Biography
Ifilosofi yaseRussia - i-Utopist Nikolai chelshevsky, unyana kaSaratov Arrepyost, kwafuneka enze umsebenzi oqaqambileyo ngokomoya, kodwa iminyaka yokufunda kwisemina kunye neyunivesithi yajika intliziyo yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, waba yidemokhrasi ebaluleke kakhulu.
Intambo yasimahla ixabisa umbhali kuyabiza: Ngaphandle komntu oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala wamenzela amandla, impilo, enxibelelana nosapho kunye nethuba lokusebenza, kodwa intlalo yakhe yaba ngumthombo wokuphefumlelwa kwisizukulwane esitsha, kunye Imisebenzi ibeka igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwefilosofi elandelayo kunye noncwadi.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UNikolai wazalelwa eSaratov 12 (24) kaJulayi 1828. Utata wakhe uGavril Chershevsky wayengumbingeleli kwaye kuloo minyaka umntu ofundileyo ufuna ukuqinisekisa abantwana bakhe kwikamva elifanelekile. I-Koyan encinci yaseKonca ichithe ngaphezulu kweencwadi. Ukulungela kunye nezonyango zenkwenkwe kwamangaliswa kungekuphela nje ngoontanga, kodwa kwakhona nabahlobo bakaYise.
Ngo-1842, i-cokheskevoky encinci yangena kwisemina yokomoya. Umgangatho wokufundisa kwiziko lemfundo akamyelinga, kwaye umfana wambuyisela ngokwakho ngemfundo, efunda iJografi, uncwadi, igrama kunye neelwimi. Emva kokufunda iminyaka emi-4 kwi-seminary, i-nikolai ye-wikolai kwiYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg kwiCandelo lezeMbali nefilology.
Imisebenzi yoLwazi kunye neeNcwadi
Ngexesha lomfundi, iWorldliver kamjikelo wexesha elizayo waphuhliswa. Waqala ukwazi ukubalungiselela umsebenzi wokufundisa kwaye waqalisa ukubhala ubugcisa. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uNikolai ngaphambili kwiziko lemfundo lokomoya kwaye ngokubanzi wayekhokelwa kwintsapho, imfundiso yeOrthodoxy esemthethweni wayeliwe.
Emva kweminyaka emi-2, ikreleksi, kunye nenkosikazi encinci, ibuyele ePetersburg. Wanikwa indawo katitshala kwiCadeet Corps, kwaye wavuma ngovuyo ekulonwabo, ebona ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba afumane imibono yakhe. Utitshala uNikolai Gavrilovich wayengalunganga, nangona enyanisekile, kodwa enogxa bakhe, akazange abe nolwalamano lwakhe: Emva kokuba utitshala ayeke.
Ngo-1853, i-chedyshevsky yaqala ukupapashwa "kumanqaku asekhaya" kunye ne "St. Petersburg Vedomist". Ukuqala ngamanqaku amafutshane, ngokuthe ngcembe wafudukela kumanqaku enkqubo. Kunyaka kamva, umbhali waya kwi "Dolomery". Ngaphandle kokujonga inguquko, uNikolai Gavrilovich wayengafuni ukuguqula uhlelo kwizimvo ezinobungozi ngeli xesha lezimvo kwaye kulo mhlaba wayeka nababhali be-Anenkornin, eDruzhinin, i-turgenev kunye ne-tutkun.
Iimbono zentanda-bulumko kunye nezopolitiko
Ngo-1855, i-chedyshevsky ikhusela i-thessis yanikezelwa kubudlelwane besimo sengqondo se-ART kwi-phenomena yehlabathi lokwenyani. Incoko yakhe yabangela ukuhlangana koluntu, kuba ukugxekwa okubukhali kobuchwephesha kunye nethiyori "ye" subswa ", ikhutshiwe kwinyani yobugcisa, uninzi lwalujongwa njengeziseko zemveli.
