Biography
Kwikwayara ye-gogic yevoti, ukusukela ezothusayo zenkampu yeStalin, iVamplam Shalamov yenza elinye lamaqela okuqala. "Amabali e-Kolyma" axela iimvavanyo zangaphakathi eziye zaya kwisabelo sesizukulwana esipheleleyo. Ukusinda kwiisangqa zesihogo sengcinezelo yase-Rodeta, umbhali wabathintela nge-prism yegama lobugcisa kwaye lwema kwiqela le-Classial yoncwadi lwe-Russia lwenkulungwane yama-20.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-vamlam tikhonovich shalamov yazalelwa kwi-vologda nge-5 kaJuni, 1907. Wayevela kwikhaya lababingeleli. Utata wakhe, njengotat'omkhulu noMalume, wayengumalusi weCawa yeOrthodox yaseRussia. UTikhon Nikolayevich wabandakanyeka kumthunywa wevangeli, ushunyayelwe kwizizwe zase-Aleute kwiziqithi ezikude (ngoku lentsimi yeAlaska) kwaye wayesazi ngokugqibeleleyo isiNgesi. Umama wombhali wayebandakanyeke ekukhuliseni abantwana, kwaye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi basebenza esikolweni. I-Varlam yayingumntwana wesihlanu kusapho.
Inkwenkwe yafunda ukufundwa kwiminyaka emi-3 kwaye yabakala yabagxeka yonke into yeza kwiThala leencwadi loSapho. Imikhwa yoncwadi eneminyaka iba nzima kakhulu: Wadlula kwi-adventure kwizincoko zentanda-bulumko. Umbhali wexesha elizayo wayenencasa efihlakeleyo, ecinga kakhulu kunye nomnqweno wobulungisa. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yeencwadi kuyo, iingcinga ezisondeleyo kubantu basenziwa kwasekuqaleni.
Sele ebuntwaneni, i-varlam ibhala imibongo yokuqala. Kwiminyaka esi-7 ubudala, inkwenkwe inikwa i-Gymnasium, kodwa imfundo iphazanyiswa yinguquko, ngoko ke iya kugqiba isikolo kuphela ngo-1924. Amava ombhali weminyaka yabantwana nolutsha ishwankathela "kwiVologda yesine" - ibali elisusela kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi.
Emva kokuphumelela esikolweni, lo mfo uya eMoscow kwaye uqhuma ukuya kwindawo ye-propotitan propotiat: uya kwisityalo kunye neminyaka emi-2 ebopha ubuchule bobuchule kwimveliso yesikhumba. Kwaye ukusukela ngo-1926 ukuya ku-1928, yena ufumana imfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow, ufunda umthetho waseSoviet. Kodwa ukusuka eyunivesithi, akukhuphela ngaphandle, ekufundeni abo ufunda nabo kwi-venction malunga "nemvelaphi engavumiyo. Ke imoto ehlolayo kuqala ingenele i-biography yombhali.
Kwiminyaka yobudala, uShalamov utyelela isangqa kwimagazini "iLef entsha", apho aqhelene khona kwaye ahlaziye kwaye anxibelelane nonxibelelwano lolutsha olunenkqubela phambili.
Ukubanjwa kunye nezigqibo
Ngo-1927, uShalamov uthatha inxaxheba kwizabelo zoqhanqalazo ezinikezelwe kwisikhumbuzo seshumi senguquko ye-Okthobha. Njengenxalenye yeqela leqela eliphantsi komhlaba trotskistov, limi kunye ne-prolos "ezantsi nge-stalin!" Kwaye ibuye imbonakalo kwiminqophiso eyiyo ye-Illich. Ngo-1929, ukuze kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yeqela le-rotskyist, i-vampam shalamov yathunyelwa elugcinweni kwaye "ngaphandle kwetyala" amagqabi kangangeminyaka emi-3 kwiinkampu zoluleko njenge "inqaku eliyingozi kakhulu".
