Biography
UPaul Ekman yinzululwazi yaseMelika - i-psychologists, ugqirha wezenzululwazi, owayesakuba ngumfundisi weDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia, osichitha ubomi babubuxoki. Umbhali onetalente, ekhangela impendulo kumbuzo ukuba kutheni abantu bexoka kwaye bengamamkeli kwinkolelo, benza indlela yokufunda "inyani yenyani" yobomi boluntu kunye nezinye iindawo zobomi boluntu.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UPaul Ecman wazalwa ngoFebruwari 15, 1934 eWashington, kwisithili seColumbia. Utata wakhe wayengumama, kodwa umama wegqwetha. Udade kaJodce wayesebenzisa i-psychology kwaye ngaphambi kokuba umhlala phantsi asebenze eNew York.
Njengomntwana, i-ECMman yayingumntwana obalaseleyo ofanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, eneminyaka eli-15 wangena kwiDyunivesithi yaseChicago, apho iminyaka emi-3 wafumana isidanga se-cachelor kwi-psychology. Ngelo xesha, uPawulos wayenomdla kwiindibano zokunyanga yeqela, oqhutywa phakathi kombhali uSusan Sontab, UMlawuli Mike Nuchols kunye noMthengi Welne May.
Olu qheliselo lube ngumxholo wophando lokuqala lwe-Ekman yaseNew York yeNew York phantsi kwesikhokelo seNquya kaNjingalwazi.
Ngo-1955, uPawulos waphumelela kwiSikolo seDyunivesithi yase-Adelphi seDyunivesithi kwaye sakhusela i-Dessertal yaKhe kwi-Discourtion kwi-Psychology yeKliniki leyo. Umsebenzi wakhe wasungulwa ngokuqaphela kwezigulana ze-psychogralogical iZiko le-Langley Porter kwaye uzinikele kuphando lobuso kunye neefowuni.
Ngo-1958, uEkman wacela emkhosini ukuya kwisikhundla se-psychologist yengqondo, apho, ukongeza kwinzaliseko yomsebenzi ngqo, walandela utshintsho kwi-internation ngexesha loqeqesho olusisiseko.
I-Psychology
Ekupheleni kwenkonzo yasemkhosini, umgangatho ufunda amanqaku okuziphatha okuthetha kwizigulana esibhedlele ukuze palo alto veterans. Ngo-1963, ezi zifundo zanceda inzululwazi incinci ukuba ifumane isibonelelo esivela kwiZiko leNgqondo lezeNtloko (NET), yona kule minyaka ingama-40 izayo kwi-40 yeeprojekthi ze-EKman ekufumaneni ukungafani kwengqondo.
Ukwandisa isangqa sendawo yezinto eziphantsi kwesifundo, ngo-1965 uPawulos wathumela umdla kwindawo yenkcubeko. Ekuqaleni, walandelela iimvakalelo kunye nezimbo zomzimba wabemi besiqithi se-bali kwiifilimu ze-anthery nge-anthery ye-onepologist, emva koko waya ePapua New Guinea ukuba abukele abameli bezizwe zasendle. Iziphumo zeminyaka emi-3 yomsebenzi yayikukungqinisisa imfundiso kaDarwini yaseDarwini yendalo yomntu ngamnye kunye nokupapashwa kwabasebenzi phantsi kwegama "Inkqubo ye-ensions intshukumo yobuntu."
Ngo-1967, i-ECMman, kunye nodonga lomlingane kunye nodonga lomkhosi, frizeni kunye ne-meureen maureen O'san O'SALLEEN Iba nomdla kwibala lobuxoki. Ukufunyanwa kokuqala kule ndawo yenzululwazi yenzekile kwinkqubo yokujonga abantu bezigulana abanotyekelo lokuzibulala bezama ukufihla iinjongo zezenzo zabo.
Umgangatho wophando odityaniswe nokufundisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia kwiSebe lezengqondo. Apho wakhokela le projekthi ebizwa ngokuba "wizard" kwaye wafunda amandla abantu ukuba babone ubuxoki. Emva kokuvavanywa abantu abangama-20 abavela kumaleko ohlukeneyo oluntu, kubandakanya abameli beenkonzo ze-FBI kunye neenkonzo ezizodwa, uEkman wafumanisa ukuba zizifundo ezingama-50 kuphela zokuchonga inkohliso ngokuchaneka ubuncinci i-80% ubuncinci.
