Biography
Si-3 isikhundla sika-US uMongameli uLindon Johnson uthathe uxanduva lwelizwe ngokukhawuleza emva kokufa kakhulu kukaJohn F. Kanyenedy. Kwiminyaka emi-4, ipolitiki yakhokelela kumzabalazo oyimpumelelo kunye nentlupheko, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo ngokonqulo kunye nonqulo, kodwa ilahlekile i-Vietnamese kunye nempilo yakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Linden Biain Johnson yazalwa nge-27 ka-Agasti, i-1908 kwifama ekufuphi, eTexas, yaza yaba mkhulu wabantwana abahlanu uSamuelson junior. Emva kwexesha kusapho, uSam Houston, uRebheka, uYosefu noLucia bavela entsatsheni. Kunyanyeko, inkwenkwe yazuza njengelifa isiNgesi, isiJamani kunye neengcambu zaseScotland.
UJohnson wayengumntwana wokuncokola, esikolweni sathatha inxaxheba kwiintetho zikawonke-wonke, iingxoxo-mpikiswano, zabandakanyeka kwi-baseball, ilawulwa kuzo zonke izifundo. Ukufuna ukwazi kunye nokuguquguquka kwengqondo kuvunyelwe iLyndon ngo-1923 ukuba yeyona kamnandi kaJohnson City High School.
Abazali banyanzelisa ukuba unyana uye ekholejini ngaphambili. Ngo-1926, uMongameli we-United States ungenela iYunivesithi yaseTexas, kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-2, waphosa imfundo yakhe yokufundisa abantwana baseMexico.
Emva kwexesha uJohnson ukhumbula oku:
"Ndikhumbula iintlungu ekufezekiseni ukuba ikholeji ivaliwe kubafundi besikolo incinci yaseMexico: abazali babo babengamahlwempu kakhulu. Mhlawumbi, kwathi ke ndagqiba kwelokuba andizukuthoba ngelixa ulwazi ngekhe lufumaneke nakubani na lwaseMelika. "Umsebenzi wexesha elingesosigxina wanceda uLindon ukuba agcinele imali yokuhlawula iyunivesithi. I-cum inomfana ongowe-1930. Izakhono ezikhulelweyo kwizakhono zolutsha ezinikezelayo ezibonelele ngendawo yotitshala ophikisayo kwaye i-raritoric kwiSikolo saseHouston, emva koko sabameli baseMelika.
Umsebenzi wezopolitiko
ICongressman Richard M. Sleberg ngo-1931 inyule uLindon Johnson kumbhala wakhe. Isikhundla satsalwa ngumfana hayi uninzi lwemisebenzi, ukuba uthandane kangakanani na: Abahlobo baseMelika babengabancedisi boMongameli oSebenzayo waseFranklin Roosevelt, uMongameli uJohren Samner kunye neCongressman Sam Raibern.
UJohnson wakhutshwa ngempumelelo kwigumbi lethu lokuma ngo-1937. Kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi, wanamathela "i-New" Roosevelt, eyayingagutyungelwa nguMongameli kaMongameli: uLiyon omiselwe ukukhokela ukusebenza kwe-Europe Jangeli. UJohnson wanceda amakhulu akhe amakhulu amaNgqina ukuba angenelela abasebenzi ngeCuba, iMexico noMzantsi Merika.
Ngo-1948, emva konyulo olunesidima, abachasi ababekrokrela uJohnson kwi-Frauds kunye ne-bulletins, babalekela kwi-Senate yase-US. Ezopolitiko zaye zaziwa ngokuba "bubuchule" boogxa bamanye amagunya uRichard Russell noSam Rairen, inkxaso eyaye yancedwa ngunyulo olungaphezulu.
Kwithuba lakhe, uJohnson, oxhalabileyo malunga nesoyikiso solawulo lweSoviet endaweni yangaphandle, libalaselisa umba-mtshato we-Aeronautics kunye ne-cosmonautics ngo-1958. Enkosi kolu xwebhu eUnited States kwavela i-NASA.
