Biography
I-Thomas Gobbs sisiNgesi isiNgesi kwaye sicinga ngenkulungwane ye-Xvisi, eyayithathelwa ingqalelo njengomsunguli wentanda-bulumko yezopolitiko kwaye yanegalelo lesayensi njengembali, i-rourispridence, i-fitysics kunye nejometri. Owona msebenzi udumileyo we-hobbes waba ngu "Levitan "uphanyano, wamkelwe njengomnye wemizekelo yokuqala nenempembelelo yenkcazo yemvumelwano yoluntu.Ikamva
UThomas Gobbs wazalelwa kwisixeko saseWestport yaseWestpor, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiMalmsbury, ngo-Epreli 5, 1588. Inkwenkwe yabizwa emva kukaTata, uTomas-dala owayesebenza njengoDarica eCharlton naseWenjiport. Xa abantwana beHobbs babencinci, umzali weza nookuvuma kwekhaya kwaye bemka eLondon, bemka usapho ukuba banyamekele umntakwethu, umrhwebi osisityebi nolodwa. Igama kunye nemvelo yezifundo zomama zahlala zingaziwa.
Njengomntwana, isithandi sobulumko sexesha elizayo sasiye kwi-CHECINA yecawe yendawo, emva koko ibhodi yabucala. Ngo-1603, uThomas waba ngumfundi weKholeji uMagdalen Hall, owayesele i-oxford hatford. Uqeqesho kwinkqubo nganye, i-gobbs ifumene isidanga se-bachelor kwaye, kwingcebiso yomnye wootitshala, wafumana umcebisi kwintsapho ye-Aristocal yeCavendis.
UThomas waba liqabane likaBharon oselula, kwaye ngo-1610, abafana bahamba bekhenkethi eYurophu, apho iindwendwe zidibene neemfundiso zesayensi eziphezulu kunye nezigculelo, ezahlukileyo kwiimfundiso zesiNgesi. Ubuhlakani obuzayo bentlupheko ufunda ababhali besiGrike kunye nesiLatin kwaye baguqulela imisebenzi yabo ngolwimi lwenkobe. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yeli xesha, eyona nto idumileyo yayiyindlela "yembali yemfazwe yesikolo" fukidid.
Emva kweqabane leHobble lisweleke sisibetho ngo-1628, umcebisi kwafuneka akhangele indawo entsha. Kangangexesha elithile wayekufuphi nembongi kunye ne-Dlalawwer Bun Johnson, emva koko wasebenza njengonobhala kwifilosofi yesiNgesi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-Francis Bacon. Ngeli xesha, isayensi sexesha elizayo saqhutywa yiJometri kwaye sifunde ngokupheleleyo "isiqalo" i-Euclida, siye safunda kwiiNdlela zeencwadi zokuqulunqwa kwezisi kwaye zingenise ubungqina.
Kude kube ngu-1631, uThomas wasebenza njengomfundi kwi-baronet ye-baronet yeJervey Klifon, emva koko wabuyela endlwini yecandezi ukuba aphakamise unyana olizibulo. Kule minyaka imbalwa ilandelayo i-HBBs yandise ulwazi kwicandelo lefilosofi kwaye iphucule ubugcisa beembambano. Ngo-1634, waphinda waya eYurophu, apho wangena khona isangqa sikaMaren Merninna kwaye wathatha inxaxheba rhoqo kwingxoxo yefilosofi kunye ne-Reoné DecCes kunye nePierre Gemsendi.
Abaphathi bebhayoloji bathi ngo-1636, uThomas watyelela eItali kwaye wadibana ne-Grealile yaseGalileo, eceba ukususa iingcinga zobomi benene.
IVenkile yesiNgesi 1640 - 1653 i-hobbes inyanzelekile ukuba ishiye ilizwe lazo ixesha elide kwaye ihlale eParis. Apho, phantsi kwempembelelo yamalungu, i-mug ye-mersnna, isithandi-sobulumko ekugqibeleni sayisa inkqubo yezimvo kwimiba esisiseko yomntu.
