Biography
I-Rabindran Tatore - Imbongi, imvumi kunye nomculi we-Bengal Renaissance ye-19 -kuqala kwinkulungwane yama-20, eyayinempembelelo enkulu kwi-India kunye noncwadi. Umbhali "Gitanjali" ngo-1913 waba nguNo-non-huroun, ozukisa amabhaso kaThixo. Ilifa lakhe ligcinwa kwiYunivesithi yase-Wiswarewa Bharati, kwaye iingoma zeholo zaba ziingoma zaseIndiya naseBangladesh.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Rabindran Tatore kwi-nickinamed Rabi yazalwa nge-7 kaMeyi, eJacasanko mail kwi-Calcutta kwi-Calcutta kwi-Calcutta kwi-Bradutta ye-Brahnratha ye-tagore kunye nenkosikazi yakhe i-charada debeedi.
Utata wahamba kakhulu, kwaye unina wasweleka, imbongi yexesha elizayo yayisemncinci kakhulu, ke uRabidrianate kunye nabanye abantwana bakhulisa abakhonzi bazame ootitshala. Ukuba kwindawo yobomi benkcubeko kunye nobomi basesidlangalaleni, usapho lweTatore lwalonelisekanga rhoqo, ukuthanda kwendalo, ukuthanda umculo we-Bengal kunye nomculo wasentshona. Ngenxa yoko, abantwana bakhuliswa kwizithethe zekopi eziphezulu babe ngabantu abafundileyo abafundileyo.
Ukongeza eRabindrana, uGetus Totorov wazukisa abantakwabo abadala, kwabeka intanda-bulumko, amadlala kunye namabala oluntu, kunye nodade, owaba ngumbhali, owaba ngumbhali wase-India.
URabindran wakuphepha ukufunda esikolweni kwaye ukhethe ukuzula kwilifa kunye nendawo ezingqongileyo kwaye uzibandakanya kwimithambo, umzabalazo kunye nokuqubha phantsi kweliso phantsi kweliso likaMkhulu. Ngokuhambelana ne-Aritomy, imbali, iJografi, iJografi, i-Arithmetic, iSanskrit kunye nesiNgesi.
Ukufika kwakhe kwiminyaka yobuninzi, uRabildran noyise waya kumazantsi eHitayas, apho umfana waphulaphula itempile yegolide enguHyrisar, iSayensi yeSayensi, iSanskrit kunye neCaserry yeCaserry.
Imibongo kunye neprose
Ukubuya kohambo, uTagore wabhala imibongo emi-6 kunye nenoveli yombongo owakhuphayo kwindalo elahlekileyo yombhali wegazi weXvii. Kwangelo xesha, umbhali oselula wenza i-goadut yakhe kubungakanani bebali, ethumela ulwimi lweBengali A Minicature "I-Genge-Geegar" ("Bghiharini").
Kuba iDeebendrannit yayifuna ukuba umntwana omncinci waba ligqwetha, ngo-1878 rabddranran wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon kwaye ifundile i-jurisppedence kwiinyanga ezininzi. Inzondo ngemfundo esesikweni yanyanzela umfana ukuba aphose isayensi aze azinikele ekufundeni. ENgilani, I-Tagare yaqhelana nomsebenzi weShakespeare kwaye ingena kwizithethe ze-Folklore ze-Albion gwenxa.
Emncinci, uRabindran waqamba idlala ngokubambisana nabazalwana, abanye babo babonakaliswa ngokuhlwa ubugcisa kwindlu yabasebenzi. Emva kwexesha, imisebenzi emangalisayo ezazalwa ngamabali enoveli. Babemele ukubonakalisa izihloko zentanda-bulumko ongapheliyo, ngamanye amaxesha zinezinto ze-Allegory kunye neGrotece.
Ngo-1880, umfana wabuyela eBengalia kwaye waqala ukupapashwa kwemibongo yakhe, iinoveli kunye namabali, eyabhalwa phantsi kwempembelelo yeziganeko zaseYurophu, eyathi intshabalalo entsha kuncwadi lwe-brahman. Ukuza kweli xesha lokubhala kubandakanya ukuqokelelwa 'kwendlela "kunye" neengoma "zakusasa" kunye nencwadi ethi "CHINBI-GAN".
Amabali esiTationare apapashwa kwijenali, emva koko apapashe ilungu elinamalungu amathathu anemigangatho engama-84 apho umbhali waqiqa ngemozulu yawo manzi, imidlalo yengqondo, ingozi yabantu abaqhelekileyo. Umzekelo oqaqambileyo wesihloko sokugqibela yayizii-mineires "amatye alambileyo" kunye "nentsimbi", ebhalwe ngo-1895.