Abameli babasemagunyeni babengasithandi isikhundla seSayensi eselula: A. I-NOROV, eyayinguMphathiswa Wezemikhanyiso, wawuchasa imbasa yesayensi ye-chedysky. UNikolai Gavrilovich wafumana isihloko senkosi yaseRussia kwiminyaka emi-3 kuphela, xa kwaziswa uNorova e. P. Kovalevsky.
Kwangelo xesha, umbhali othile wentloko "ukuqokelelwa komkhosi". Umtsalane wakhe ukuhlela impapasho yayingeyongozi: I-cheryshevky yamenywa ukuba ikhokele imisebenzi ye-propaganda kwesi sithuba, ngenxa yokuba, ngesicwangciso seso siphikiso, umkhosi wawumele ukuba ngumkhosi ophambili wokutshintsha. Apho cokheshevsky baqhelene ne-Ogarev neHinezen. Ngokudibeneyo baba ngabathengisi babemi kwaye babaseka uMbutho oMfihlakeleyo "uMhlaba kwaye uya".
Ukubanjwa kunye nokurejista
Ngo-1861, uNikolai Gavrilovich watsalela ingqalelo kumapolisa asondeleyo kumapolisa, kwaye iliso eliphambili elifihlakeleyo lami phezu kwakhe. Umhleli we "Mkhosini weQokelelwe" kunye noMbhali "owayephila" "wayekrokrelwa ukuba ahlanganelwe kwiZibheno zoMhlambiso kunye nokuqalisa iimvakalelo ezinobutshaba kurhulumente (ezi ntlawulo zabhalwa kwi-gendarme ephambili). Ukongeza, i-chelyshevky yayikrokrelwa ukubandakanyeka kwimililo eyenzekileyo eSt. Petersburg ngo-1862.
Kungekudala "Indoda Elide" yavalwa, kwaye kwinyanga yaseNikolai Gavrilovich ibanjiwe, ibeka inqaba ye-petropavlovsk kwigumbi elinye. Isizathu esisesikweni sokubamba yayiyincwadi kaHerzen ukuya eMzantsi Solovovich, owayechaze igama elithi i-chelsyshevsky-ecetywe ukuba icwangciswe umsebenzi wokungafakwanga "e-UK. Ukongeza, uNikolay Gavrilovich wahlawuliswa ngokwenza izinto ezenziwa ngabarhwebi babiza abasemva kwemvukelo kwimvukelo.
Uphando kwimeko yohlaziyo luthathe iminyaka eyi-1.5. Ikhomishini yokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala letyala elisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezingekho semthethweni - ubungqina bamangqina obuxoki, amaxwebhu amabi. Ukutsala ingqalelo ekungekho sikweni, ibanjwa labhengeza umlambo weentsuku ezili-9, kodwa aluzange luncede.
Kanye entolongweni, inzululwazi iqhubeka isebenza ngokubhala ngaphezulu kwamaphepha angaphezu kwama-200. Ngobukhali, wayigqiba inoveli "ukuba enze ntoni?". Inyani enomdla-umsebenzi wamkelwe kwaye wapapashwa, nangona wayekwisikhundla sombhali.
Ngo-1864, uNikolay Gavrilovich wabhengeza isivakalisi: UmKaderga oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala eSiberia kunye nokuhlalwa kobomi apho. Ngokutsho komnqweno wobuqu womlawuli, ixesha lekhalenda laliphindwe kabini, kodwa ngenxa yoko, umbhali wenza ikhonkco le-19 elingaphezulu konyaka. Isohlwayo sezohlwayo se-chellevsky sisimo esohlwayekileyo esihlazisayo ngendlela yovalulwa loluntu lwazo zonke iindawo kunye namalungelo - yenzeka nge-19 kaMeyi 1864 kwisikwere esilinganayo seSt.
