Biography
I-Eschil yenye yezona holo zibalaseleyo zexesha elide lamaGrike, awayephila kwinkulungwane yesi-5 i-BC. e., "Bawo" wentlekele, ukhokelo lohlobo lwe-trilogy ne-tetralogia, eyenze utshintsho kumxholo wobugcisa weqonga. Umsebenzi wakhe 'wamaPersi "ngumthombo wolwazi kwintsimi yembali yakudala, ukuba ngumzekelo ogciniweyo womdlalo weklasi yamaGrike onxulumene neziganeko zanamhlanje.
Iincwadi, kubandakanya indalo yembongi, isafunwa ngabafundi, imidlalo yakhe ibonakalisiwe ngempumelelo kwiindawo zenqanaba lehlabathi liphela.
Ikamva
U-Eschil wazalwa malunga ne-525 ukuya ku-N. NS. Kwisixeko samaGrike sase-Eleus (i-Elifis), eyayiyi-20 km evela eAthene, kwiintlambo ezichumileyo ze-Attica. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, utata wakhe uEcopireon yayikwiklasi ye-Aristocrats - eVpatricov, kwaye usapho lwalunokuphazamiseka kwaye lusityebi.
Ebutsheni bakhe, uEchchili wayesebenza ezidiliyeni. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, ngenye imini waphupha ngoThixo kaThixo we-Dionsiss, eyalela iipateni ukuba anikele ingqalelo kubugcisa bentlekele. Ukuvuka, imbongi yadala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, owenza nabo nge-499 bc. NS. Kwaye kwi-484 bc. NS. Uphumelele uloyiso lwe-1 kukhuphiswano lokudlala kumnyhadala weDionysia.
Nge-490 BC e., ekuphakameni kwe-Greco-Persian Ingqungquthela, esele i-Eschila emoyeni. Ekunye nomntakwabo, imbongi yakhusela iAthene ekuhlaselweni kwamaPersi phantsi kobunkokeli bukaDariyo Im kwimfazwe yeMarathon. Emva koko, emva kweminyaka eli-10, wayenendawo yolwandle eSalamimimine, ehlala kwenye yezi ndawo ziphakathi kwiintlekele zamaPersi, kunye nokugaya amaganga alawulayo.
I-Eschil yayiyinxalenye yamaGrike anyuliweyo ezinikezelwe kwiimfihlo ze-Demeter Sult, ekwanqatshelwe ukubhengeza phantsi kokufa. Imbongi ithathe inxaxheba kwiimfihlakalo ze-UchIsinsky, izithethe ezibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kobomi nokufa zithetha ukucoca ngokwasemzimbeni nangokomoya.
UAristotle kunye nabanye onyana baka-Aeschila baphikisana ukuba i-Playfila iphumelele ukugcina imfihlo yehlelo elingcwele kwaye ibonise izinto ezithile ezikwinqanaba kwimveliso yabo. Kuba aba babukeli bamphosa umbhali ngamatye kwaye banika inkundla apho wakuqondanga ukungazi. I-Eschila yayigwetyelwe, ithathela ingqalelo ukuxhaphaka kwakhe emkhosini, kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo intembeko yomntakwabo omncinci ka-Aminaya, iqhawe le-Greco-Persian lars.
Emva kokubhubha komthamo weFrich, owayeyindawo ephambili ye-Eschili kwimibhiyozo yeDionsissia, ukusuka kwi-473 ukuya ku-N. e., Umdlalo wempangelo waba yinkokeli yezibongozo.
Akukho nto yaziwa ngobomi bobuqu bembongi yamandulo yamaGrike. Ababhali-mbali bayakholelwa ukuba uEschil wayenomfazi nabantwana ababini. Omnye woonyana ogama lingu-Emperion wahamba emanyathelweni kayise, waba yingxondorha. Emva kokubhubha komzali, wayeli-4 kwimidlalo yeqonga ngemidlalo ye-Esseil. Abanye babaphandi bakholelwa ukuba yayiyinzala yesiGrike esikhulu esasingumbhali 'we-prometheus ecekeceke "intlekele. Ukongeza, i-euphorion kwi-431 BC. NS. Uphumelele ibhaso lokuqala kukhuphiswano loncwadi, lushiya emva kweSophos kunye ne-Euripid.