Ngo-1891, imbongi yaqalisa ukusebenza kwinguqu yemveliso ye-folk malunga nobomi babantu abalula baseBengal. "I-Golden Ladium", "Inkosi", ukuvuna "kwashicilelwa ukusuka ngo-1893 ukuya ku-1901, kunye nomRoma" uDedecha "wapapashwa ngo-1903.
Ukususela ngo-1908, iRabiddranran yasebenza kwimisebenzi efakiweyo kwingqokelela "gitanjali", leyo yayithetha "amadini adiniweyo. 157 Imibongo yayizinikele kubudlelwane phakathi komntu noThixo otyhidiweyo ngemifanekiso eqhelekileyo kunye eqondakalayo. Ubungakanani besakhiwo senziwe ngendlela engenako ukukhululeka, ngenxa yoko baqala ukusetyenziswa njengoko iikowuti.
Ingqokelela yaguqulelwa kwisiNgesi kwaye yapapashwa eYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-1913, umbhali "uGitanjali" wanika ibhaso likaNobel kwicandelo loncwadi oluba ibali elimnandi, ukucinga ngokufuziselayo kunye nobuchule obukhethekileyo. Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, iRabindindran yavavanywa ngemikhombandlela eyahlukeneyo yoncwadi. Uzamile ukongeza kumanqaku emibongo yeklasi ye-Bengal yobuntu. Oku kubonakaliswa ngokuqaqambileyo kwimisebenzi yembongi eqolileyo yombhali.
Ebomini, iTagare yadala amakhulu emibongo, amabali amabali kunye neenoveli ezi-8, izihloko zobomi belali, iingxaki zoluntu ezizukulwana, impikiswano yezizukulwana, inkolo kunye nabanye. Indawo ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yombhali yathatha umsebenzi we-yeyric wo "umbongo wokugqibela". Imigca yemibongo ibandakanyiwe kwinoveli, yakha isiseko sengoma yomqambi uAlexei Rybnikov, owayevakala kwimovie "awuphupha."
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930, iRabiddranran yaqala ukubhala imisebenzi kwintonga yesayensi. Upapashe izincoko ezininzi ngophando kwi-biology, i-Astronomy kunye neFiziks, kwaye waqulunqa inani lemibongo kunye namabali, apho amazwi ahambelana nolwazi lwemfundo. Imibongo kunye neproses, yenziwa ekutshoneni kwelanga kwithegi, zahlulwe yi-Bymoring Famil kunye nemodeli yokufa ekufeni. Ngokutsho koncwadi, umsebenzi weli xesha waba yeyona ilifa loMdali weBengal.
Umculo kunye nepeyinti
I-Tagare yayingengombhali kuphela kunye nembongi, waba nguMbhali wamawaka amabini angaphezu kwamawaka amabini, aqala ngeengoma zomthandazo kwaye aphela ngohlobo kunye neengoma ze-lyms. Icala lomqambi lomsebenzi we-rabindran lungathengi ngokubhengezwa, kuba isandi esifanelekileyo semigca yemibongo yoMdali weBengal ngokwayo yayingumculo.
Ezinye izicatshulwa zeTatare zaba ziingoma emva kokuba umntu embhali. Ke, ngo-1950, umbongo wakhe waba ngamagama omhobe wesizwe waseIndiya, kwaye ngo-1970s womgca wokulawula "u-Amar Shonar Bangla" ukhethe i-bangladesh kumculo osemthethweni.
I-Rabindran yaphumelela njengomdwebi. Iibritye zayo zezakwimisebenzi engama-2,5 yamawaka enza ukuba zibonakaliswe kwiLizwe labo nakumanye amazwe.
I-Tagare yayinomdla kwimikhwa yobugcisa yexesha elidlulileyo, eyamkelweyo yamkelwe phambili yaza yabasebenzisa kwimizobo yabo. Wazamkela njengomdwebi wegcisa, i-proitivist, imbonakalo. Indalo yakhe yahlulahlulwe ngokukhetha imibala engaqhelekanga, abaphandi banxulunyaniswa neDaltonism, kunye neJoemetric efanelekileyo, ikhokelela ekukhokeleni kwesayensi.
Umsebenzi wentlalo
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900s, iTagare yahlala kwindlu yesini eSantinuthane, engakude kwiCalcutta, apho umsebenzi onomsebenzi woluntu kunye nezopolitiko ahlanganisene. Imbongi yaseka indawo yokuhlala yezilumko, apho isikolo, i-Chapel, imimandla ebanzi enamatyala aluhlaza kunye nethala leencwadi.
