Biography
Umbhali wesiNgesi uMary Shelly waziwa njengoMdali wenoveli "uFrankenstein, okanye promeles." I-biegraphy yayo iyathelekiswa neMonster Dr. Viktor Frankenstein: iqokelelwe kwimizuzu eyonwabileyo, iingxaki ezilusizi kunye neziganeko ezimbi. Lo ngumfazi ongcwatywe indoda yakhe (iPoet Persi Veech Shelly), utata nonina, abantwana abane, kodwa kude kube sekupheleni kwendalo kunye netalente.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-NEE Mary Walstonkraft i-hlowin yazalwa nge-30 ka-Agasti kwi-Union Shimiam i-theiam kunye ne-XVII edumileyo ye-XVII ye-XVII ye-XVII ye-XVII ye-XVII ye-XVII. Intsapho yamiswa yintombi kaMariya kumtshato wokuqala kunye ne-chartrater giclert wecle - fanni inye (1794).
Kwinyanga emva kokuvela kukaMariya, umama wabulawa ngosulelo lwe-intrauterine, kwaye abantwana bahlala bekhathalela i-themwin. Wayenamatyala. Ukuziva ungakwazi ukuzimela gebhetha iintombi ezimbini, uWilliam wakhawuleza wakhangela kwiqabane lesibini.
Nge-18 kaDisemba, u-Thixo wamkela uMary Jane Clarmont, umfazi ofundileyo onabantwana ababini - uCharles noClaire. Uninzi lwabahlobo bakaWilliam babengalithandi iqabane elitsha, wayethathwa njengomoya oqatha kwaye akacaphuki. Ubudlelwane kunye nomthendeleko ongumama kwaye uMariya akazange aphuhliswe: iClaerson yehlise abantwana bakhe kuphela, benganikeli ingqalelo kwiintombi zikaThixo.
Umtshato awuphuculanga imeko yezoqoqosho: UWilliam wathatha imali mboleko entsha ukuba ihlawule abantu abadala. Intlupheko ayivumeli uMariya wemfundo epheleleyo. Utata wakhokela iintombi ngoqeqesho, ezivumelekileyo kwiincwadi zethala leencwadi. Eminye intombi yamantombazana ayinika usuku lokuzalwa e-themwin, kubandakanya nembongi uSamuweli Caylor kaliridge.
Ngo-1811, uMary wabanjwa sisiqingatha sonyaka kwiSikolo sokuBekwa kweRamgitis, kwaye ngoJuni kunyaka olandelayo, utata wakhe wamthumela ukuba aphile eScotland, kwintsapho yaseBritam Biliam Bakster. Kwidayari, i-Iteter yabhala ukuba uMariya wakhuliswa 'njengefilosofi, njengoCynic. " Intombazana yayihlala kabini eBotany, ngoMatshi 30, 18, 1814 ibuyele ekhayeni lakhe.
Iincwadi
I-Roman ngePoet Gersi Bishi Shelly kunye nobuhlobo kunye neGeorge Gordon Byron ngokucacileyo ibonakaliswa ngomsebenzi wombhali. Ngenye imini, ezintathu, zihleli ngasemlilweni, zathilwa ngomlilo, yathiwa, yaza i-Bayan eya kwimpikiswano ukuba ibhale ibali malunga neziporho. Kwangobo busuku, le ntombazana iphupha ngososayensi ofanayo oqokelele isidalwa esikhutshiweyo. Yayiphila.
Kwisiseko sombuso osisisu sikaMariya ephupheni lakhe, wacwangcisa ukubhala ibali, kodwa uPercy wamnceda wandise umbono kwinoveli epheleleyo. NgoJanuwari 1, 1818, i-Debut kunye nomsebenzi odumileyo wombhali uFrankenstein, okanye i-promeles yale mihla yeza emhlabeni. Ushicilelo lokuqala lwenoveli, equka ikopi engama-500, yakhululwa ngokungaziwa. Abafundi baphakamise ukuba uMbhali-uPercy Bishi Heishill: Ubhale intshayelelo, uqhagamshela noMariya noyise uWitliam Thixo uhlonin.
Inguqulelo yesibini yeFrankenstein yakhutshwa nge-11 ka-Agasti, 1823, kwaye uShelley noShelley wabonakaliswa kwiphepha lephepha. Esona sixhaphakileyo yinguqulo yesithathu yenoveli, ngo-Okthobha ngo-Okthobha nge-31 ka-1831. Uye waxhaswa yintshayelelo entsha, apho uMariya waxelela i-figo enamandla yemvelaphi yembali.
Ngo-2008, uCharles I. URobinson wakhupha umsebenzi "we-FlonanstansteinXhosa". Ufunde umbhalo wokuqala kaMary Shelley kwaye waphawula ukuba loluphi utshintsho kwinkalo-lokhuseleko enamagalelo kuyo.