"I-Worvda Wizards" yayinobuchule bendalo ukwamkela imicrowaves kwaye babone ukungangqinelani kweemvakalelo, ulwimi lomzimba kunye namazwi athethayo. Ekupheleni kovavanyo, umgangatho waqhubeka nokusebenza nabaphumeleleyo ukuze uphendule umbuzo: apho ubuchule bokuchonga buvela khona.
Ukongeza, isazinzulu senzululwazi yengqondo yenze isimo sokuqala 'se-Wizards ", esebenzisa ukuba yeyiphi, umntu ngamnye anokumisela ukuba kukhusela njani ukukhohlisa. "Ithiyori ixoki" yaba lishishini lobomi bukaEkman namahlakani akhe. Inzululwazi yapapasha imisebenzi emininzi eyayinikele kule ngxaki, kwaye emva kokuba ihambe kwi-Profilesship, yaseka inkampani yeqela likaPaul Ekman Iqela (i-PEG).
Iincwadi kunye neefilimu
Ukususela ngo-1957, uEkman waqala ukupapasha uphando lwayo kwicandelo lezengqondo kunye nohlalutyo lokuziphatha. Kwimpapasho yokuqala, wachaza iindlela zokulinganisa unxibelelwano olungangqinelani, oluphuculwe kwi-Internrip kwiZiko le-Neuropsychitric Langley Porter. UPawulos wafumanisa ukuba intshukumo yobuso edale imfuziselo yobuso inokuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kusetyenziswa izifundo zobungqina. Ngokoluvo lwakhe, abantu bayakwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona imfuyo engamawaka ama-10, amawaka ama-3 ahambelana neemvakalelo.
Kwinkqubo yokuhamba kwe "Prossoction Codi", epapashwe ngo-1978 ngokubambisana nodonga oluphawulayo, umgangatho wachaza "iilebheli zeMpuma, ubuthongo, uvuyo, uvuyo, uvuyo, uvuyo, uvuyo kunye nabanye. Ngokusekwe kule nto, abaphandi baphuhlise inkqubo eyangenisayo ye-Anatomic echaza zonke iintshukumo ezibonakalayo zomntu obonakalayo kwindalo enye okanye enye imvakalelo.
Ngo-1990, isazisi sasongenisa uluhlu lweenkcazo ezingena ezingena ezingena ezingena ezingena kwindima, kodwa nakwizimbo zomzimba kunye nezimbo zomzimba. Kubandakanya ukudelela, ulwaneliseko, iintloni, uchulumanco, iiwayini, ikratshi, ukukhululeka, ukoneliseka, ihlazo.
Ukongeza, umgangatho nomntu osebenza naye uphuhlisiwe kwaye wachaza izixhobo ezivumela ukuchonga amazwe acocekileyo avela ukuba avele ukuba anyanzelise ukucinezela iimvakalelo. Incede i-psychingaras yengqondo "yokufunda" yezigulana ezine-Asperger's Syndrome kunye ne-Autism.
Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, uEneman wadalwa waza wapapasha uvavanyo oludumileyo olubizwa ngokuba "yimifanekiso ye-PATABIT" (i-PAFA), equlathe imifanekiso engama-110 emnyama nemhlophe eboniswa ziimvakalelo ezi-6 jikelele kunye neendlela zokungathathi hlangothi. Ndivavanye abantu abanamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezempilo yengqondo, yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokuthengisa kwezonyango kwihlabathi liphela.
Imisebenzi eqolileyo ye-Ekman inikezelwe kwi "Ithiyori eyiyo", iSayensi yayifuna iimpendulo kwimibuzo: Kutheni le nto abantu bebalisa ubuxoki, ukuba bangalichaza njani ixoki ngoncedo lokuqaphela kwaye bangowuphi abantu abanokukwenza. Ngeli xesha, uPawulos wabhala le ncwadi ethi "Kutheni le nto abantwana be-LOGut", "I-Psychology Bulle", "fumana ixoki kwimbonakaliso yobuso" kunye nabanye.