Ukusukela ngeli xesha, i-dardia ye-perejia yakhe, iguqukile kude kube ngo-1951. Umbhali wegama lokuqala ukhonza kwi-Vishaga, apho ngo-Epreli ka-1929 uza nenqanaba ukusuka kwi-Byyerk Hork. Emantla e-Urals, amabanjwa athatha inxaxheba kwelona gama likhulu lokwakha kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala-isityalo sekhemikhali sexabiso lemichiza kwi-Berezniki liyakhiwa.
Ikhululwe ngo-1932, uShalamov ubuyela eMoscow kwaye ufumana umvuzo ngokubhala umsebenzi, ukusebenzisana namaphephandaba kunye neemagazini. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1936, indoda yaphinda ikhumbula "i-trotskyist ye-trotskyist yahlela kwaye ityholwa ngemisebenzi yoguquko. Ngeli xesha ugwetyiwe kangangeminyaka emi-5 kwaye ngo-1937 bathunyelwa kumfazi we-sertan ukuya kwelona nyathelo linzima - inkxaso yegolide.
Isigwebo saphela ngo-1942, kodwa amabanjwa ayala ukuvelisa de kube sekupheleni kweMfazwe enkulu yeMfazwe enkulu. Ukongeza, uShalamov uhlala "wathungela" amagama amatsha kumanqaku ahlukeneyo: Nantsi inkampu "yamagqwetha", kunye "neengxelo zeSoviet". Ngenxa yoko, igama lombhali sele likhule ukuya kwiminyaka eli-10.
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, wakwazi ukutshintsha imigodi emihlanu kwiinkampu zeKrymsky, ingekho kwilali kunye nemigodi njengomyili, ilogger kunye nokumbiwa. Wayenethuba lokulala phantsi kwii-barracks zonyango njenge "Dotting", engasasebenzi nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wokwenyama. Ngo-1945, ukuphelisa ukuphelisa kwiimeko ezingapheliyo, kunye neqela lamabanjwa elizama ukubaleka, kodwa kuyaphazamisa imeko kwaye isohlwayo simiselwe kwindawo enesohlwayo.
Kwakhona esibhedlele, uShalamov uhlala ukhona umncedisi apho, kwaye emva kokufumana indlela yezifundo ze-paramedics. Emva kokuphumelela ukususela ngo-1946, i-varlam tikhonovich de kube sekupheleni kwentolongo isebenza kwizibhedlele zeMpuma Ekude. Ukufumene inkululeko, kodwa ukubethwa ngamalungelo, umbhali usebenzela omnye unyaka onesiqingatha eYakutia kwaye ahamba ngemoto kwitikiti kwi-moscow, apho ibuya khona ngo-1953.
Indalo
Ukuhamba kwexesha lokuqala lokuqukumbela, uShalamov wasebenza njengentatheli kwiManyano yeManyano yeMoscow. Ngo-1936 ibali lakhe lokuqala lapapashwa kumaphepha ka-Okthobha. Ukugxothwa iminyaka engama-20 kuyichukubusela umsebenzi wombhali, nangona kusenkampini akakhe ashiye imizamo yokurekhoda imibongo yakhe eya kwenza isiseko sencwadi ye-Kolyma patch.
Amabali e-Kolyma athathwa njengenkqubo yenkqubo yeShalamov. Le ingqokelela inikezelwe kumhla ophethweyo weenkampu zeStalin kumzekelo wobomi bamabanjwa aseSevvostlak kwaye iqulethe imijikelezo emi-6 ("ibhanki yeli lizwe", ".
Kuyo, umzobi uchaza amava obomi abantu aphulwe yinkqubo. Inkululeko echaziweyo, ixhasa kunye nethemba, indlala indlala, inkcitho nengahambi kakuhle, umntu uphulukana nobuso kwaye oyena mntu uyandedwa. Kwibanjwa, amandla okubaleka, ububele kunye nokuhloniphana, xa umba wokusinda uza kuqala.
Ngokuchasene nombhali we "Gulana Archipelago", uShalamov wayeqinisekile ukuba inkampu sisikolo sabantu bonke, sikholelwa ukuba wayenzela igama, ukuqiqa ngesihloko kwiinkampu.