Ngokusekwe kwi-frankenstein, imisebenzi emininzi, umculo, izihlangu, izikhululo zikanomathotholo zenziwe. Ifilimu yowe-1931 yowe-1931 ithathwa njenge-classic, kwaye umzobo oncomekayo we-monster yi-macularhun, njengeendawo zeglasi phantsi kweenkulungwane eziphantsi, ukukhula okuphezulu - kwaba yikekelo.
Kwithuba eliphakathi kwe-1819 ne-1820, uMariya wabhala inoveli "matilda", eyapapashwa kuphela ngo-1959 ngenxa yemixholo-ukuzibulala kunye nokuphakamisa kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ivuyisa kakhulu eShelley, eyathi yabulala abantwana abancinci abaselula, kwakunzima ukulindela. Kwangelo xesha, wadala ibali lembali "Valperga, okanye uBomi kunye ne-Adventures yeKastrumcho, iPrince Lucci."
Ngo-1826, kwapapashwa umsebenzi wesibini omninzi - inoveli 'indoda yokugqibela ", ethi, nangona kunjalo, ayiyi kuthenjiswa ngokuthandwa nguFrankenstein. Izenzo zenzeka kwiShelley 2073. Apha, abantu bakhwela amahashe, iinqanawa zibhabha ngokupheleleyo nge-seils, iimfazwe ziqhutywa kunye nompu, kwaye eyona ndlela ihamba ngokukhawuleza yentshukumo.
Inoveli iquka imiqulu emithathu, umntu ngamnye uxela ngeXesha loBomi abaphambili - Lionel Vernea kunye nodade wabo Perditi, Prince Adrian kunye nodade wabo.
Umthamo wokuqala uchaza abalinganiswa abakhulayo, kwaye ugxininiso lweShelley lwenza imeko yezopolitiko ehlabathini, kwesi sibini iququzelela isibetho sesibetho, sitshabalalisa ubuntu. Inguqulelo yaseRussia ye "Umntu wokugqibela" wavela kuphela ngo-2010.
Kwi-1830s, uShelley wakhupha iinoveli "(1830), "gcina" (1835) kunye ne "Falkner" (1837), efumene amanqaku abhaliweyo ngamaphephancwadi asetyhini. Ngo-1836, uBawo uMariya wasweleka. Wayeka ukukhupha ubume bakhe, kwaye intombi yakhawuleza yazalisekisa ukuthanda kukaMfi, kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-2 akazange avume le mbono.
Ngenxa yombhali, ubuchule bomntu oswelekileyo ngu-1837 waziwa ngokubanzi: UMariya wapapasha umbongo kumaphephandaba, kumaphepha emisebenzi yabo. Kunyaka kamva, owona mshicileli uphambili uEdward Moxson wakhutshwa ingqokelela yemibhalo yakhe enemibhalo engezantsi yebhayiloji.
Ubomi Buqu
I-Comty bishi Shelly, umyeni wexesha elizayo uMariya, unamathele kwizimvo zikaWilliam Thixo, echazwe kubuSebenzili "ngokuBulungisa kwezopolitiko" (1793). Imbongi iya kuhamba naye kangangokuba wathembisa ukubuyisa amatyala efilosofi. Nangona kunjalo, intsapho yesityebi ye-Aristoc yobutyebi ayizange ivume ukuba imali mboleko ngenxa yobutshaba bobuqu kwimisebenzi ka-Thixovin. Emva kweenyanga ezininzi, izithembiso oselula zazisa ukuba akakwazi ukunceda ngokufanelekileyo kwezemali. Isithandi-sobulumko, esiva isihlunu, sikhutshiwe uqhagamshelo olunobuhlobo.
Ibonakala rhoqo endlwini kaThixo, uMariya kunye nenkamela ihlatywe ngovelwano. Ngokufihlakeleyo wadibana nengcwaba lonina wonina, bavuma ukuba bathandane. Umhla walo msitho uyaziwa ngombulelo obuthile kwi-diariy Ready-June 26, 1814. Ngemini elandelayo, le ntombazana yaxelela uBawo ngokunxulumana noPercy, kwaye yena, okhwankqiswe yintombi yakhe, waqhankqalaza.
NgoJulayi 28, esi sibini sasinda kwiFrance, sithatha udade uMariya, uClaire kunye naye, eNgilane, wayekhulelwe inkosikazi kaShelley - Horiery Mnu. Kwiminyaka emi-2 emva kokuzalwa konyana uCharles, lo mfazi waye ngaselwandle, akakwazi ukunyamezela ubomi obunjalo. Kuhambo olwaliwe kwaye uMariya ngokwaYe. Ukuba ubuyile ekhaya nge-13 kaSeptemba, umntu othanda abathandayo wabhenela ukuba uza kunceda i-Thixo, kodwa wayengafuni ukuba nento efana nentombi yakhe.