Ibanjwa lawela kwi-nerchinsky catreral, kwaye kamva zikhona eViluisk. Emva kweminyaka eli-10, i-chelsevsky iceba ngokusemthethweni ukuba ingenise uxolelo, kodwa wala. Isangqa kwi-prolicary Isangqa senze imizamo emininzi yokuyikhulula, kodwa iSaratov ye-chedysky ekugqibeleni yabuyela kwiSaratov kungekudala.
Ekugqibeleni, abahlobo nezalamane bakwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuba watshintshelwa eSiberia ukuya e-Astrakhakhakhan. Umlawuli waqhubeka eli nyathelo ngaphandle koloyiko lweendawo ezintsha, kuba "uMhlaba kunye neKilosia" emva koko wazibonakalisa njengentlangano eyingozi ekuhlaleni, kwaye wayengafuni ukuqaqamba imeko.
Ubomi Buqu
Umbhali wayetshatile. UOlga Skutovna vasineeva, atshata nabo ngo-1853 waba yintloko yakhe. Umfazi uvile umntu wokuqala, kwaye ukukhetha kwe-coksshevky akuvunywanga konke: UOlga watyholwa ngokumnyamezela umsebenzi weqabane, kodwa uNikolai Gavrilovic Diavrilovic wazivuyela. Ukuthanda kwakhe umfazi wakhe yaba yimfama kwaye ngaphandle kwemiqobo, kwaye wawuthathela ingqalelo umtshato ngendlela yokuvavanywa kwezimvo, ukuzama ukwakha ulwalamano olulinganayo ukuphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nengcinezelo yabasetyhini kusapho.
Xa udibana ngokunyaniseka i-coksyshevsky ngokunyaniseka ukuba wayezincama "izinto ezinuka ngathi yinqwelana", kodwa u-Olga akazange ayeke. Emva kokuba efumene imvume yakhe emtshatweni, umbhali othile wenza "idayari yolwalamano lwam kunye nalowo wenza ulonwabo lwam" kwaye waqala ukuba nobomi bakhe bokuguqula kubomi bosapho.
I-chershevsky ichazwe ukuba bobabini amaqabane alingana namalungelo kunye nemisebenzi, ethi lelo xesha yayisisikhundla eso. Emtshatweni, wanika inkululeko ye-Olga epheleleyo, eguqukayo, ekholelwa ukuba unelungelo lokuzilahla, njengoko inqwenela. Xa umfazi eqale ngenoveli kunye nomhlobo wentsapho uIvan Savitsky, wathi makamyeke, aqinisekise ukuba akukho nto inqwenelayo njengolonwabo. UOlga, qaphela ukuba nesisa, ukhethe ukuhlala nomyeni wakhe.
Ngaba amava obuqu amava e-chellysky kamva abeke ezantsi kwinoveli esisiseko "Yintoni omele uyenze?", Kwaye ubudlelwane bomfazi omnye namadoda amabini bachaza ukuba "unxantathu waseRussia".
Izihlobo zikaNikolai Gavrilovich zibukele "Kosos", kwaye kwi-niratov yakhe malunga nobomi besi sibini zihlala zingathandeki kunye namarhe. Ukuhamba kosapho oluselula eSt. Petersburg ngakumbi ukukhunjuzwa ngakumbi kubukho bakhe kunye namadoda amadala. I-oils emlilweni yathulula inyani yokuba umtshato wenzeka ngokungxama ngokukhawuleza - nangona kunjalo, uNikolaivavich wasweleka, akavuma ukulila.
Ngokudibeneyo, i-cheryskevsky ihlala iminyaka eli-9, kodwa indelelo yakhe ikhethe kangangeminyaka engama-20 yolonwabo lwentsapho. Ukusuka kumakhonkco aseSiberia, isithandi-sobulumko sabhalela iileta ezingama-300 kwinkosikazi yakhe, kodwa kamva wamisa imbalelwano, wagqiba kwelokuba uninzi lwe-olga luyamlibala, olungcono.
