Biography
IJavaharlal Nehru yayiyinkokeli yenkululeko kumzabalazo wenkululeko kunye nenkululeko ye-India kunye nelona xesha libalulekileyo kubomi bezopolitiko nezentlalo zelizwe. Intloko yeCongress, eyaba yinkulumbuso yokuqala ye-ofisi ezivakalisweyo, ilandele izithethe zeMahatma Gandhi kunye notshintsho kwezoqoqosho olujolise kwi-Colonial kwiRiphabhlikhi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
IJavaharlal Nehru yazalwe kwiPhondo lasemantla-ntshona ye-COLOnial India ngoNovemba 14, 1889. Utata wase-Mouyol Nehru wayengummeli osisityebi we-kashmir Panditov, kwaye kabini esebenza njengomongameli weSizwe seSizwe seIndiya. Umama we-savroup u-savroup ye-rini wayeyinzala yabameli be-caste ye-caste, ababekwe kwintsimi yasePakistan.
Ukuba ngumntwana ongumdala kusapho, uJawaharlal wakhulela eAllabad ejikelezwe ngu-2-vidzhai, owaba ngusihlalo wokuqala weNdibano, kunye nombhali wase-India wexesha elizayo iKhotesing.
UHambe wobuntwana uNehru edlulele kwimozulu kunye nokuzola, ukhuselwe sisikhundla esiphakamileyo sabazali. Inkwenkwana yafunda ekhaya phantsi kweliso lolawulo kunye nootitshala, yabonisa amandla kwisayensi, okhethwe i-thesophy. IJavaharlal Funda i-Buddhist neZibhalo ezingamaHindu, ezinike impembelelo yokukhula kwengqondo kunye neyencwadi ethi "Ukuvulwa kwencwadi ethi" Ukuvulwa kweIndiya ", kwalelwa entolongweni ngo-1944.
Iziganeko zeRussia-Japanese kunye neMfazwe ye-Anglo yayichaphazela ukwenziwa kweembono ze-neur. Waqala ukucamngca ngenkululeko kubukhoboka baseYurophu kwaye waba yimxhasa yobuzwe. Emva kokuba efundile kwisikolo sabucala saseBritane sokuhanjwa, lo mfana wadibana nembali yeGiuseppe Guuseppe Gargibaldi kunye nombono osondeleyo womzabalazo wenkululeko.
Ngo-1907, uNehru wangena kwiKholeji ye-Cambrity eKholeji yeNzululwazi yeSayensi yeNdalo, ngokuhambelana nokufunda kuqoqosho kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko. Ukufumene isidanga se-bachelor, iJawaharlal yafudukela eLondon yaza yajoyina uMbutho weNtlalontle yeTempile yangaphakathi, eyavunyelwa ukuba ithathe indawo kwiBhodi yoMthetho.
Ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe ngehlobo le-1912, uNehi waba ngumkhuseli kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-Allahabad, kodwa akazange afumane uyolo lokuziqhelanisa nomthetho. Waqala ukuba nomdla kakhulu kwezopolitiko kwaye kungekudala baba lilungu lenkqubo yonyaka yeCongress yeSizwe yaseIndiya, ebanjelwe ePatney.
Ezopolitiko
Ngo-1912, lo mfana wavuma ukusebenza kwitheko likaMahatma Gandhi, oxhasa intshukumo yesizwe "kumalungelo emali,", wangenisa ingqokelela yeengxowa-mali kwezopolitiko. Emva kwexesha, iJawaharlal ichasa izenzo zobalo longenelelo, ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi oqeshiweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakaliswayo zocalucalulo apho amaHindu ejongene nemikhonto yesiNgesi ajongene nayo.
Ekupheleni kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, iNehru, eyayineembono zezopolitiko ezikhulu, yafunyanwa ekuhleni ukuyisebenzisana nabasemagunyeni i-itham kwaye banxibelelana ngokusondeleyo nabameli abanobuqhetseba abazenzele urhulumente.
Ngo-1916, iJawaharlal yaba nguNobhala wombutho ofunwayo kwimeko yesimo se-Imperial, kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-4, ipolitiki yobuthathaka yayihamba ngentshukumo "yokwala intsebenziswano" yokwala ukusebenzisana "yokwala ukusebenzisana." Imisebenzi enjalo yohlwaywa ngokungqongqo ngabasemagunyeni, kwaye uNeura wabanjwa ngenxa yeengxelo ze-anti.