UPercy, eshiya iPercy uMariya ekhaya, wahamba noClaire, owaba ngumxhathisi wakhe, kwaye uMariya, othuthuzelwa ziingalo zikaThomas Hog, igqwetha kunye nomhlobo osondeleyo waseShelley. Ubomi besi sibini azange bahlupheke kutshintsho - bobabini bakholelwa kuthando lwasimahla kwaye banxunguphele.
NgoFebruwari 22, 1815, uMariya wazala intombi ngaphambi kwexesha kangangeenyanga ezi-2. Usweleke nge-6 kaMatshi. Ibhinqa lawela uxinzelelo, ndiye ndabona umntwana kuyo yonke indawo. Amaphupha omntwana adityaniswa ngonyaka enyakeni kamva: NgoJanuwari 24, 1816, indlalifa kwindlalifa ukuze uYele ungu-Meliam wavela. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu, uMariya wacelwa ukuba abize ngokuba "nguNkosikazi."
NgoDisemba 30, 1816, esi sibini satshata, kwaye ngoSeptemba 2, ngaloo nyaka uMariya wazala intombi kaClara. Kubo bobabini abantwana bengabelwanga ebomini obude: NgoSeptemba 1818, uClara wasweleka, ngoJuni 1819 - UWilliam. UShelley wangena kuxinzelelo olukhoyo. NgoNovemba 12, 1819, uPercy Florence wazalwa - ekuphela komntwana osindayo.
Nge-27 kaFebruwari 1819, imbongi yazisa nguyise ka-Elena Adelaide - ngenxa yokuba nentombazana yama-mariya. Akwaziwa ukuba umntwana wakhe owenyanisweni, oko kucingelwa ukuba uClaire wazala eBhairon.
NgoJuni 16, 1822, uMariya wayesekufeni ukufa: Wayekuphathelele ukuba alahlekelwe ligazi elininzi. Ugqirha wabusindisa ubomi bakhe, uzinza ebhete ngomkhenkce. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, kwa kwenzeka okunye umcimbi okhathazekileyo - nge-1 kaJulayi-pischi Shelly kunye nomhlobo wakhe uEdward Williams wasweleka kwinqanawa. Imizimba yabo yasusa iintsuku ezili-10 emva kwesiphango. I-Helly yatshixwa endaweni.
Ngo-1826, uJohn Howda, umlingisi waseMelika, wenza ukuba uMariya anikezwe. Wala, esithi sele itshatile enye ubuhlakani kunye nomyeni wakhe olandelayo mabangabi netalente. Emva kwexesha, umbhali waseFransi oPhakamileyo uMerima, i-biographir edwar Joorn Trensi kunye nezopolitiko eBry Boklerk ibango. Akukho mntu uphumelele kwindawo yeShelley.
Ukufa
Ngeminyaka yee-1840, uSherey uShelly wayehlala nonyana ka-Gerce Florence, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uJane Gibson, intombi yase-Erican Thomas Gibson.
Ukususela ngo-1849, umbhali wabandezeleka eMigraine, ngamanye amaxesha umzimba wakhe wadideka. Isifo sikaShelley saphila iminyaka emi-2, wasweleka nge-1 kaFebruwari, nge-1851 eneminyaka engama-53 ubudala. Ngokufanelekileyo, unobangela wokufa yayiyingqondo yomhlaza.
UMariya wakubonisa ukuba uza kumngcwabela ecaleni kukanina notata wakhe eSt. Pescår eLondon, kodwa imeko yamangcwaba ngelo xesha yayixinzelelo. UJane Gibson wangcwaba umkhwenyana kwiCawe yaseSt. Petermouth of St.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yokufa, ibhokisi yavulwa, ilandelwa nguMariya. Kwafunyaniswa iinwele zonwele lwabantwana bakhe abafileyo, incwadi yenqaku, apho umbhalo obhaliweyo we-pischi we-Pischi Wea Weach wabhalwa ngaphambili imibongo, iqhekeza lentliziyo yakhe.
I-Bibliography
- 1817 - "Imbali yohambo lweeveki ezintandathu"
- Ngo-1818 - "Frankenstein, okanye i-promeles yanamhlanje"
- 1819 - "Matilda"
- Ngo-1823 - "Walperga, okanye ubomi kunye nokufika kweKestrchcho, iNkosana Lucca"
- Ngo-1826 - "Indoda yokugqibela"
- Ngo-1830- "i-faes perkitha yemfazwe"
- I-1835 - "I-SODD"
- 1837 - "Falkner"