Biography
I-XX inkulungwane kunye neemfazwe kunye nenguquko, ukothuka kwezoqoqosho kunye nokufunyanwa kwesayensi kwakukuphumelela kwengqondo yengqondo edale ubuchule bayo kunye nelifa lenkcubeko elikhethekileyo. Omnye waba badali wayeyimbongi yaseJamani, umbhali kunye nombhali kunye noBortwreld Brecht, odlalayo waba ziiklasi ze-theatre yehlabathi. Msgstr "" "Shakespeare yenkulungwane yama-20", kwabizwa ngokuba yiBrecht ngexesha lokubhalwa kwethiyori yakhe ye "Theatre ye-Epic".Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Ohgen Tartland (iBergen) Brecht yazalwa nge-10 kaFebruwari, nge-1898 e-Augsburg, eJamani. Utata uBherdrich Brecht wadlula indlela yomsebenzi ovela kwiarhente yorhwebo kuMlawuli wePhepha lePhepha. Umama uSofia wakhwaza-intombi yentloko ye-Draial yeRhafu. U-Ohiz waba sisibini esibunzi.
UChet Brecht wayengomnye osisityebi kule dolophu incinci yaseBavaria. Kwaye inkwenkwe ikhulele kwimveli kule minyaka ikwimo ye-bourgeois: abazali babenomkhonzi, ebantwaneni - i-nanny, nootitshala abathandekayo beKrisimesi. Emva kwexesha elithile, iOyinn baya kwiSikolo seFlnciscan Moustic of Godestic, emva koko wangena kwi-Bavaria Royal Gymnasium.
Nangona kunjalo, imfundo yaba nguOmen, ukungathandi ngakumbi ukuba wangena kule meshchansky. Iingxabano nabazali kungekudala ziguqukele kuqhankqalazo lokwenyani, kamva umfana waphawulwa ngokupheleleyo kusapho kwaye waba luphawuleka. Lonke olu saqhwithi lweemvakalelo lufumana indlela yokuphuma kubuchule bombongo. Imibongo yokuqala, izincoko kunye namabali aphantsi kwembono ye-Edol Frank KueeA of Gou penal wayeqala ukubhala kwaye aprinte kwiijenali zasekhaya kwi-gimnasium ngo-1913-1914.
Ngo-1917, ome uphumelele kwindawo yokuzivocavoca kwaye wangena kwiSebe lezeNtla lezoNyango leYunivesithi yaseMunich, kodwa emva konyaka wabizwa emkhosini. Ukuze angavumeli uNyana ngaphambili ngenxa yempilo ebuthathaka, utata kaBrecht wayibhukuqa indawo yaseSanitar kwisibhedlele somkhosi.
Ukubona kunye nokuva (ngamabali okwenza ukubandakanyeka kwemfazwe, imbongi ibhala "imbongi yokuqala yejoni elifileyo", apho kwindlela yokufihla isixelela malunga ne-Adventhier efundiweyo kwi Ingcwangu evunyiweyo yiBhodi yezoNyango efanelekileyo yenkonzo kwaye ibuyiselwe emfazweni. Kwimihla, lo mbongo uyathandwa kwaye aqhawule umtshato ngeekowuti.
Indalo
Kungekudala, uBrecht ubuyela eyunivesithi, kodwa aguqulela kwi-faculty yentanda-bulumko, apho wayefunda iminyaka emi-2 kuphela kwaye akafakwanga ngenxa yokungabukeli. Isizathu sokuziphatha okunjalo yayiyinkanuko yakhe entsha - iholo yemidlalo yeqonga. Ngoku uqhubekeka ngokubhaliweyo kunye ne-cafes yobugcisa kunye ne-Arhesti kunye nenqanaba leqonga le-Wilde boney Boney.
Kule minyaka, imidlalo yokuqala yeBercht yazalwa (umbhali sele edala phantsi kweli gama) "umtshato waseMeshchanskaya", kodwa akukho midlalo ithatha ukuvelisa. Emva koko i-playfright iya kutsala umdla wolonwabo eBerlin, kodwa kwi-capital iyaqengqeleka kwaye ibanda.
Le meko itshintshe ukuphazamiseka kwe-Berbert Grebert Jeing. Ngenxa yokuphononongwa kwakhe okuqinisekileyo malunga neDrama yeBrecht, amadlala ayo aqala ukubeka imifanekiso yaseMunich, iBerlin kunye nezinye izixeko, ezibangela ukuba ukugxeka okugxekayo kunye nokungoneliseki kwabasemagunyeni.