Ngexesha lokumka kwakhe, amaqabane akhe sele ekhulile ngoonyana abathathu - uMikhail, uVictor no-Alexander, kwaye, abaseleyo ngaphandle komyeni wakhe kunye notata wafunda imfuneko ekrakra. I-olga kwakufuneka isebenze nge-duct kunye ne-nun. Ngo-1866, wathabatha umntwana omncinci, waya kutyelela iqabane. Indlela yokuthatha iinyanga ezintandathu, kodwa zakwazi ukuchitha iiyure nje ezi-4 kunye. UNikolai Gavrilovich wacela iOliga ukuba ayikhale kwaye atshate kwakhona, kodwa akazange afune ukuyenza.
Ukufa
Ngenxa yeengxaki ze-rodney chelleshevsky ngoJuni 1889, wabuyela eSaratov, kodwa akagunyaziswanga ukuba aphile ngokuzolileyo imihla yakhe kwidolophu yakhe. Umsebenzi onzima waphuka impilo yakhe, kwaye kwiminyaka engama-55 umbhali wayeyindoda ebuthathaka.
Ekwindla yalo nyaka mnye, wagula ngesifo seengcongconi wafa ngequbuliso. Unobangela wokufa yayinguHemourrhage kwingqondo.
Ingcwaba laseNikolai Gavrilovich chelyshevsky ikwindawo yovuko kwi-saratov.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Kwinoveli "Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe?" I-Aluminium ekhankanyiwe ebizwa ngokuba "yintsimbi yekamva". Ngelo xesha, wayesetyenziswa kancinci, kodwa uqikelelo lwe-cokhesshevsky malunga nokusetyenziswa kwakhe ngokubanzi kwishishini kwenzeka ngokwenene.
- Ebuntwaneni, abahlobo bawagxeka ngumbhali-bharliographir, kwaye abahlobo bakhe babizwa ngokuba ngu-Onater weencwadi, ukunxanelwa kolwazi kwakungelo xesha kwakungelo xesha kwakukhanyenwe ngelishwa.
- Ngamaxesha eSoviet, inoveli "Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe?" Yaziwa ngokungaqhelekanga ngenxa yokuphononongwa okuhle kweLenin.
- Uthando ngenkosikazi yakhe i-chelhesky igcinelwe ubomi bakhe bonke kwaye ayizange iyeke ukucinga ngaye kweyona minyaka inamandla ye-cartis. Ukugcina i-penny kwi-pennings yengeniso ethandekayo, ukwazi ukuthenga iimpungutye eziyinyani kuye kwaye uthumele isipho kwi-petersburg.
Iikowuti
Umsebenzi womntu awunanto kwaye ayibalulekanga xa kungekho ngcinga ngumbono. Ilungelo lokuphila kwaye wonwabe - umqondiso ongenanto umntu ongenanto yokuba udidi oluqhelekileyo kwinyaniso Ukuphumla kulula kwaye kumnandi kakhulu kuye. Ndiyakuzenzela ke ngoko ukuvelisa inyani inyani xa ungacingi ngeziphumo.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1862-1863 - "Uza kwenza ntoni?"
- Ngo-1863 - "Alfriev"
- 1883 - "amanqaku kwi-nekrasov"
- Ngo-1854 - "Imbono Ebalulekileyo Ngeenkomfa eziNgeyo"
- 1855 - "Izimo zengqondo zobugcisa"
- Ngo-1855 - "i-sublime kunye ne-comic"
- Ngo-1855 - "umlinganiswa wolwazi lomntu"
- Ngo-1858 - "Ukugxekwa kwe-heacudaitions yeHemosofical ngokuchasene nobunini boluntu"
- 1860 - "Umgaqo-Anthropological kwiFilosophy"
- Ngo-1888 - "Imvelaphi yethiyori yeNkulumbuso yoBomi"