Ngeli xesha, i-hobbes isebenza njengomfundisi wemathematics yenkosana yase-Wales, eyafika eFransi ivela kwi-Jersey Island. Ukubuyela eLondon ngo-1651, izenzululwazi ithumele imisebenzi ebhaliweyo kwaye kungekudala yagqiba ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yefilosofi yayo, eyathatyathwa iminyaka engama-20.
Ngo-1666, iNdlu yoLuntu yazisa ityala lokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, kunye neencwadi zeHobbes, ezaziwela phantsi kwenqaku malunga noburharha, zatsala umdla wawo osemagunyeni. Esoyika intshutshiso, watshisa iphepha, kodwa laliphulukana nelungelo lokupapasha umsebenzi eNgilani. Umsebenzi wokugqibela wenzululwazi yayiyi-Autobiography, ebhalwe kwiivesi, kunye nenguqulelo yesiNgesi yoLogqwetha "lika-Odysts.
Ubomi bobuqu befiloso-ntanda-bulumko yaziwa kakhulu. Mhlawumbi wayehlala yedwa, engenabamfazi okanye abantwana. Ngokwabantu ababephila ngexesha elide, ii-gobbs zikhethe ukusebenza ebumnyameni ngamakhandlela, ke amakhethini endlwini ayesoloko etsalwa. Wahamba kakhulu kwaye endaweni yokufunda iincwadi, wathetha nabantu abafundiswayo nabafundileyo.
I-Hobes yenziwa sisifo se-cubibble ye-cubibble, ebhalwe ngo-Okthobha 1679 yakhokelela kwi-strooke yegeyi, eyabangela ukufa kwentanda-bulumko ngoDisemba 4, 1679.
Intanda-bulumko
I-HBBS ifilosofi yayingumntu othanda izinto zokomoya owayekhe wakhanyisa ubumoya obusulungekileyo kwaye wafumana inkqubo yakhe yokucinga ngomntu kunye nendalo iphela. Kwiindlela zokuqala, isayensi ithathe i-quall ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga oomatshini, inkolelo yokuba imvakalelo ethile ibandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa izinto ezithile ze-phenomena, ezinjengeemvakalelo, kunye nokuchonga unxibelelwano lwabantu kunye nemfundo yoluntu.
Ekuqaleni kwe-1640s, uThomas wasasaza ukhetho olwabhalwa ngesandla "waqala umthetho, yendalo", owahlulahlulwe waba ziinxalenye ezi-2 xa epapashwe kwaye "malunga nomzimba wezopolitiko." Kule msebenzi, inzululwazi okwethutyana ichukumisa izihloko zamandla kwaye zenze imigaqo-nkqubo efanele isebenze ngayo kuphela. Ngo-1642, ii-hobbes zabhala umsebenzi onomxholo othi "Kummiselo", owawushicilelwa kwasekuqaleni kwisiLatin, kwaye uhlelo lwesiNgesi lwavela emva kweminyaka eli-11 kamva.
Lo msebenzi kamva waba yinxalenye yohambo "ezisisiseko zentanda-bulumko", equka unyango "ngomzimba" kunye "nomnye umntu ochaza imeko yendalo efuna ukusekwa kwendalo womgaqo ozinzileyo, osebenza iikhonsepthi zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenkolo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, intetho malunga "nemfazwe yazo zonke izinto 'ngokuchasene nayo yonke" yavela, kamva iphuhliswe ngeendwendwe eLeviyatan kwiLeviyan kwaye zangenisa ingqokelela yekowuti.
Phusela "umbandela, ifom kunye namandla eCasi yeCawe nabemi", baziwa ngokuba yiLevithafan, sele iyimveliso yaseNtshona, iye yaba yimveliso yaseNtshona ye-Intanethi kunye nomzekelo ocacileyo wemvumelwano yemvumelwano yoluntu.
Kulo msebenzi, intanda-bulumko ichaze umfanekiso womntu, xa kuthelekiswa nento, eyayikumbutho oqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokujikeleza komphefumlo ongenakufikelelwa kunye nomfanekiso ongekhoyo. Ukuxambulisana malunga nokulungileyo nokubi, ii-gobbs zaxoxwa ngokuba yiminqweno yomntu okanye izinto eziqhubekayo ukuba ziye kuye okanye zivela kuye.
