Biography
UNikolai Nikolayevich semenov - Inzululwazi yoxolo, imisebenzi yabanisa kwaye isebenzisa uluntu lwezenzululwazi lwehlabathi ngemisebenzi yabo. Waphila ubomi obunesidima ekungekho sithuba esaneleyo soxinzelelo kunye noloyiso. Emehlweni akhe, eli lizwe lalitshintsha-ukusuka kwiTussar Russia ukuya kwiSoviet Union.
UNikolai Nikolaevich wasinda kwimfazwe yamakhaya, inguqu, ingcinezelo ye-30s, imfazwe yesibini yehlabathi. Kwaye nokuba bekunzima kangakanani, wahlala ethembekile kwisayensi. I-Semenov isekhona kuphela kwenzululwazi yeRussia ofumene i-Nobel ParIne kwi-chemistry.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UNikolai Nikolavich Semenov wazalwa nge-15 ka-Epreli 1896 kusapho lomkhosi oqhelekileyo. Utata-Nikolay Alexandrovich, Mama - Elena Alexandrovna. Izayensi yexesha elizayo de kwangowe-1909 wafumana ubuntwana eSaratov, emva koko usapho lwafudukela eSamara.
Apha wayetyelele isikolo sokwenyani kangangokuba waphumelela ngembeko ngo-1913. Kwakungaphakathi kweendonga zeli ziko lemfundo uNikolai laqalisa ukuba nomdla kwiChemistry kunye neFiziksi. Inkanuko yoMfundisi weSayensi exhaswe ngeNzululwazi kwiFiziksi Vladimir Ivanovich Karmilov, apho isayensi sekamva siza kubonisa ubuhlobo obude nobushushu.
Lo mfana wayehlala ebandakanyeka engcelelo, efunda impendulo yekhemikhali, ethi, kwinto eyoyikekayo yabantu abadala, iphele ngokuqhushumba. Kodwa okwangoku, uSemenov wayenomdla wokuphendula ngokuqhuma, owasiba sisiseko sophando lwakhe lwezenzululwazi.
Emva kwesikolo, uNikolai ungene kwiDyunivesithi yasePetrograd kwiSebe leMathematics ye-facultics ye-physics kunye nemathematics. Utata wakhe ungonelisekanga kukhetho loNyana wakhe, njengoko wayethandabuza ukumbona ekukhonzeni emkhosini. Phakathi komzali nonyana kukho ixanda elihlala lihlala liqela.
Kwikhosi yesi-2, uNikolai ubandakanyeke kwisayensi phantsi kobunkokeli buka-Abraha Fedorovich Ifowuni. Iyenza imisebenzi kwi-ions ye-athom kunye neemolekyuli phantsi kwesenzo sokubetha kwe-elektroni kwirhasi. Emva kokuphumelela kwiYunivesithi ngo-1917 uthatha isigqibo sokuhlala e-Alma Mater ukulungiselela uburhulumente.
Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1918, kweziganeko zenzeka, ezitshintsha inqanaba lobomi lobomi bolwazi olutsha. Ukufika kwiholide yehlobo kubazali eSamara, ukukhathalele imfazwe yamakhaya. NgokukaNikolai Nikolayevich, waqonda kakuhle ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kweli lizwe, kwaye wadibana ngokuzithandela kumkhosi wendibano yabantu, eyayiphantsi kolawulo lwe-Eserovo.
Malunga nokubuyela ePettrograd kuye kwafuneka ndilibale. I-Semenov yaba ibhetri yesiqhelo. Kwakusekwe kwisikhundla sokuzala kwehashe malunga nenyanga ngaphambili ngokuchasene nomkhosi obomvu. Kodwa ndakhawuleza ndabona ukuba inkonzo yomkhosi ayiyonjongo yayo.
UNikolay wathabatha kwikhefu lokugula ngokungagungqiyo kuSamara. Ukusuka apho ndatshintshelwa kwibhetri ye-UFA, kodwa andizukuya kwicala, kodwa eTomsk, eyayibalwe kukungabikho kumkhosi omhlophe. I-Semenov ithembele eTomsk ukuze iqhubeke nokuzibandakanya kwisayensi. KwiZiko leTomsk leTekhnoloji, wanikwa ilabhoratri yophando kunye nethuba lokufundisa physics kwiSebe.
UNikolai ukwazile ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yesayensi kwaye ucwangcise isemina esisigxina kwiZiko, isebenza nabafundi abanetalente.
Ngo-1919, uSemenov wahluza uKolchak emkhosini. INtloko yeSebe leFiziksi leTekhnoloji yeTomsk, iFors Petrovich Vienberg, ivunyelwe ekudluliseleni i-nicholas kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo apho sathunyelwa kwiZiko leTekhnoloji.
Emva kokungena kwiTomsk yomkhosi obomvu, i-radiobatalonion yangena. IYunivesithi ilungiselelwe isikhalazo egameni lomphathi wesixeko, ngesiseko seSemenov sigxothiwe emkhosini.