Ngeli xesha, uBrecht uvuselela ukufundwa kwentanda-bulumko kwiDerlin yaseBerlin, kwaye nemisebenzi yokupapasha, ivelise ingqokelela yemibongo "(1927), isebenza kwi-Pissarios.
Ngo-1928, umlawuli omtsha weqonga kwi-Schiffuuer Datamm Adderd Worcht ukuze usebenzise isiNgesi esidumileyo esithi "UJohn Gay, obhalwe kwi-Xviii inkulungwane. UBertuld ubushushu uthathiwe ngomsebenzi ongazamanga ukuba angatshisi icebo, kodwa lidlala kuphela ukutolika imifanekiso kunye nokuzisa abalinganiswa abatsha.
Inguqulelo ka-Labretto kwiJamani yamiliselwa ngu-Elizabeth hauptman. Umdlalo, obizwa ngokuba ngu "opere-Grochy opera", faka umhlobo osondeleyo kaBreht - obhekiswe ngu-Eric Engel kwi-kurt sallilil. Yayinguloyiso lokuqala loMbhali.
Kude kube yi-1930s, iBreht kunye nomsebenzi we-engel e-Tandem, ezama ukuthuka ngokupheleleyo ithiyori ebizwa ngokuba yithiyori "yethiyetha ye-Epic" ephuhliswe ngumdlalo we "Epic" ophuhliswe ngumntu odlalayo. Ithetha ukudityaniswa kwesenzo ngembonakalo ye-epinic evela kubuso bomntu okanye omnye umntu ongathathi hlangothi. Kwakhona, indlela yokukhathalela inkathalo evela kwi-Priscay kunye nokuSebenza kwethiyetha yeClassic kunye nokubandakanywa kwikhondo lokwenza unxibelelwano nombukeli.
Zonke ezi zinto zinokwenziwa ekuqaleni azizange zikhuphe kwimiboniso yeevenkile zaseJamani. Kwaye kuphela ekupheleni kwe-40s ngokudala iholo yethiyetha, ekugqibeleni, ukuba ibe ngumntu opheleleyo kwiNkqubo yokuHlola, emva koko wonke uluntu lweQatha yeHlabathi liphela luya kuthathwa.
Ukugxothwa
Ngo-1935, oonontlalontle belizwe, abaza kulawula eJamani, bekhokelwa ngu-Adolf Hitler, bahlutha ubumi baseJamani, bekhumbula ukupapashwa kwemisebenzi yokulwa.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka emi-2 ngaphambilana, igumbi lokudlala lalishiya ilizwe, lihamba nenkosikazi yakhe nabantwana ukuba libe yi-vienna, emva koko eZurich. ESwitzerland, iBrecht ayizange ilungele kwaye yaqala ukujonga indawo awayenokuba nayo ngokukhululekileyo kwaye isebenze. Ngo-1933, xa wayeseJamani, amaFasi watshisa iincwadi kunye nemisebenzi yase-Erich Mary Ary Arrik, uHenry Manna noKarl Marx, wafudukela kwilali yokuloba e-Dermat.
Apha kwiimeko ezinzima, kodwa umbhali omangalisayo, umbhali wabhala imisebenzi ebalaseleyo 'njengomoyiko kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba kubukhosi bokuqala ", kwaye baphumelele kwinguqulo yokuqala yobomi baseGalili . Ukusuka eDenmark, amagqabi eBrecht ngo-1939 ngenxa yentshutshiso yokuyila: Ukumkani wasekristu kaChristian X wawudlala imfazwe yakhe yokulwa.
Ukuhlala okwethutyana eSwitzerland, umbhali ulinde i-visa yaseMelika, kodwa, efumene ukwala, ukuya eFinland, xa eli lizwe lalijoyina imfazwe ngo-1941, uBrecht waphinda wabuyela emfazweni nentshabalalo yayo. Ngeli xesha i-United States yamnika i-visa, kwaye ushiya iYurophu kangangeentsuku ezi-6. Ngeli xesha, umbhali ubhala "umntu olungileyo ovela eSelana", "Shya Simon Mashar", "Schuik kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II", "Isangqa sokuThumela kweCaucasia".
Ikhaya
Ukubuyela kwi-Germay yasemva kwemfazwe ngo-1947, uMdlali wadlala i-GDR yokuhlala i-GDR. Unethuba lokusebenza ngaphandle kokungakhathalelwanga, ukuthintelwa kunye neentshutshiso. Into yokuqala ayenzayo idala ithetho lethiyetha "yeBerliner". Intsebenzo yokuqala 'yokuqala inkalipho kunye nabantwana bakhe "iphawulwa libhaso le-GDR likazwelonke.