Emva kwenkululeko ye-Javaharlal Intolongo, wayefuna isiseko se-Allies kwaye sisekwa unxibelelwano olusekwe ngentshukumo yelinye ilizwe kwinkululeko yenkululeko kunye nentando yesininzi. Ngo-1927, i-Indian Ectswangu yamenywa kwiCongress Ingqungquthela yabantu abacinezelweyo kwi-Belgian Capital, yenzelwe ukucwangcisa i-impiriyalim, kwaye kwimbuyekezo inyulwe ngusihlalo we-Inc.
UNehru waba yinye yeenkokeli zokuqala ezacela ukuba zenze isigqibo malunga nokuqhekezwa kobudlelwane bokugqibela noBukhosi baseBritane. Ukusonjululwa kwakhe kwamkelwa kwiseshini yaseMadrasian yeCongress ngo-1927, ngaphandle kokugxekwa kweGandhi. Amatshantliziyo anyanzelisa iBritane ukunika imeko yemeko yeminyaka emi-2, kwimeko yokungahambelani nemixhelo ebekiweyo, uNehru wasongela ngemigudu kazwelonke kunye novuko.
Urhulumente walilahla amabango ekoloni, kwaye ekuqaleni kuka-1929 eLahore ngeqela elikhulu labantu baseNehru, umTricolor yaseIndiya axhonywe kwaye bafunda isibhengezo senkululeko. Emva koko, iJavaharlal yaqulunqa imfundiso yezopolitiko yeCongress kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yinkululeko yonqulo, ilungelo lokuseka imibutho, ukulingana, nokuba yimvelaphi, ukhuseleko lweelwimi, ukupheliswa kokungabonakali, inkcubeko yemveliso kunye nembutholwazi.
UNehru wayenyulwa intloko yeqela, kwaye kungekudala iOvers i-Indian yakwazi ukufezekisa uninzi lwamacebo amaninzi wavakalisa. Ngo-1936, iJawaharlal yathatha uhambo lweYurophu, apho wayeqhutywa kakhulu yiMarxism. Ukufundisisa kwemithetho-siseko yethiyori yefilosofi yeNehru yaqhubeka entolongweni, apho kumiswa amalungu ekomiti yokusebenza yeCoadress.
Ngo-1947, i-United Kingdom ekugqibeleni yavuma ukunika inkululeko ye-South Asia Clony, kwaye uNehide wakhokelela kurhulumente wexeshana waseIndiya, ukuba yinkulumbuso yokuqala yelizwe lasimahla. Ukufa kukaMahatma Gandhi ngoJanuwari 30, 1948 yaba yintlekele kazwelonke encedisa ukomeleza isikhundla sikarhulumente omtsha. ICongress ilawule ngokubonakalayo kwentlungu kwaye icinezele iintetho zentshukumo yamazwe afanelekileyo, ibanjiwe malunga namawaka angama-200.
Ngo-1952, iqela eliphantsi kobunkokeli baseYawaharlala lafumana ukuphakama kunyulo kwaye lazinika izikhundla ezikhokelayo kwiminyaka eli-10 ezayo. Kuqoqosho, uNehi wandisa uhlobo oluxubeneyo lolwalamano, apho icandelo likarhulumente lilawulwa ngurhulumente urhulumente onamashishini abucala.
Ukukhokela kutyalo-mali kumashishini aphambili, inkokeli yeCongress inegalelo kuphuhliso lwentsimbi, i-mestellical, amalahle kunye nezamandla. Ngaphandle koku, i-India yangena emva kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokulawula kukarhulumente kunye nommiselo othintela ukukhula kwe-GDP. Utshintsho kwezolimo lweNehru, olujolise ekwenzeni ukohlwaywa ngokutsha kwempahla yomhlaba, akaphumelelanga.
Kwinqanaba lentlalontle, bekungcono: kwakhiwa izikolo namaziko emfundo aphezulu, apho abantwana abavela kwiintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo benokwenza. Ukuqaliswa kwesondlo se-free ezikolweni kunye nokuvulwa kwamaziko emfundo kunye namaziko enkcubeko abantu abadala baphumelela.
