Biography
UFrancois Rabl -Ar-Ugqirha, ummeli weRenaissance. Umbhali odumileyo weHlabathi wazisa incwadi ethi "Gargantua nePantagrylil". IGroverque Cominance iphosa umfundi kwizithethe zabantu, iinjongo zanamhlanje zombhali kunye neempawu zempawu.
UFrancois uRabel wazalwa ngonyaka we-1494 kwiphondo laseFransi laseTurne, kwidolophu ekuthiwa eShiyon. Abanye abaphandi baqinisekile ukuba umhla wembonakalo ekukhanyiseni yiminyaka ye-1483 ubudala. Iingxoxo malunga nendawo yokuzalwa, umhla, ubume bezentlalo kubazali kunye neemeko zosapho apho uFrancois omncinci wayehlala khona, eyahlukileyo.
Abaphathi beebhayilopha bacebisa ukuba utata wakhe unokuba ligqwetha, umrhwebi okanye umncinci. Kwakungekho datha ichanekileyo koku, ke isibhakabhaka sokuqiqa abaphandi sikhulu. Umama wombhali wasweleka xa inkwenkwe yayisemncinci kakhulu, nangona yayineengxabano.
Kuyaziwa ukuba ngonyaka we-1510 umntwana watshintshelwa kwimfundo kwi-monastery ye-Franciscan, apho wayefundiswe khona. Ngo-1521, isimilo samkela isifungo. Ngelo xesha, ababingeleli babengabathwali bolwazi. Phakathi kwazo kwaziswa abalitho ngezibalo noogqirha, iifilogoso kunye namagqwetha. Ukuba nediploma, bakhokela imbambano ngento eyenzekayo kumhlaba wabo wokuzalwa.
Xa ndandikwi-monastery, uRabela wafunda isiLatin, umthetho wamaRoma kunye neSayensi yeNdalo, amayeza kunye ne-anatomy. Umbonakalo wezinto anomdla kuzo abaquka imbali, isiFilology, uncwadi kunye neSayensi yeNdalo. Inkwenkwe yajoyina i-incacessian nakwiinzululwazi zendalo, zingalibali malunga nokuphuhliswa kokomoya. URabl oselula wayethanda uphando kwaye wadala iimonografi ezininzi, ezithi, emva kopapasho, indumiso yayiphose isayensi yelo xesha.
Ukuze i-odolo yeSt. Francis, imisebenzi ye-francois yabaselula yazisa ingenelo kwaye ayizange ihambelane nezithethe kunye nama-ntloko amkelwe kwimonki. Kodwa ilayibrari esele ikho iphela ukondla inzululwazi encinci. Ngo-1524, iincwadi zamaGrike zafunyanwa kwithala leencwadi lakhe, ezibonwe ziziintsuba njengezixhobo ezikhuthaza ubuProtestanti. Ngoncedo lwabo ngokutyhutyokileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba lutolike iTestamente eNtsha.
Ukurhoxiswa kweencwadi kuyakhankanya ukhathalelo lwe-rabel ukuya kwi-Benenedickichi yase-Benedickichine eyakhe yaqwalaselwa ngakumbi. I-monanedictery yaseSt. Benedict eMelzé yaba yindawo yokuhlala apho uFrancois waqhubeka nokufumana imfundo. Emva kwexesha, iMonsk ishiye inkonzo yeCawe, eqala ukufunda iyeza. Ngo-1532, wapapasha iGalen kunye ne-hippocros kwaye wabandakanyeka kwezonyango. URabel waba ngumbingeleli, ugqirha wamayeza kwaye ufunde iintetho zabafundi kwii-Poitiers naseMontpellier.
Uncwadi
UFrancois uRabel wayengumbhali wemibono yemfundo. I-bibliography yakhe inemisebenzi engama-20, phakathi kweencwadi ezikwi-anatomy kwaye isebenza ngomsebenzi we-hypocrat. URabel wapapashwa eAlmanahs, ebeka iithiyori malunga nefuthe lembonakalo, ubuntu kunye nokuziphatha kogqirha kwizigulana. Uye waba ngumbhali wemisebenzi kuYilo lwaseMaphakade. Abaphathi beebhayilopi babiza le misebenzi nge-archaeological monomi.