Emva kwexesha, isiqendu se-White Genery kwi-bikolai ye-nikolaivich iphantse yakhokelela phantsi kwengcinezelo ngo-1937, xa uluhlu olubanjiweyo lwezazinzulu lwalulungiselela i-leningrad kwi-leningrad kumbutho wabanqolobi wobugrodisayo. Phakathi kwe-physico engafakwanga i-semenov, kodwa yena kunye nabo nabanye basebenza ngakumbi 'bakwazi ukuphila. I-NKVD ngesizathu esingacacanga sibashiyile sodwa.
Isayensi
Ngo-1920, uNikolai, kwisimemo sika-Abraha Fedorovich Ifowuni, ibuyela kwi-pettrograd kwaye icwangcise indawo yentloko ye-elektrone ye-elektroniki kunye neZiko le-Dray. Ukususela ngo-1921 wabizwa ngokuba yi-leningradyrad fish kunye netekhnoloji yetekhnoloji.
Kwakuloo nyaka, ityala elinomdla lenzeka, elinokubizwa ngokuba yimfihlakalo, elimiselwe kwangaphambili ikamva lenzululwazi. Ndikunye nomfundi wakhe ofunda naye, uPeter Kapitsa, bayalela umzobo wawo ongumculi odumileyo uBoris Kustodiev.
"Kutheni ungasitsali, usahluli esixambulelweyo?" Ubuze umculi kapitsa. Into awayeyibuza ukuba ngaba izazinzulu ezincinci zazihlanganisana kwikamva le-Nobel. Emva kwempendulo yokuqinisa, umzobi wakhupha umzobo ongafakwanga yi-shalyapin kwaye waqala ukusebenza ngokomyalelo wabo.
Ndikunye noPeter Kapitsa Nikolai semenov, iminyaka emide yobuhlobo kunye nomsebenzi odibeneyo wesayensi wawunxulunyaniswa. Ngo-1922, baqulunqa indlela yokulinganisa umzuzu wokulinganisa i-atom kwi-inshomogeneous yaseburhulumenteni, ephuhlise ngempumelelo izazinzulu zenzululwazi ye-Otto kunye neWalter Gela.
Ngo-1927, uNikolai Nikolayevich onyulwe kwintloko yecandelo lekhemikhali nezobuchwephesha kwi-leningrad fiztech, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1928 uba ngunjingalwazi wakhe. Ngo-1931, iguqulwa kwiZiko leFizikhali leNzululwazi yeSayensi yeSayensi ye-USSR, ethi iqhekeza lesayensi lilawula iminyaka engama-55.
Kwithuba leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iSemenov, kunye nezinye izazinzulu zaseSoviet, zisemva, kwiKazan, apho aqhubeka esebenza kwimicimbi yokutsha nokuqhushumba. Imisebenzi yakhe ifumene ukwamkelwa kwehlabathi. Ingumnikazi wethiyori ye-thermal qhushusi kunye nomxube wegesi. UNikolai Nikolaevich udala imfundiso yokusasazeka kwedangatye, ukudinwa, ukutshiswa kweziqhushumbisi.
Ngo-1943, izizwe zakhe ze-Chemics zeShemical zidluliselwa eMoscow, apho umsebenzi osebenza kwiprojekthi ye-Atomic uqala. Emva kwemfazwe, iSemenov iqala ukuhlasela ezinye izazinzulu, ezazilungelelanisa elinye lamanani ee-odes zelo xesha, unjingalwazi we-procks sub yeyunivesithi yaseMoscow ye-Nikolai i-Akulov.
Yayiliphulo lokucoceka kwesongulo kwinzululwazi enkulu. Watyholwa nge-semenov kwicebo eliphantsi phambi kwentshona nasekupheleni kwezimvo.
I-herbal kunye nenyani yokuba i-apitsi ye-petro ye-kapitsa yaba yinto eninzi engathandekiyo emsebenzini wenzululwazi. I-Semenov yavunyelwa ukunganyamezelani kwi-semipalatinsky yomhlaba, apho iibhombu zokuqala zavavanywa. Uninzi lwabasebenzi bakasonzululwazi babandakanyeka apha, kodwa bavalwa ngento oza kuyixelela umphathi malunga neziphumo zovavanyo.
Emva kokusweleka kweStalin, iphulo lokuchasene neSemenov laliphelele, kwaye abasemagunyeni baxhaswa ngemali emva kwebhaso yi-Nikolai Nikolayevich yiBhaso le-Mub. Umsitho wenzeka ngo-1956. Ibhaso "lophando kwicandelo lendlela yokuphendula yeekhemikhali", isayensi yahlulahlula kunye ne-British Pountert Port Porman joman hinselwood.
UNikolai Nikolayevich wanyulwa kwisithuba semfundo-yeSebe leSayensi yeShemical Academy yeSayensi yeSayensi, emva koko wafumana isihloko somongameli weSayensi.
Ngo-1973, wayengomnye wabafundi abasayine ileta kwileta yephephandaba iPravda ngokugweba kwendlela yokuziphatha kweSakhamidia.
