Biography
I-biography yenkokeli yeqela leSoviet Nikolai Bokarin yahlukile kwaye ubukhulu becala. Wayengenguye "oqhelekileyo" uBolshevik, akazange aphumelele imfazwe yamakhaya, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wakwazi ukuba sesona siphiwo sibe siphindo. I-Bokharin yayineilwimi ezininzi kwaye yayinolwazi olunamava, yayiyintatheli enamava kunye nenkosi yokuqiniseka, kodwa inkosi yangenzanga ukuba aqiniseke ukuba akakholwa.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UNikolai Ivanovich Bukharin wazalelwa eZamoskvoctvye, eGigseske, kaSeptemba 27 (Oktobha 9) ngo-1888. Abazali bakhe basebenza njengootitshala bezikolo zaseprayimari esikolweni. Ngo-1893, intsapho ifudukele eChisinau, apho uTata u-Ivan Gavrilovich wafumana isikhundla somhloli osetyenzisiweyo, kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-4 ubuyele kwikomkhulu.
I-Kohl encinci ifundwa kakuhle kunye neGymnasium iphumelele ngembasa yegolide. Emva kwesikolo, waba ngumfundi we-sundo yomthetho weyunivesithi yaseMoscow. Ngeli xesha, i-Bukharin yayisele inomdla kwezopolitiko kwaye ikwazile ukujoyina ipati ye-bolsheviks, ke le nto kufuneka idityaniswe nomsebenzi kwimibutho yabasebenzi. Xa walungiselela iNkomfa yoLutsha kwiKomkhulu, elindele intshukumo yeKomsomol, wayeneminyaka eli-19 ubudala.
Umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi weqela
Ukubanjwa kokuqala kwenzeke ngo-1909. Eli meko kunye ne-2 emva koko le nto i-Bukharin ayiguqukanga, kodwa umonde wabasemagunyeni waphelelwa ngumsindo, ke ngo-1911 wathunyelwa eMoscow kwiPhondo laseKerangillesk kwiPhondo. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, ngoncedo lwabahlobo, wabaleka endaweni yesalathiso phesheya - okokuqala eHannover, emva koko waya eOstria-Hungary. Kulapho wadibana noVladimir Lenin noJoseph Stalin.
UNikolai Ivanovich uqhubeke nokufuduka kwaye uqhubekile ngokwakho imfundo kwaye wafunda ngononophelo imisebenzi yobufundisi kunye ne-classics yeMarxism. Xa kwaqala imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, abasemagunyeni eOstriya-iHuilary bakhawuleza basusa i-spey kwaye bathumela i-Bokarin eSwitzerland. Emva koko, ezopolitiko zatshintsha izixeko ezikwi-European, kodwa zange zingene kuzo zonke, ndiye ndaya eUnited States.
Ngo-Oktobha 1916, eNew York, i-BAKHARIn yazisa abantu abaqhelene ne-lvom trotsky. Ngokudibeneyo basebenza ngokuhlela iMagazini "kwihlabathi elitsha". Umsebenzi wokuqala wokuqala kaNikolai Ivanovich - "uqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye ne-impiriyalizim" - yabhalwa ngo-1915. U-Lenin ufunda ngononophelo kwaye xa ewonke umntu othanda kakhulu, kodwa emva koko bagxotha umbhali wokuzimela kwezizwe.
Xa i-provrion yovukelo ye-rubruen yenzeka eRussia, iBukharin yayifuna ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe kwangoko, kodwa yayikwidolophu enkulu kuphela enguMeyi. oomatiloshe kunye namajoni.
Ngo-1917, waba lilungu leKomiti ePhakathi ye-RSDLP, wathatha indawo yasekhohlo ekhohlo waza waqalisa ukuqhuba imisebenzi esebenzayo ye-propaganda. Ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe uNikolai Ivanovich kubuya, ngenxa yoqeqesho olupheleleyo lwentlalo, ngenxa yoko yaba ngumsunguli nomhleli wephephandaba iPravda, emva kwempapasho ethi "UmKomanisi".
Eli xesha lalineziqhamo ngomsebenzi wokuyila. Ngokukhawuleza i-BKharin yakhawuleza yaba ngomnye wabaphathi bexesha: "Ngenkqubo yakhe yamaKomanisi (iBolsheviks"), i "ABC ZOBUCHULE" kunye "neenkqubo zenguqu kwiSizwe Uqoqosho lwaluhlaziyiwe, iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki zoluntu kwizikhundla zeMarxism.