Eyona mpumelelo iphambili kubomi bukaFrancois yayiyinoveli malunga neengcamango ezigama linguGegantur nePantagruel. Kumjikelo weencwadi ezi-5, umbhali wazibonakalisa njenge-ricttle. Ukwenza owona msebenzi mkhulu, wakhuthazeka ngokwazi ukuzonwabisa malunga neGargantua. Xa uxelisa i-rabel wagqiba kwelokuba agqibe uhlobo lokuqhubeka, ukongeza ibali lebali likaKumkani waseDipcode Pantagriuele. Ngo-1532, incwadi ethi "Pantagruel" epapashiweyo phantsi kweAlias yeBaialbafrybas egama lingu-Aliafrybas elinamagama. Ugwetyiwe eSorbhonne, eqonda i-abscene. Uluntu ngokuchasene nezazinzulu lwalunandipha umsebenzi we-rabl.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uFrancois wabhala incwadi ethi "Gergantus", yona, kwinto ethile, eyandulela iziganeko ezichazwe kumsebenzi wokuqala, njengoko uGargantu wayefanele utata kaPantagruntuyE. Ngo-1546 incwadi yesi-3 yavela ekukhanyeni. Umbhali wakhe wasayina igama lakhe, eshiya iPseundenym. Kuhlobo lweSorbhonnery, uHeryy wakhethwa. Kodwa ugwebo lwaluvela kwabanye abafundi: IPalamente yawuvala umsebenzi. Ibali lavunyelwa ngokukhuselekileyo, kuba umngcipheko ojikelezwe ngabantu abaninzi abaziphetheyo, abanenkxaso yabo yasetyenziswa ngumntu.
Ukupapashwa kwenxalenye yesi-3 ye-Opisi yeGargantua nePantagruela, iRabel ayifumananga isohlwayo esivela phezu kobudlelwane obunobuhlobo bomhlobo wakhe, uJean du i-I. Unicrest ngokobuqu ukuqhubeka kwenoveli. Kuyinyani, emva kokusweleka kukaKumkani, urhulumente waphinda wayeka ukuthengisa iincwadi ezipapashiweyo ngelo xesha.
Incwadi yesi-5 yaphuma emva kokubhubha koRabl. Abanye abagxeki boncwadi bakholelwa ukuba ayifanele ibonakaliswe kubuchule bombhali, kuba ukugqibela kwengxelo kunokwenza umntu kubafundi okanye abalandeli bombhali. Ukongeza kwimbali yeGargantur nePantagruela, iRabl babhala imisebenzi ye-satirical kunye nezinye izihloko. Abaphulaphuli ngovuyo badibana "ne-encyclopedia yakhe yokuhleka." Isimangalo esincinci, ukugculela, sinxibelelane nenkcubeko ye-FLK yexesha le-16, yeza nomfundi oyinyani.
Abalandeli be-rabbelbullic yobuchule baxabisa amabali amafutshane ombhali. Ubugcisa apho umbhali oye wahlala enxulunyaniswa nemixholo yokomzuzwana kunye nento ebangela ukuhleka komfundi kulo naliphi na ixesha lembali. UFrancois ugcobe i-wortfiology. Kuphando lwakhe, uMikhail Bakhtin waqiqa ngomxholo wesiko lokuhleka ngabantu kwimisebenzi ye-rabl. Umphandi wabiza indlela yombhali uAbhore. Ke ngoko, amahlaya acelomngeni kuhlala ehlekisa kwaye ngoku, nangona bephulukana nokuchaneka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuguqulela.
Ubomi Buqu
UFrancois uRabel wayezibandakanya kwimisebenzi yoncwadi, edibanisa ngemeko yombingeleli wempangelo. Wayenamandla obuhlobo obusondeleyo noJean du Balle, ongazange ahlale kwiqela lecawa. I-guillame du bulle iphinde ijongene neRABL. Umbhali wayenentsusa emibini engekho mthethweni imvelaphi yokubhalisa ngokusemthethweni izihlobo zakhe, ngokucwangcisa inkqubo esemthethweni ngo-1540. UAuguste Francois noJuni bafumana ifani kayise.
Malunga nobomi bobuqu ye-saticar ayazi kancinci. Ngo-1864, ababhali bebhargrafe bafumanisa ukuba eLyon, umbhali wayenonyana kwintombazana yaseMaidiyon uZhanna, akazange abe nguRabi. Inkwenkwe ibizwa ngokuba yi-thedoul. Wasweleka eneminyaka eyi-2.