Ngo-2008, i-ECman yapapasha incoko nge-sage dalai enkulu ye-dalai xiv, apho abameli ababalaseleyo bexoxa ngezihloko ezitshisayo kwaye bazama ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi yefilosofi. "I-Psychology yokulingana" ithe yayisebenzisa ulwazi lwabafundi malunga nesayensi kunye nezenkolo, iindlela zemvakalelo, ezomeleleyo zokufezekisa ukulingana ngokweemvakalelo kunye neendlela zokufezekisa uvuyo.
Ku-2000s, ukuthandwa kukaEkman kwamkhokelela kumabonwakude. Ngo-2001, uPawulos wasebenzisana noMgcini weBritane Acking John onoluhlu lweTV yeTV ye-BBC "Ubuso boMntu". Injongo yale projekthi yayikukufundisisa umntu ofana nosapho, umtsalane kunye nokukwazi ukuveza iimvakalelo ngaphandle koncedo lwamagama.
Ngo-2009, isazinzulu senzululwazi yengqondo yaba yiPrototype yoMlinganiswa ophambili wenqaku elithi "undikhohlise", uGqirha Fin Lightman, okhokela "iqela leenkosi ukuba lizibone ubuxoki. Umboniso, ngokuyinxenye kwi-biography kaEkman, uqalise kwi-fox yomjelo ngonyaka ka-2009 kwaye wabakho ngamaxesha ama-3. UPaul wayengumphathi weqela lefilimu kunye noPima rota rota owenza eyona ndima iphambili kule projekthi yeTV.
Olu ngcelele lwalubonakalisa iindlela zokuchonga inkohliso ifakwe ngu-Ekman ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, iphinde yabonisa ukuba izinto ezingenamda zibonisa "ithiyori eyixoki" ukumisela ubulungisa kwaye ziphumeze ubulungisa.
Ngo-2015, uPawulos wanceda umlawuli uPete i-doteter emsebenzini kwifilimu "yepuzzle". Inzululwazi yabhala isikhokelo sokuba abazali bavakalise indlela yokufumana imbali efanelekileyo ukuze abantwana babe nako ukuba bafumane eyabo iimvakalelo kunye nokubonakalisa iimvakalelo zabalinganiswa abaziinyani.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bobuqu kaPaul Ekman uyazi kancinci, ukuba ngugqirha wezengqondo, ukhetha ukugcina ubudlelwane bosapho emfihlekweni.
Kwintshayelelo kwincwadi ethi "Kutheni abantwana besithi" Umbhali wakhankanya uNyana okhule umntwana ongamfumananga, Ngubani umntu okwiminyaka yakhe uMariya uAnnan, elungiselela iqela elinomsindo kwindlu yelizwe ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo. Embindini womsebenzi Kukho izahluko ezininzi ezinikezelwe kumbhali wemveli, apho imizekelo yolwalamano olusekwe kumava abo ziqwalaselwa.
UEkman unentombi, uEva, owaba ngugqirha wesayensi. Kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni, ugqirha wengqondo wayethetha malunga nomsebenzi wawo odibeneyo kupapasho lwe "Atlas zemvakalelo" ngenkxaso yeDalai Lama, epapashwe ngoNovemba 2018.
NguPaul Ekman ngoku
I-Ekman yingcali yengqondo esebenza kwiqela likaPaul Ekman, elizimisele uqeqesho lwengqondo, uhlalutyo lokuziphatha kunye neminye imiba yengqondo ye-Psychology Psychology Psychology yengqondo.
Ngoku uMsunguli kunye neNkokeli "PIG" iqhuba uqeqesho lwabasebenzi phantsi kwenkqubo ye-EKman yoNxulumene ne-EKman. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla yonyaka ka-2019, i-Ekman icwangcisa ukuqhuba iisemina eziphuma eNgilane, apho iintsuku ezi-3 ziya kuqeqeshwa yiMamitions yokuziphatha kunye nohlalutyo lwemiqondiso yomlomo.
I-Bibliography
- "Kutheni abantwana bexoka"
- "I-Psychology yoBuxoki"
- "Fumana ixoki lokubonisa ubuso"
- "Imvakalelo yengqondo"
- Ubulumko beMpuma neNtshona '
I-filmography
- Ngo-2001 - "ubuso bomntu"
- Ngo-2009 ukuya ku -111 - "Ndikhohlise"
- Ngo-2015 - "Puzzle"