Kwibhayiloji ye-Eschil, amabala amaninzi amhlophe, nangona kunjalo, kukho ulwazi olwenziwa yimbongi kwi-470s ku-N. NS. Isiqithi se-sicily isiqithi kwisimemo se-tirana yendawo gieron i.
Ngexesha lokutyelelwa kwesi-3 kwi-456th okanye i-455 ye-BC. NS. I-Russion yadlala ifile. Olona ncedo lokufa kukaEschil alaziwa. Abadlali bebhayoloji bathi le mithi yabulala i-turtle, yamlahlela entloko yokhozi okanye ityhubhu. Intaka ethengiswayo yamkela i-lysin yelitye, eyayiza kuqalisa i-sholl ye-reptile.
Idramatirgy
Ukuchuma kobuchule buka-Eschili bawa ngexesha lokhuphiswano loncwadi lwaluthandwa eGrisi, eyenzeka ngexesha leminyhadala yeDionysia. Lo mnyhadala waqalisa ukuthwala, kwalandelwa kukhuphiswano lwabafana ababenza iziphelo, ekuqukumbeni kukaJury 3 womdlalo ongumdlalo omele indalo yawo: iDrama, i-DHIRE kunye ne-satire. Umbhali we-orestia uthathe inxaxheba kwizinto ezininzi ezizenzileyo ukusuka kuma-70 ukuya kuma-90. I-duel yoncwadi phakathi kwe-Eris kunye ne-Euripid ichazwe kwi-Ledy Aristophane "amasele".
Umdlali wempangelo uye waqulunqa isitayile sayo soncwadi kunye nobuchule. Waziswa kwindawo ye-2nd ye-2nd kwaye wadalwa kwincoko ebuhlungu phakathi kwabalinganiswa ababini, wafumana uhlobo lwe-trilogy kunye ne-Teralogics, apho wadibana khona nemibongo ye-dephzic, enqabile kwi-EPOR ye-HOST kunye neeplani zembali zale mihla.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iintlekele ezisi-7 zentlekele ziye zafikelelwa: "AmaPersi", "uOrestea", "onesixhenxe" i-Orefor "equlathe" i-humender "icekeceke okuhlala kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Iziqwengana zenye imidlalo yokudlala igcinwe kwiikowuti, ziyaqhubeka zifunyanwa ngexesha lokumbiwa kwiPapyrus yase-Egypt.
U-Eschil wafumana umvuzo wokuqala we-Dinguusia izihlandlo ezili-13, uyaziwa ukuba yonke imisebenzi ephilayo yanikwa olona bhaso luphezulu.
Eyona misebenzi ingaguqukiyo ye-Eschila yintlekele 'yePersi ", ibhalwe malunga ne-472 BC. NS. Umdlalo usekwe kumava omkhosi wakho wembongi, kubandakanya nenxaxheba yakhe kwidabi likaSalamin. Umdlalo wokudlala wenze indalo eyahlukileyo, eyayingasekelwanga kwi-Mythological yenqy, kodwa isiganeko sembali esenzeka emehlweni abantu ababephila ngexesha. Umdlalo yayiyinxalenye ye-Tetraigy, equka imisebenzi elahlekileyo ye "Glavk", "Lontofight", i-Diprometus ", idityaniswe ngumxholo wokubuyiswa nguThixo.
Le ntlekele iqala ngeendaba zoyiswa zamaPersi kwimfazwe yolwandle, apho isithunywa esinikelwe kwiAtoves, uKumkani uKark. Ibhinqa liya engcwabeni lomyeni wakhe uDariyo, apho umpongula kaMlawuli waxela khona kubantu bakhe kwaye ecacisa ukuba unobangela wokusweleka komkhosi yayikukuzithemba kunye nekratshi le-xoxes, ebangela ukuba Uburhalarhume boothixo. Umthwalo woyiswa kwamaPersi uvela ekupheleni komdlalo, ephela ngokulila nokumkani owoyisiweyo.
Le ntlekele "isisixhenxe kwiPhich" yazaliseka kuqala ngo-467 BC. NS. Yinxalenye yokugqibela yohambo olumangalisayo olusekwe kwi-Fvan mythology. Umsebenzi wawusekwe kwisihloko soncedo longenelelo kwimicimbi yabantu kunye nombono wendima yokumisela komgaqo-nkqubo (isixeko) kuphuhliso lwempucuko yabantu.