Ukususela ngo-1547, uFrancois uRave ube yindawo engasentla kwintshona yeFrance, kwiParish eSaint-Christoph-du-Zhabbbebe no Mödon. Icawe apho wathabatha amarhamente, uvulekile namhlanje. Malunga ne-biography ye-biegraphy yoorhulumente abaphambili kamva, uCece oxela ngoku uxela ngokuzonwabisa. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba iRabl yanyanzeleka ukuba yamkele ukuqeshwa ngenxa yempilo engenazintloni. Ukufika kwelo xesha kwakuphupha ngokufumana wonke umntu obhalwe phantsi kwenqanaba lenkolo eliphakathi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikhoboka kwaye lalapho alizange lisilele ekusebenziseni ubudlelwane.
Inyaniso enomdla: Ukuba ngumhlekisi kumaphepha emisebenzi, uRaze wahlukaniswe yi-junk kunye nengqondo kunye nobomi. Ndikunye noBows, wayesoloko equlunqa i-anecdotes kunye namabali ahlekisayo.
Ukubuyisela ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo inkangeleko yombhali akunakwenzeka. Wayenxibe iinwele ezimfutshane kwaye i-mudeache. Eminye imifanekiso yombhali yenza ukuba ikwazi ukucinga ukuba kujongwa njani, kodwa imifanekiso yahlukile. Rhoqo, uRabl umele indoda endala enentshebe. Ekuphela komgca wombhali kwiminyaka esencinci ihlabathi lavuya nge-henri matisse. Lo mfanekiso wenziwa ngo-1951, ayibhalwanga kwindalo.
Ukufa
Ngo-1552, uFrancois Rabel wabhala ileta eya kwikhadinali, apho wacela ukuba amsuse ukuba angazeki ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo. Icawe yaya kudibana. Ebusika, umbhali we-15333 wabuyela eParis. Wayehlala kwindlu ethobekileyo apho wasweleka khona ngo-Epreli wonyaka omnye. U-Lekari wasekhaya akazange anikezele ngononophelo lwezonyango. Olona ncedo lokufa lwalungafunyanwanga.
Akukho nto eyaziwayo malunga neentsuku zokugqibela zobomi bombhali. Abaphathi bebhayoloji benze ukuba kube nzima ukubiza indawo yokungcwaba ye-satiteri. Kukholelwa ukuba umzimba wakhe wafumana iNdakuya kumangcwaba edolophuni yedolophu kunye nekamva laseSt Paul. Olu lwazi luqinisekisiwe ziincwadi zecawa, kodwa inguqulelo yokungcwatywa kwe-rabel yenye indawo. I-Epitaph yokusweleka kombhali ngo-1554 yabhala iJacques Tiaroo noPierre de Ronssor.
Kwilifa likaFrancois, uRabel washiya inzala yomsebenzi, inoveli eyaziwayo, amabali kunye neekowuti, ezibonisa inqanaba lokuqonda kombhali wabo.
Iikowuti
"Andijongi iwotshi: ixesha laye laqalwa umntu, hayi indoda yexesha." "Inkanuko iza ngelixa isitya." "Indalo ayiyamkeli ukuba lilize."I-Bibliography
- 1532 - "UPantagruel, Kumkani weDFisodes, oboniswe kukoneliseka kwangaphambili nangayo yonke izenzo zawo ezoyikekayo kunye nokuxhaphaza"
- I-1534 - "i-pantagruel, inkosi ye-DFISODES, iboniswe kukoneliseka kwangaphambili kwayo yonke imisebenzi yayo eyoyikisayo kunye nokuxhaphaza"
- 1546 - "Incwadi yesithathu yezenzo zika-bugocwe kunye nemilambo ye-Penagrimuel, isincoko sikaMatido Francois Rabl, Gqirha yamayeza"
- 1552 - "Incwadi yesine yeZenzo zoBugorha kunye noMvuzo weNdawo eBhuksi, isincoko sikaMatico Francois Rabl, ugqirha weyeza"
- I-1564 - "isihlanu, nencwadi yokugqibela, incwadi yezenzo zikaHeace kunye nemilambo ye-Panagoula, isincoko sikagqirha we-Maticcois"