingumkhuhlane. Ukungaphumi kwentanda-bulumko endalupheleyo bekungamelanga nesifo.
Ilifa lombhali linemisebenzi emininzi awayeyihlolisise ngayo ibali lentanda-bulumko, kunye nefoto yenzululwazi neyenzululwazi ihambelana namaphepha eempapasho zemfundo zanamhlanje.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1903 - "Ukunqula Indoda Esaziwa"
- 1910 - "Iifilosofi"
- I-1012 - "Inqaku leNkolo"
- Ngo-1914 - "i-mysticism kunye nengcinga"
- Ngo-1922 - "ucinga"
- Ngo-1925 - "Ubomi Kumdala oMkhulu"
- Ngo-1935 - "Inkolo kunye neSayensi"
- Ngo-1936- "Ngaba Bukho Ubomi Emva Koko Ukufa?"
- Ngo-1938 - "Iinkumbulo zam zonqulo"
- Ngo-1945 - "Imbali yeFilosofi yaseNtshona"
- Ngo-1948 - "Ubukho BukaThixo '
- Ngo-1953 - "Impembelelo yeSayensi eluntwini"
- Ngo-1987- "Kutheni ndingenguye umKristu"