UNikolai Nikolayevich kukhokelele ekusebenzeni kwezenzululwazi kunye nemisebenzi yombutho kunye nentlalo. Wanyulwa ukuya kwii-14 zezifundo zeSayensi kumazwe awahlukeneyo ehlabathi. Ngegalelo kwiSayensi yeSoviet, waphinda waphikisana ibhaso le-stalinist, kamva kwasongezwa ibhaso le-Lenin kwimbasa.
Kwirejista yombuso yokufumanisa i-USSR, umsebenzi weSifundi seSimethomian semenova kwisihloko: "I-phenomenon yamanzi ahlukeneyo esebe ngokuphendula ngemichiza. Emva kwakhe, inzululwazi ishiywe lilifa lemveli ngohlobo lweencwadi zesayensi kunye namanqaku.
Ubomi Buqu
Inzululwazi yayitshata kathathu. UMaria uIdovna Boreysha-Liverovskaya waba liqabane lokuqala, elalikhulile kunesifo seNikolai Nikolayevich iminyaka eli-17. Ngenxa yendoda yakhe ethandekayo, yashiya intsapho yangaphambili. Wayenabantwana abane. Kodwa, ngelishwa, ibhinqa lafa ngomhlaza kwiminyaka emi-2.
Emva kokusweleka komfazi wakhe, unyaka kamva, uSemenov utshatisa umtshana waseMaria uIdodorovna - uNatalia Burtseva. Umsitho wenzeka ngo-1924. Ababini bazalelwa kwesi sibini: UYuri noLyudmila. Umfazi wanceda umyeni wakhe kwindinyana yakhe, eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezintathu. Usosayensi akazange athethe mntu, kodwa banokufunda uncwadi.
Ubomi bobuqu bube ngumxholo wengxoxo kwi-Academy yeSayensi kunye neSebe lezeNzululwazi kwiKomiti ephambili yeCPU, xa ngo-1971 wajongana nemvume yoqhawulo-mtshato kunye no-Lydia Grigobna, nto leyo yayincinci kakhulu kunesikolo. Emva kokuvuma, esi sibini sabhalisa kwaye sahlala kunye iminyaka eli-15. Kwakungekho bantwana kulo mtshato.
Ukufa
Inzululwazi ifile eMoscow nge-25 kaSeptemba, 1986 eneminyaka engama-90 ubudala. Unobangela wokufa luhambelana nobudala.
UNikolai Nikolaevich uyangcwatyelwa kumangcwaba e-novodevichy. Akukho foto kwingcwaba lakhe, kodwa inani lenzululwazi ligqityiwe. Umsebenzi owenza i-soviet sclolptor vladimir vladimir federov.
Amabhaso
• I-1941 - ibhaso likaStalinNgo-1943 -Umbeko lwenkonzo yesiNgesi yoluntu
• Ngo-1946-iodolo yebhendi ebomvu
• I-1949 - ibhaso likaStalin
• Ngo-1956 - i-NOBEB CUZE IBHADI
Ngo-1958-Ilungu langaphandle leRoyal Social yaseLondon
Ngo-1960-ugqirha ozukisileyo weDyunivesithi yase-Oxford
Ngo-1962 - ilungu le-Bhayibhile entsha yeSayensi
Ngo-1963-Ilungu langaphandle leSizwe leSizwe leSayensi
Ngo-1965 -Ugqirha ozukisiweyo kwiDyunivesithi yaseLondon
• Ngo-1966 - iqhawe lomsebenzi wentlalontle
• Ngo-1969 - i-golide yegolide enkulu egama linguM. V. Lomonososov
• Ngo-1976 - ibhaso le-LININ
• Ngo-1976 - iqhawe lomsebenzi wontlalontle
Ngo-1986-I-odolo ye-Okthobha
I-Bibliography
Iincwadi
• I-1934 - "I-Chain Reances"
Ngo-1958 - "kwezinye iingxaki zee-kinetics zekhemikhali kunye nokukhula"
Ngo-1973 - "Inzululwazi Noluntu: amanqaku kunye nentetho"
Amanqaku
• Ngo-1923 - "i-ions i-i-ions kunye neegesi kunye ne-vapor glin"
• Ngo-1924 - "Chemistry kunye nePhenomena ye-elektronye"
• Ngo-1925 - "kwi-molecular beam"
• Ngo-1930 - "I-Chain Reances"
Ngo-1930 - "Impendulo elula yekhemikhali"
• 1931 - "Ukuqhuma kwegesi kunye ne-chain ithiyori"
• Ngo-1940- ithiyori ye-therma yokutsha nokuqhushumba "
• Ngo-1940 - "I-Itrmal ithiy ye-furm yokutsha kunye nokuqhuma" (ukuphela)
Ngo-1953 - "Imibuzo ephambili yethiyori yanamhlanje yokuvutha i-homogeneous irhasi"
• Ngo-1967 - "Ukuzinikezela ngokuzingca kunye nokuphendula"
• Ngo-1986 - "Indlela yesayensi"