Kwangelo xesha, uRabindran waba ngumkhuseli womfanekiso oguqukayo we-tilak kwaye walungelelanisa intshukumo yenkonjana, ethengiswa kwicandelo le-Bengal. Wayengeyonkxaso yamanyathelo agqithisileyo ekhadinali, kodwa wadlala ngotshintsho kwimfundo yemfundo kunye noxolo. Ngo-1921, uTatoo wazakhela "intlalontle" yokuhlala, eyilelwe ukunceda abahlali belali, kwiimali eziqokelelwa kwihlabathi liphela.
Kwaye nge-1930s, umbhali wabhenela kwimbambano yentlalo yeCandelo leCaste. Ngenxa yeengxelo malunga neqela lezifundo ezingamkelekanga kwaye kwimisebenzi yabo, iRabindran ifezekisile ilungelo lobukho kwitempile edumileyo yeKrishna, eyayikwiGuruwaure. Ngo-1940, imbongi yadibana noMahatma Gandhi, inkokeli yenkululeko yeIndiya, iindlela ezinogonyamelo ezazingavumiyo. IiNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo ziye zasinda kwifoto engalibalekiyo kule ntlanganiso.
I-Tagare yahamba kakhulu emhlabeni, yafunda iicawa ezahlukeneyo, zaqhelana nabantu ababephila ngexesha lasekhaya. Umbhali ungaqhelekanga kwingxaki yobuzwe, waxoxisa ngayo ngexesha lokufundisa eUnited States naseJapan, kwaye kamva wanikezelwa kwesi sihloko somsebenzi. Ukugxekwa okubukhali kweRabindran kwabangela uhlaselo lwaseJamani kwiSoviet Union, wagxeka imigaqo-nkqubo kaHitler, egweba kwimbali yezenzo zegazi kunye noloyiso lobulungisa.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nobomi bobuqu beBengal enkulu yaziwa kancinci. Ngo-1883, I-Tagatore itshatile i-10 kaMninalini, eBabatarini Nee. Imitshato kwangoko yamantombazana aseIndiya yayiqhelisela phambili ngelo xesha. Abahlanu bazalelwe kumaqabane, amabini bafa ebuntwaneni bakhe.
Ngo-1890, uRabyndan wathatha iBrazda yeBhodi phezu kwendawo ebanzi ye-geledada kwaye kwiminyaka eyi-8 ndandihamba apho kwintsapho. I-tagsor ichithe ixesha lokuhamba ecaleni komfula wePadme kwi-barge yomtshato, iCent yaqokelela irente yaza sasikelela abalingane.
Ukuqala kwe-1900s yayikwiibhayimu zoMdali weBengal, ixesha lelahleko ebuhlungu. UMzinalini wasweleka ngo-1902 eSantinjithane, emva konyaka rabidranranranranranranse waphulukana nentombi yakhe, emva koko usapho lwetatare lwadlula, luhamba nonyana omncinci lilifa elincinci. Ngo-1907, umntwana omncinci waseTagare waba lixhoba lobhubhane wekholera.
Ukufa
Ngo-1937, uTatore waqalisa ukubandezeleka ngenxa yeentlungu ezingapheliyo, ejongene nokuzikhusela ixesha elide. Wake wakhathazeka kwaye wayekwi-coma kangangexesha elithile. Amaxesha obuyi-fihla athathelwa ingqalelo ixesha xa imeko yomlando yayingamvumeleli ukuba asebenze.
Emva kwelahleko yesibini yokwazi ngo-1940, iRabiddran ayikwazanga ukubuyela kwakhona. Imisebenzi yokugqibela awayalela kubahlobo kunye nonobhala.
Nge-7 ka-Agasti ka-1941, uTatare wasweleka ekhayeni lakhe eJorasanka. Olona thando lokufa aluziwa, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba umbhali wayefuna ukudala kunye nesifo esikhuphayo.
Ukuphela kwebhadi enkulu yaseBengal yaba yintlekele kubantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela ezukisa inkumbulo yakhe, elungiselela imfazwe yokuyila kunye neeholide kwimbeko yakhe.
Iikowuti
Umthombo wokusweleka ukhokelela ekuhambeni kwamanzi okuma. Ilindile - indlela yotywala bokomoya.Xa ndawa ezinyaweni zakhe, wandilahla. Ukuphosa ulonwabo, siyayeka ukuziva uyolo.I-Bibliography
- 1881 - "Iingoma zangokuhlwa"
- 1883 - "uNxweme lweBibhi"
- 1891 - "ukhwele indlela"
- 1893 - "nenekazi"
- 1910 - "Gitanjali"
- Ngo-1916 - "Ubomi obune"
- Ngo-1925 - "Iingoma zangokuhlwa"
- Ngo-1929 - "umbongo wokugqibela"
- Ngo-1932 - "Ukugqitywa"
- Ngo-1933 - "Oodade Ababini"
- Ngo-1934 - "Malancha" ("igadi yeentyatyambo")
- Ngo-1934 - "Izahluko ezine"