Sele kuloo minyaka, uLindon Johnson wazibonakalisa njengomphathi onamava kunye nengqondo, kwiimbali zababhali-mbali bambonisa njenge "Wake eWashington." Ezopolitiko zazikwazi amandla kunye nobuthathaka babalingane babo kunye nabachasi, ikhethe kunye namathambo kwi-borest, indlela yokuloyisa iivoti zabo.
NgoJulayi 1955, uJohnson, ukutshaya icuba ezingama-60 ngemini, kodwa ekugqibeleni kwasekupheleni konyaka, kodwa ukuphela konyaka wazisa injongo yakhe ukuba ibaleke kwitheko ledemokhrasi. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuphiswano enesidima ivela kuYohane F. Kanyenedy. Izakhono zengqondo kunye nomtsalane wendalo wabalaselisa umfana ngemvelaphi yesimo esingqongqo, esimayindi.
Abantu baseMelika bakhetha i-Kennedy. NgoJanuwari 1961, ngaxeshanye, kwangaxeshanye ngokubekwa kukaMongameli, uYohnson wonyulwa lisekela lakhe. Kucingelwa ukuba uKennedy wacebisa uLindon isithuba esivela kwintlonelo kwaye silindelwe. Kude kube lo mhla wokugqibela, umthetho weKennedy wawungahambi.
UJohnson, wayeqhele ukusebenza ekunxibeleni nasekusombululeni imisebenzi eliqela kwangaxeshanye, wayefuna ukukhulisa imigaqo-siseko njengesiqhelo somongameli. UKennedy wamyalela imiba yezokhuseleko, ukufuduka, imfundo kunye nesayensi, ngokukodwa-i-aeronautics. Ngo-1961, i-USSR yaqala yathumela umntu ukuba umntu abeke indawo, kwaye uMongameli wacela iprojekthi evela kuJohnson, eyayinokusivumela ukuba sibamba.
NgoNovemba 22, 1963, 2 kwiiyure ezi-8 emva kokubulawa kukaJohn Kennedy, "Ibhodi" ye-rahrnson iphantsi kwembono ka-Theaww Jacqueline U-United States. IBhayibhile ayiguqukeli ecaleni, kwaye ngokunyaniseka kwipolitiki yombuso yafunga iRoma. Iifoto ezivela kumsitho zithathwa njengeyona mifanekiso idumileyo eyakha yenziwa kwindiza kaMongameli.
Kwinkumbulo ye-PREACTESS Johnson wabela igama likaJohn Kennedy kwi-Cape, kwaye eyenza iKhomishini yeHlabathi yokuphanda umgwebo wase-Mongameli. IBhodi kaJohnson yaqhubeka kwithuba lezoqoqosho elichumileyo, kunye nentswela-ngqesho ephantsi. I-United States ngelo xesha ayifakwanga iimbambano ezinkulu nezizwe, kwaye utyholwa loongameli ajonge kwipolitiki yasekhaya, kwaye emva kowe-1966 - emfazweni eVietnam.
Kunyaka wokuqala, uLindson wangena emfazweni nentlupheko, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubuhlanga kunye nonqulo lobuhlanga kunye nonqulo. Iingcamango zakhe zahlulwa kwiNkqubo "yoMbutho" omkhulu. Utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo woqoqosho lulandelwe, enkosi apho umvuzo wobuqu wamaMelika ngo-1966 wenyuka nge-15%.
Ngo-1965, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bafumana ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo, kunye nokubulawa komlo wokulwa kwamalungelo amnyama uVol Liuixio bagxeka amalungu e-Kumux egcwele. UJohnson wababiza "uluntu lwezinto ezifundwayo kwi-hoods", ekufuneka uyibuyisele kwimibutho esetyenzisiweyo, ayikabikho phelelo. " Waba nguMongameli wokuqala ukususela oko i-Grafti uLungi, eyabanjwa yaza yagwetywa ngamalungu e-Ku-Klux. Ndikunye noJosen, abantu baseAfrika baseMelika kuqala baqala ukuhlala kwizithuba zomsebenzi.