ULenin ngentlonelo waphathwa ngentlonelo uphando lwethiyori ye-agrical, kodwa isikhundla se-bhakharin kweminye imiba iyothusayo. Wamngcikiva ngobuqhetseba esiphelweni kunye nenzondelelo eyenzeka kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye amabala abhalisiweyo kwiincwadi eziqwalaselweyo "hayi i-marxist".
Ngo-1919, i-Bukharin yabandezeleka ngenxa yohlaselo lwabanqolobi lucwangciswe ngu-Earistrists-Abenzi bobudriphu baphosa ibhombu kwitheko kwi-leoforky lane. Ukonzakala kwakunzulu, kodwa wakwazi ukubala kwakhona kwaye aqhubeke nomsebenzi.
Ngo-1923, uNikolai Ivanovich exhasa i-lenin yokulwa inkcaso ye-trotsky. Ukusweleka kwenkokeli ngoJanuwari 1924 kwaba yeyona mpembelelo yokomoya iqatha - Wamgqala njengomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, noLemin ngokwakhe waza wambiza kuyo yonke. KwiTestamente yakhe ", uVladimir i-Ilylich waphawula ukuba i-BuKharin ngoyena mntu uxabisekileyo, ngomthetho, ongumxholo wentanda yesilwanyana.
Inkathalo yamagama anempembelelo yokukhululeka kuye indawo kubunkokeli beqela - kwangaloo nyaka uNikolai Ivanovich waba lilungu lePolitiki. Ngeli xesha, ubudlelwane bakhe obunobuhlobo kunye noStolin bomelezwe, kodwa ngo-1928 babeqhubana kwi-rativization. I-Bokarin izamile ukweyisela oomagulizela ukuba bangatyhaleli "Kulav" ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumalungelo kunye nelinye ilali.
UJoseph Vissinonovich wathetha kabukhali, kwaye kunyaka kamva, iqela likaBokharin yoyiswa kwi-plenum elandelayo, kwaye yena wahluthwa zonke izithuba. Emva kweveki, ukurhoxa kwesopolitiko kuvumile ukuba siqaphele "iimpazamo", ke ngoko kwavunyelwa ukuba bankokele, kodwa ngeli xesha kwicandelo lezenzululwazi nezobuchwephesha.
Ngo-1932, i-Bharin yayikhokelwa likhoboka leziyobisi kumzi-mveliso we-USSR. Ngokuhambelana, wabandakanyeka ekupapasheni kwaye waqalisa ukudalwa kwe "Gig Soviet Encyclopedia". Ngaphandle kweengxelo eziphakamileyo, ezopolitiko azizange zishiyle ithemba lentando yesininzi, kuba ubuzwi be-stalin babuvunywanga. I-Nikolai Ivanovich eshushu yamkelekile ukudalwa komgaqo-siseko wase-USSR, engazi ukuba uninzi lwamalungiselelo alo luya kuhlala lurekhodwa ephepheni.
Ingcinezelo kunye nesiphelo
Ngo-1936, iqabane elinye leqela liqale labeka phambili i-trucuccult kwilinge lokwenza "ibhloko yasekunene" kunye ne-rykov kunye neTomsk. Okwelo xesha, uphando lwayekiswa zizizathu ezingaboniswanga, kodwa ngonyaka nje nje, i-BEKARIn kwakhona irhanelwe kwizicwangciso zenziweyo. Ezopolitiko zanyanzelisa ukuba zimsulwa, zabhala iileta zokuqhawula, zaze zabhengeza umlo wokulamba, kodwa akazange ancede - wabanjwa ngoFebruwari 27, 1937.
Kwintolongo engaphakathi eLubyanka Nikolai Ivanovich isebenze kwiincwadi "zeFilososophical Arabis", amaxesha amaRoma "kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemibongo. Ngokuyinxenye wasiqonda ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokudala nakwesiphi na isiqendu esithile, kwaye kwigama lokugqibela lazama kwakhona ukubhengeza ukungabi natyala.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu benkokeli yeqela yayisiphithiphithi. Bonke ababekhonkxa ekukho naye, balinde ububi nokufa. UNikolai Bukharin wayetshatile kathathu, iqabane lokuqala laseNidezhda Lukina yayinozala. Batshata ngo-1911 kwaye bahlala kunye iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Babengenabo abantwana abaqhelekileyo - umfazi wabandezeleka ngenxa yesifo somqolo kwaye akazange afuduke ngaphandle kwe-corset ekhethekileyo.
Kwanasemva koqhawulo-mtshato, wagcina ubudlelwane obunobuhlobo nge-Bharin: Xa kwakubanjwa, wayekhanyele nasiphi na ityala kwaye engakholelwa kwiinjongo ezimbi zomyeni wangaphambili. Amanqanaba obuhlungu athabatha iminyaka emi-2, emva koko u-Lukin wadubula.