Intloko yasimahla yaseIndiya ukususela ngo-1967 ukuya ku-1964, inkokeli yeCongress yenza ilizwe abelwe lilizwe eliqinisekisiweyo lehlabathi lehlabathi lehlabathi, kunye neminyezi enye yangaphambili. Kwi-Interna yamazwe aphesheya, i-Indian Prime yayidume ngokuba yiPacifist kunye noxolo, ogcina ukungathathi cala kwimfazwe ebandayo nokuthetha umlamli kwinkqubo yokusombulula amagunya obuKomanisi kunye neyunithi yeNtshona.
Ngelishwa, uNehi wasilela ukuphepha ukungqubana kwemfazwe kwilizwe lakhe. Emva kohlaselo lomkhosi waseTshayina ukuya kumkhosi wamantla-ntshona owe-India, eli lizwe laphulukana nemimandla, kwaye uNehice wagxekwa ngenxa yorhulumente ekuzikhuseleni.
Ngexesha lokungqubana, iJawaharlal yabhala iileta kuMongameli waseMelika uJohn Kennedy wacela ukuba abonelele ngenqwelomoya ukuba akwazi ukulwa nommelwane waseAsia. I-United States zaliwe, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe bapholalwa. Ngeli xesha, iSoviet Union yeza kunceda i-India, eyayinenkxaso yezoqoqosho kolutsha. Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu, eli lizwe lithathe ikhosi yokuqhubela phambili kunye nokusekwa koqoqosho, ezopolitiko nezoluntu, ziyaqhubeka yintombi yenkulumbuso yeIndiya Gandhi.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1916, uNehru watshata ubuhle obuncinci ogama linguKamala Caul, nasenyakeni emva konyaka, intombi yabo ye-Indira ivele ehlabathini, ilawula ngefoto, ifana kakhulu notata. UJavaharlal wayithanda ngokuvakalayo intombazana kwaye waphupha, waba ngumntu onamandla, ofundileyo, owahlukaniswa nembono yakhe kwincwadi ye-Endonymous.
Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, uKamala wasigula isifo sephepha kwaye eshiyekileyo ukuba aphathwe eYurophu. UNehru watyelela iqabane lakhe kwi-sanatorium eSwitzerland de wasweleka ngo-1936.
Emva koko, elinye ibhinqa lavela kubomi bobuqu beNkokeli yeNkokheli eziZimeleyo, irhuluneli yasebukhosini e-Edwin. Ulwalamano lwabo luchaze iileta ezifumaneka koovimba benkulumbuso yaseIndia.
Ukufa
Emva kowe-1962, impilo kaNehiru yaqala ukonakala. Abanye abaphengululi banxibelelanisa imeko enzima yenkulumbuso yamava malunga nesiphumo seMfazwe yeSino-indian, eyayijongene nokungcatshwa kwentembelo.
Nge-26 kaMeyi, ngo-1964, iJawaharlal yaziva ihlunguzi kumqolo wayo waguqukela koogqirha. Ukuchaza iimpawu, ipolitiki yaphulukana nengqondo nangomhla kamva. Unobangela wokufa kukaNehru, iingcali zibalwa ngequbuliso kwenzeke ngentliziyo.
Emva kweminyhadala yendabuko, umzimba we-Prime Primer wasongelwa kwiflegi ye-Indian yaseIndiya kwaye wabeka wonke umntu ukuba aphonononge. Nge-28 kaMeyi, ngo-1964, womiswa ngokungqinelana nezithethe zamaHindu kwilibamnyama elimnyama, kwaye uthuli luye lwashenxiswa kwiJamna.
Umhla wokuzalwa komgaqo-nkqubo wehlelo uye waba yiholide yelizwe laseIndiya, eyaziwa ngokuba yimini yokhuseleko lwabantwana, kwaye igama likaNehice lalikhupha amaziko oluntu kunye namaziko enkcubeko ehlabathini lonke. Kwindawo yokuhlala enentsapho yenkokeli yeqela, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ekufeni ivule imyuziyam yeSikhumbuzo, kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa isikhumbuzo esiseIndiya esikhulu safakwa eDelhi.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1928 - iSoviet Russia
- Ngo-1928 - "Iileta ezivela kuBawo ukuya kwintombazana"
- Ngo-1935 - "I-Autobiography"
- Ngo-1944 - "Ukuvula i-India"
- Ngo-1949 - "Ukujonga Imbali Yehlabathi"