Ngenxa yeBhodi yeLindon, inani labantu baseMelika abaphila ngaphaya kwentlupheko inciphile ukusuka kwi-23% ukuya kwi-12%, abantwana abakhulelweyo kwiintsapho ezinjalo, ngemfundo efundileyo yasimahla.
Uthotho lwababulawa luphezulu - uJohn Kennedy kunye nomntakwabo Robert, uMartin Luther King - wakhonza njengesizathu sokusayina umthetho wokulawulwa kwengalo. Olu xwebhu lwandise uluhlu lwabantu abangavunyelwanga ukuba nesixhobo esazisa "ilayisensi yokuqokelela", eyavumela "ukubangela kwaye kuqinisekiswe izixhobo" zokufumana irhafu.
Ukusilela kobuxoki eVietnam, izizathu ezichazwe kwiinkcukacha kwifilimu yefilimu "(2002), yabuthathaka igunya likaJohnson. Kunyulo oluphambili luka-1968, wafumana amanqaku angama-49%, kunye ne-Everist Eegene McCardy i-42%. Ngokuphathelene noku, uLindon wagqiba kwelokuba angabaleki ukuba abongameli kwikota yesibini. I-Richard yakhe yayiyiRicard Nixon.
Ubomi Buqu
Umfazi kaLindon Johnson waba yiClaudia Alta Taylor, ebizwa ngokuba yi-lady ntaka (inenekazi. Igama lesidlaliso, elaseluntwaneni le ntombazana lanika i-nanny, eneneni laba ligama layo: i-LYndon ibizwa ngokuba yiCladia Berd, igama elifanayo libhaliwe kwisatifikethi somtshato.
Isibonelelo sokutshata uJohnson wavakaliswa ngomhla wokuqala. I-lady ntaka yayingafuni ukungxama ngomtshato, kodwa emva kweeveki ezili-10 zathi ewe. Umbhiyozo wenzeka kwiCawa ye-Episcopal yeSt. Marko eSan Antonio, eTexas. UClaudia wasinda mithathu ephosakeleyo ngaphambi komhla we-linda berd (1944) kunye noLucy Bane (1947) bavela. Inyaniso enomdla: amaqabane kunye nabantwana baneendawo ezifanayo ze-lbj.
I-Lady Berd yayikuphela komfazi osemthethweni kaJohnson, kodwa ebomini bakhe imigaqo-nkqubo ayizange ihlawulwe ngaphandle kothando. Kude kube ngo-1967 wayekrwada kunye noAlice weglasi - iphepha lephepha-ndaba elithandayo li-charles marsha, ngo-1948 wadibana ne-Acquette eselula. Kucingelwa ukuba umntwana wakhe wesibini, uStephen Brown brown, umfazi wazala eLiyon. "Unyana" wazama ukubonisa ukubandakanyeka kwintsapho kaMongameli, kodwa ngo-1989 waphulukana nenkundla.
Ukufa
EyoMfihlakalo, ukufundisisa okuqinisekayo ukuba ukufa kuyakufumana iJohnson eneminyaka engama-64: ipolitiki itshaya kakhulu, yayinesisindo kakhulu (ngo-1970 i-107 kg) kunye neengxaki zentliziyo. NgoJanuwari 20, 1973, uLindson wasinda kuhlaselo lwentliziyo lwesithathu, ngenxa yoko wavakaliswa efile. Wayeneminyaka engama-64 ubudala.
Umngcwabo kaJohnson wenzeka kwiCawe kaZwelonke yamaKristu esiXeko yaseJamani eWashington, umfundi kaMongameli uRichard Nixon. Umzimba uhlala kwi-wierytown yezopolitiko - kwi-studolet, kumangcwaba abucala osapho.
Amabhaso
- Imbasa "yeKhogsha yaseMelika"
- Inkwenkwezi yesilivere
- Imbasa "yephulo le-Asia-Pacific"
- I-DESOST I-MEDICER kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi
- Imbasa kaMongameli yenkululeko