Umfazi wesibini kaGurwichra waba ngumfazi wesibini. Ubomi babo obudibeneyo bathatha iminyaka esi-8, wamnika intombi kaSvetlana. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqala yeMoscow, le ntsapho yashiya ngokukhawuleza i-BHARIn, kodwa le ayisindiswanga-mna nonina, nentombi yabo, nentombi yawa ezinkampini zabashiya kuphela ekufeni kukaStalin.
Umtshato wesithathu, owathi mfutshane, uBukharin waqukumbela ngo-1934. Umnyulwa wakhe yayinguAnna lalina, intombi yomntu osebenza naye kwitheko, emva kokuphula umyeni waya kwikhonkco. Bazalelwa ukuba uNyana kaYuri, wakhulela, phantse akukho ntozileyo ngabazali. Emva kwexesha wamkelwa kwaye wafumana igama lomama wamamkeli - gusman. Umzukulwana Bukharin, Nikolay Barin, waba ngumqeqeshi webhola kwaye wafumana isikolo sezemidlalo sabantwana eMoscow.
Kunye ne-Lunacharsky kunye ne-lenin, i-Bokarin yayithathwa njengenye yezona zingelosi zinobuchule beqela. Wayenezilwimi ezi-3 ezazineeLwimi ezi-3, weva isithethi esihle kwaye wayedume ngokukwazi ukuphinda afumane ulwimi oluqhelekileyo nalo nawuphi na umntu.
Ukongeza, uNikolai Ivanovich yayiyikhabhathi entle, ndizongetha iikhathuni kumaqabane omntu kwaye ndide ndaya kupapasha umsebenzi kwiPravda. Yeyona mifanekiso ibhaliweyo yeStalin, ibhaliwe kwindalo, hayi ngefoto.
Uxhase ababhali abaninzi - uMaxiy Gork, uBoris Parternak, u-Osipam kaMandaelstam. NgeSergey Yesenin, i-Bokarina yayinolwalamano oluntsonkothileyo - ngaxeshanye wawuthathela ingqalelo ukuba "yingozi" eyingozi "eyenzakalisayo efuna ukuzithoba, kodwa emva kokuzibulala, wathambisa iingxelo zoluntu ngaye.
Ukufa
NgoMatshi 13, 1938, umsebenzi wangaphambili wagwetywa. Ukuqiniseka kwiileta zenkolo kwacenga ukuba zimzise isitya sika-morphy, "ukulala kwaye singavuki," kodwa kukufa ngokuthobeka okwamkiswa. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wasiwa kwilali yelali yendawo yobuNgoma kwaye yadubula, umzimba wawusitshisa kule ndawo.
Inyaniso enomdla - ukusweleka koogxa kuxelwe kwangaphambili yi-nikolay ivanovich ebutsheni bakhe. IJamani iClairvoyint ngo-1918 yazisa ukuba uza kubulawa kwilizwe lakhe, kwaye yena, ophulaphule iRussia kwaye wamangaliswa yintshabalalo, ecaphukile kwaye ecaphukile.
Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uzinikele kumgaqo-nkqubo weefilimu ezininzi-iipeyinti ezibhaliweyo "Nikolai Bokarin - intiyo yenkqubo" kunye "ne-Anna ye-anna), utshaba lwe-anna Abantu Bharin ", apho uAlexander Romatov wadlala eyona ndima iphambili.
Inkqubo
- Ngo-1914 - "Ukuphila uqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Ithiyori yamaxabiso kunye neSikolo sase-Austria "
- Ngo-1923 - "uqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye ne-impiriyalizim"
- Ngo-1918 - "Inkqubo yamaKomanisi (iBolsheviks)"
- Ngo-1919 - "Umzabalazo weklasi kunye nenguqu"
- Ngo-1919 - "ABC wobuKomanisi: Inkcazo edumileyo yenkqubo yeqela lamaRashiya (Bolsheviks)"
- Ngo-1920 - "uqoqosho lwenguqu"
- Ngo-1923 - "Ingxaki yengxowankulu kunye nentshukumo yamaKomanisi"
- Ngo-1924 - "Imfundiso Yeembali"
- Ngo-1928 - "Amanqaku oMgaqo"
- Ngo-1932 - "uGoethe kunye nentsingiselo yakhe yembali"
- Ngo-1932 - "Darwinsm kunye neMarxism"
- Ngo-2008- "Ibanjwa lubyanka. Uxwebhu lombhalo-ngqangothi wentolongo uNikolai BuKharina "