Umdlalo ubalisa ibali le-Eteok, iindlalifa ze-fansar e-Edipa, osele egqibile ukuba alawule. Ukuphela komdlalo kwangumdlalo kubandakanya ukufuna ukusweleka kwabalawuli, kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-50 emva komboniso wokuqala, utshintshile. Kwinguqulelo entsha yentombi ka-Edip, Antigone, yenza ukulila, emva koko bavukele kwinkcazo yokuvalwa komsebenzi.
Isihloko se-POOPIS siqhubeka sikhula kwintlekele ye-Eschil's "Abahamba", eyinxalenye yeTetragy elahlekileyo. Kule mdlalo, imbongi ibonakalise isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo malunga nexesha ledemokhrasi, uphawu lweAthene zelo xesha.
Icebo lisekwe kwi-50 Danaid, iintombi zomsunguli weasergos, ukusuka kumtshato onyanzelekileyo kunye nabazala bayo base-Egypiti. Babuza ukhuseleko kumlawuli wasekhaya basePelags, abangakwaziyo ukwenza isigqibo ngaphandle kokubonisana nabantu. Ekupheleni komdlalo, abantu bayavuma ukunceda abathumeli kwaye babanike isherter esixekweni.
Kwenye imidlalo ye-trilogy, ebizwa ngokuba ngu "Damana", iziganeko zemiphuzi ye-50 yeentombi zokumkani, ezazibulele.
I-Trilogy ye-Eschil, eyayihlala iphela, yi-Oresteya, eyenziwe ngonyaka wama-458 bc. NS. kwaye kubandakanya imidlalo ka-Agamemnon, "i-evemeriya". Ukuthetha imbali yegazi yosapho lwe-Argoar Agamnon, imbongi ivela kwizikhundla zedemokhrasi, ezibhengeziweyo kwiminyaka yangaphambili, ivakaliswa kwiminyaka yangaphambili, kwaye ibonise amandla e-Aopag kunye nobulungisa bomthetho.
Intlekele yokuqala ye-trilogy ichaza ukubuya kwe-Mycena Tsar Agamnon emva koloyiso kwimfazwe yeTrojan. Umfazi wakhe wesibini unomsindo kwinto yokuba umlawuli ngenxa yokuzukisa wazizisa ngoothixo ukuya kuthintela intombi yakhe, egcina ishweshwe kwi-shweshwe. Abaprofeta baqikelela ukubulawa kuka-Agamemson nokufa kwakhe ezandleni zeqabane elikhubekisayo. Ekupheleni komdlalo, unyana wokumkani kubonakala, ores, obona ukuziphindezela ngokubulawa kukaBawo.
"I-hoeofors" Qhubeka nembali, uqalile e-Agamemnon. Indlalifa kukumkani, kunye nodadewabo, yila indawo yokuziphindezela kwe-Climotre ne-Aetarist yakhe ethandekayo. Yandula ke ikwayara ixela ngephupha elibi lokumkanikazi, oluzale inyoka. Ukukhulula ityala phambi kwendoda yakhe, urhulumente uyalele ukuhlolwa kwelaba yeAgamemnon, kodwa uthatha ukufa esandleni sokugcina amanzi. Kwindawo yokugqibela, umbulali womama ejikeleze amane, abakhweli banetyala lokufa kweezalamane.
Kumdlalo wokugqibela we "Orestei", unyana ka-Agamemnon ufuna ukucanyagushelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olugqibeleleyo, ubonakala phambi kwenkundla kaThena, eyakukhulula kwintshutshiso ephindiweyo nokuwa nge-evamemenia.
Eyokugqibela yamaqhekeza ase-Eschila, le ntlekele "ixinezelekile", iyinxalenye ye-rilogy "ye" promele ". Ukususela esiphelweni senkulungwane ye-19, izazinzulu zaqalisa ukuthandabuza i-ofisi yendlela yokudlala yamaGrike kwizizathu zetyhefu. Umsebenzi nguwomsebenzi obonisa intsomi yokuthathwa komlilo.
I-Bibliography
- 472 BC - "amaPersi"
- I-470th okanye i-463 BC "" ISUSS "
- I-467 BC - "ezisixhenxe kwi-FIV"
- 458 BC -I-orestea (tralogy)
- "I-Agamemnon"
- "I-Hoophors"
- "I-Evmendy"
- I-450-40-E okanye 415 BC - "I-prometheus iboshwe"