I-Shalamov yayichasene nokupapashwa kwamabali "amaKolyma" ngopapasho olwenziweyo, kwaye kwintlanganiso epheleleyo bapapashwa eRussia kuphela emva kwe-Russia. Ngokusekwe kumsebenzi ngo-2005, ifilimu yadutyulwa.
Ngo-1960-70, i-vamplam tikhothonovich ivelisa imibongo yokuqokelela, i-Vologday "yesine") kunye namava okuqukumbela inkampu (Vishera).
Umjikelo wokugqibela wemibongo uyeza ngo-1977.
Ubomi Buqu
Ikamva lokuyalela okungapheliyo alizange lithintele umbhali ukuba wakhe ubomi bakho. Ngomfazi wakhe wokuqala uGalina IgnatieVNEzna ulungelelene ye-Shalamov kwinkampu yeVeshero. Apho, ngokutsho kwakhe, 'wambetha' naye ngelinye ibanjwa, eliza latyelelwa yile ntombazana. Ngo-1934, esi sibini satshata, saza sazalwa emva koko intombi ka-Elena.
Ngokuthinjwa kwesibini kumbhali, ukuziphindezela kwaphembelelwa: IGalina yagxothwa kwilali ekude yaseTurkmenistan, apho yayihlala khona de kwangowe-1946. Intsapho ihlangana kuphela ngo-1953, xa i-Shalamov ibuyela kwindawo yokuhlala eMpuma yaseMoscow, kodwa ngo-1954 amaqabane avelisiwe.
Umfazi wesibini we-varlam tikhonovich yi-Olga Sergeeevna Neklyeedova, ilungu lomanyano lwababhali beSoviet. UShalamov waba ngumyeni wesine neyokugqibela umyeni wakhe. Umtshato uqaphele iminyaka eli-10, kwakungekho bantwana bavela esi sibini.
Emva koqhawulo mtshato ngo-1966 kwaye kwada kwada kwafa umbhali kuhlala elolo.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje yobomi, imeko yempilo yombhali yayinzima kakhulu. Ishumi leminyaka lemisebenzi yokuphelisa emsebenzini wabasebenzi ayikho ilize. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, udlulisela uhlaselo lwengcwaba lwesifo se-meliere, kwaye ukuva kunye nokubongoza ngokuthe ngcembe.
Indoda ayikwazi ukulungelelanisa eyakhe ishukumise kwaye ihamba ngobunzima, kwaye ngo-1979, abahlobo kunye noogxa bakhe bayathuthumela kwindlu yabantu abakhubazekileyo. Ubunzima bokuvavanya ubunzima ngentetho kunye nokulungelelaniswa, iShalamov ingayi imizamo yokubhala imibongo.
Ngo-1981, umbhali wayene-strooke, emva koko kwenziwa isigqibo sokumthumela kwindlu yokubhobula kubantu abanesifo sengqondo esingapheliyo. Apho uyafa nge-17 kaJanuwari ngo-1982, unobangela wokufa kukuqunjelwa kwemiphunga.
Unyana wombingeleli, uShalamov wayehlala ecinga ngokwakhe abangakholwayo, kodwa wathunyelwa ngokutsho kwesiko laseOrthodox kwaye wangcwatyelwa kwindawo yaseKuntsevsky ye-MOSCOW. Iifoto ezigciniweyo kumngcwabo wombhali.
I-Shalamov inikezelwe kumaziko olondolozo lwembali ezininzi kunye nokuchazwa kwendawo eyahlukeneyo yelizwe: kwi-Vologda, kwi-Kolyma, kwi-Kolyma, apho wayesebenza njengeparamedic ntsuku zokugxothwa kwakhe .
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1936 - "ukusweleka kukaGqirha Austino"
- Ngo-1949-1954 - "Incwadana ye-Kolyma"
- Ngo-1954-1973 - "Amabali eKolym"
- Ngo-1961 - "phantsi"
- Ngo-1964 - "Igqabi elinqabileyo"
- Ngo-1967 - "indlela kunye nekamva"
- Ngo-1971 - "IVologda yesine"
- Ngo-1972 - "Amafu eMoscow"
- Ngo-1973 - "Vishura"
- Ngo-1973 - "Fentir Raskolnikov"
- Ngo-1977 - "inqaku lokubila"