Ukukhanyela ingcinga yentlalontle yeyona nto ilungileyo, iSayensi yavumela ubukho bobubi obukhulu, obabonakaliswayo kukufa kobundlobongela kwaye kwabakho inkxaso yamandla egunya. Ukufumana umntu ongaphaya kolwazelelo lwezopolitiko, ngokungathandabuzekiyo kukhokelele kwi-anarchic State, imfazwe ephambili kuye wonke umntu.
Ii-gobbs zazikholelwa ukuba imeko yemicimbi ivume abantu ukuba bashiye amalungelo endalo kunye nezivumelwano ezifikelela kwinkampani eyayinelungelo lokufaka i-Providence kwinqaku le "State". Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ngubani oveze iimfuno zomntu kwimvumelwano yoluntu, ii-hobbes zabelekile iindidi ezi-3: i-moving, idemokhrasi, eyahlukileyo.
Ukhethe inkosi, inzululwazi yabhala ukuba ubutyebi, amandla kunye nembeko yomlawuli kuphela ukuphuma kwentlalontle, amandla kunye ne-randes imeko yedemokhrasi ayinakwenzeka.
Eleviyatan, i-gobbs engathandekiyo yatsho ukuba umlawuli okanye uMongami kufuneka alawule imicimbi yaseburhulumenteni, emkhosini neyesimthetho necawe kwaye aphelise ngokupheleleyo amagunya okuwahlulahlula amandla orhulumente. Le meko yanika uqhanqalazo loluntu oluziswe kwimvelaphi exhobileyo.
Isivumelwano sapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1651 ngokubeka umzobo kwiphepha lesihloko elinomzobo we-giant ye-giring kwimizimba emincinci, i-fains. Kwaye iHobbs yaqalisa ukudumisa kwaye igxeke ngaphezu kwabo batyebileyo kwelo xesha. Iifilogosfigo eziselula zachonga izimvo zombhali malunga nombuso, zazikhulisa kwimisebenzi yabo. Omnye wabalandeli bakhe abadumileyo beHobbes baba yi-English-Subch Subke.
Emva kokuba iLeviyatan, iiGobbs zapapasha "Iileta malunga nenkululeko, uloyiko, uloyiko, inkululeko kunye nomthetho wendalo uphuhlisile.
Inzululwazi yazisa iikhonsepthi zokunganyangekala kunye nezenzo ezingakhathaliyo, zibabiza ngokuba lulandelelana lweminqweno, kwaye inkululeko yatolikwa njengokungabikho kwemiqobo yangaphakathi neyendalo ekwenzeni izigqibo. Intanda-bulumko yayikholelwa ukuba yonke into eyenzekayo yayiphantsi kongenelelo lwearhente yangaphandle kwaye ayinakwenzeka ngokwalo.
Umsebenzi we-Gobb waba yintanda-bulumko yezopolitiko kwaye waphinda waguqulelwa kwiilwimi zasemzini. Emva kokusweleka kwesayensi eNgilane, iingxoxo phakathi kwefiloso-ntanda-bulumko kunye nomfundi wemithetho eqhelekileyo yaseNgilane kunye neBehemoti, okanye iPalamente ye-1666 ne-1668.
Iikowuti
"Ilungelo lendalo linkululeko yokwenza yonke into, ekuqondeni umntu, yeyona ilungele ubomi bakhe." Umthetho wendalo kukuba wonke umntu afune uxolo; Ukuba akanakukwazi ukufezekisa, unokusebenzisa nayiphi na imali enika iinzuzo emfazweni. "" Inyaniso kwaye ubuxoki bezinto zentetho, hayi izinto. Apho kungekho nto intetho, akukho nyaniso, kungekho buxoki.I-Bibliography
- 1640 - "Izinto zomthetho, zendalo nezobupolitika"
- 1650 - "Unyango kwindalo yomntu"
- 1651 - "I-Peilosofical Rusiments ezinxulumene noRhulumente noluntu"
- 1642-1655 - I-Trilogy "IZiseko zeNtliziyo"
- 1651 - "Leviafan, okanye umcimbi, ifom kunye namandla eNkampani yeCawe neyaseburhulumenteni"
- 1654 - "Iileta Malunga nenkululeko kunye nemfuneko"
- 1656 - "Imibuzo Malunga nenkululeko, idinga kunye nethuba"