Ukuqhubeka kophuhliso lwendlela yokuphinda-phinda kwakungekho ngaphandle kobunzima, uBrecht watyholwa ngo "Millism", emva koko kwi "Cosmopolitatism" kunye "nepacifism". Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1950, uBrecht waba lilungu eliqinisekileyo le-GDR Academy, kwaye ngo-1954 wayengumongameli we-vice. Kwakuloo nyaka, wanikwa ibhaso leStalinist yeStalinist "yehlabathi elomelezayo phakathi kwabantu". Kwangelo xesha libhala umsebenzi wayo wokugqibela - umdlalo "turandut".
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu bomdlalo odumileyo ngumxholo wophando olwahlukileyo lweebhagraphe ezininzi. Lo msebenzi wawusinikele kwi-Englen John Forjesi naseRussia Oklasky (Incwadi ethi "I-Garem Bortold Brecht"). Umzekelo, umbhali wokuqala uzisa izibakala ezinomdla kwi-biography ye-bitwery, echaza ukuba inkohliso ye-Brecht ngabantu abangababhali bemisebenzi yakhe, umntu othile, kunye nomntu ongaphezulu.
Ngokwengxelo yakhe, i "Ipera ye-china" i-85 ibhaliswe ngu-Elizabeth Hauptman, i-ndoda elungileyo eSenayo ", i-dunographor Margaret incedise kwi-snami simon masmar.
Ngapha koko, ubungqina obubhaliweyo bale mithi ayikho, kodwa inyani yokuba umbhali wayenothando kwaye esondelelene nabafazi abaninzi - kanye. Kwangelo xesha, wayehlala kumtshato osemthethweni wonke ubomi bakhe bonke.
Iqabane lakhe lokuqala ngo-1922 yayingumdlali weqonga kunye nemvumi marianna tsoff. Ukuba yiminyaka emi-5 ubudala, eli bhinqa lijikeleze indoda yakhe linobushushu nenkathalo. Ngo-1923, babenentombi kaHana, nabo kamva baba ngumdlali weqonga.
Isizathu soqhawulo-mtshato kunye noMarianna sasiyinkanuko entsha yendawo yokudlala - umbambi oMncinci uEnna waygel. Wazala uBrechtu Kom uStefan ngo-1924, kwaye amaqabane atshata ngokusemthethweni ngo-1929. Kwazalwa unyaka olandelayo, kwazalwa intombi yabo iBharbara, waya kwiinyawo zokuyila zikanina.
Omnye umntwana uBercht Brecht, uNyana uFrank ngumntu ophelileyo. Wazalwa ngo-1919 ukusuka kuPaula Baholzer, amantombazana apho uBrecht wayedla ngokuthandana.
Ukufa
Ngokutsho kobubi obuqhelekileyo, ukuba bafumene imvume elindelweyo, umbhali obalaseleyo kunye nombhali obalaseleyo kunye no-playwript ngequbuliso baqalisa ukuphulukana nempilo, sele kusekelwe phantsi kwiminyaka yokufuduka. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1956, esebenza kwimveliso yobomi "kweGalili" kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga, wafumana ihlazo lwentliziyo. Emva kokuba wamkele ukuze afumane i-malaise eqhelekileyo, akazange abuyele kwagqirha.
Indoda ihamba iholide encinci yaza yaqala ukusebenza kwakhona, kodwa ngo-Agasti yaye yaonakaliswa kakhulu. Oogqirha bavale ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo, eyayingunobangela wokufa kwakhe ngoAgasti 14, 1956.
Inkokeli ye-palatical yangcwatywa kwi-doroteeteedsk yamangcwaba. I-Brecht ikhutshiwe ukuba ingabizi ngaphezulu kweentetho zakhe ezifundwayo kunye namagama. Akukho foto, imihla kunye noRepalalia kwisiza sombhali, eli litye elingwevu elula apho igama lakhe liqinile. Kanye kanye ngokunjalo ngokubonayo - le yeyakho ingcwaba lakhe lemyuzimli wakhe Vaigel, owayengafuni ukuba ahlukane nobuchule bakhe.
Sebenza
- Ngo-1928 - "trigrashova opera"
- Ngo-1938 - "Isibindi Mama kunye nabantwana Bakhe"
- Ngo-1939 - "Uloyiko kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba kubukhosi besithathu"
- Ngo-1939 - "nobomi beGalili"
- Ngo-1943 - "umntu olungileyo eSeushana"
- Ngo-1944 - "Isangqa seCaucasian Fow"
- Ngo-1954 - "I-turandut"