Biography
Namhlanje, ukuya kwi-St. Petersburg eMoscow, abahambi balandelwa yinjongo, kungekuphela nje ukuphulukana nee-odolo ezingalunganga zikarhulumente. Kwakuyimfuneko, i-Alexander Radishchev, eyayibeka indlela ebonisiweyo yesiseko sencwadi edumileyo, awayevela kuyo ngokwakhe ngokwakhe wenzakala kakhulu. Umbhali wasinda kwikhulu lakhe lasebukhosini lakhe kwaye uxolelwe kwaye waba ngowona mzobo ubalulekileyo wolwazi lwaseRashiya.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UAlexander Nikolaevich radishchev wazalwa ngonyaka ka-Elizabeth Petrovna. Abazali babengabahambisi abatyebileyo abatyebileyo kwaye bahlala kwilali yaseArtazimo, babiza igama lotat'omkhulu lombhali. Ngo-1952, indawo yokuhlala yayibizwa ngokuba yi-radishvovo.
UNikolay Aneashiyevich, Bawo wenkwenkwe, ongento yendawo yeNemtsovo kufuphi Kanaga, kwaye malunga nobuntwana bentanda-bulumko yexesha elizayo yayikukukodwa. Umama kaFekla Savvichna wenzeka kuhlobo lwezinto ze-moscow ze-argamakov. Intsapho yayinobuhlobo, inobuhlobo, inengxolo, abantwana abayi-11 bazalelwa kuyo. Bakhokela ngobomi obuthise ngobuqhetseba, kodwa abazali banikela ingqalelo kwimfundo yabo.
UAlexander omncinci, kwelinye icala, enxibe inqaba kaPeter Mammon Mammon Mammon Mammon, kwelinye icala wafunda umFreyi oliFrance kuye. Kwiminyaka enga-7 ubudala, umntwana wathunyelwa eMoscow kwaye washiya umalume kwibhodi yamama. Kwindlu ka-Argamakov, ezaziza kwizihlobo ezisondeleyo, umlawuli osenyongweni weMoscow, inkwenkwe yayinethuba lokufumana ubulumko.
Kwangelo xesha, kunye nabazala, wathabatha izifundo ezivela ku-profesa oonjingalwazi, kwaye i-French Gutener yayikhulisa ekukhulelweni kwabantwana ababalekayo kwilizwe lakhe ngenxa yezopolitiko. Ootitshala benkululeko basibeka isiseko kwindoda eselula kunye nomnqweno wokuqhankqalaza ngokungekho sikweni.
Ngo-1762, uCatherine II, II, wayithatha itrone yaza yathatha uAlexander wam oneminyaka eli-13 kwinani lemijikelo ye-impem. Wafunda ezikhwameni zephepha kwaye wakhonza uMongameli ekulimeni nasekuphuculeni iziganeko zehlabathi. Ubomi kwiNkundla yeNkundla ngokugxeke yayingahambelani neenjongo zenkululeko, ubulungiseleli kunye nokungafakwanga, abafana abancinci abavela kubafundisi-ntsapho abaqhubela phambili.
Ngo-1766, i-radishchev yeza kwinani labafana abakhethiweyo ukuba bahambele uqeqesho kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Amaqabane amathandathu achithe iminyaka emi-5 eJamani, afumana imfundo esemthethweni kwaye afumane iimbono eziphezulu ze-Epoch yokukhanya.
Abafundi babephila kakubi, kodwa ngokubekwalukweni kwefilosofi, isayensi yendalo, uncwadi nembali. I-radishchev, ngaphandle, iphantse yafumana idiploma yezonyango. Ukubuyela eRussia ngo-1771, abantu abaselula babezele lithemba lokuya kukhonza ilizwe likaTata nowayeyele.
Uncwadi
Umsebenzi woncwadi we-radishchev waqalisa ukufunda kwiLeipzig. Waqala ngenguqulelo yemisebenzi ebonakala ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yentlalo nefilosofi. Kwi-St.
Ibali liba yi-prototype yenkosi yombhali kwaye isixelela ngohambo. Apha umbhali uyotwa umfanekiso ongenakwenzeka kwilali yaseRussia, ethengiswa yinqaba enqabileyo. Impapasho yabangela ukumila okukhulu kunye nokugxeka. " Nangona kunjalo, i-radishchev iyaqhubeka nokubhala, kubandakanya iinguqulelo, nangona kunjalo, zibagqiba ngeengcinga zabo.
Incwadi yokuqala eyahlukileyo ye-Alexander Nikoelaevich ikwavelisa ngokungaziwa. Olu "bubomi bukaFzodor Vasneevich ushakov ngokuziswa kweminye imisebenzi yakhe", epapashwe ngo-1789. Incwadi inikelwe kumgangatho olizide kwiDyunivesithi yaseLeipzig, eyayikhuthaza umbono weqela labo labafundi. Impapasho yayiphumelele, wathetha ngokuthi, engacacanga, nangona kunjalo, ingozi yeengcinga ezichazwe.
"Ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-St. Petersburg eMoscow" ayibhalwanga unyaka. Iimbono zombhali zitshintshiwe, ulwazi lwalucetyiswa, oluchaphazele ngokuthe ngqo isicatshulwa kunye nohlobo lwayo. Ngo-1789, i-radishchev inyanzelisa ukubonelela ngemibhalo ebhaliweyo. Angtyly ngokwaneleyo, uCarnibal iphosile umsebenzi oyingozi, wamkela ukuba isikhokelo esiqhelekileyo kwaye singakhathazi ukuba senze umxholo.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho ofisi yokupapasha ityhilwe ukupapashwa, emva koko umbhali ngoncedo lwabahlobo balungelelanisa i-typography ekhaya. Apho nge-1790 iprinte ikopi ye-600 yencwadi kwaye inxenye yathengiswa. Iivolumu zokuqala zisasazwa ngoko nangoko, kwaye "uhambo" waqala ukubakho. Ingxolo enyukayo ikhokelele kwinto yokuba impapasho yathunyelwa kwi-Empress. Ta Funda incwadi, eqaqambisa ikakhulu iikowuti. Emva kweshishini elikhulu, ukusasazwa ngokupheleleyo kwabanjwa kwaye kutshiswa.
Incwadi eyamkelwe yikhrimolethi kwaye yabangela ukuhlangana koluntu, kunye nexesha, yagxekwa ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ixabiso lobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, uAlexander uCushkin waphawula ukuba uhambile, kwaye iingxaki ezikuyo zatyatyamba, kwaye zichaze inoveli 'njengomsebenzi ophakathi, ukuba ungathethi isilabhasi yebhabhari. "
Kwi-radishchev ye-radishchev iqhubekile nokuzila. Kwindlela yokuziphatha "emntwini, ukubulawa kwakhe nokungafi", umbhali usuka kwimicimbi yezentlalo kwaye ubhekisa kwintanda-bulumko. Umbhali uphonononge ubungakanani bendalo yomntu, umanyano lomphefumlo nomzimba, ugxininisa indima yengqondo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje yobomi, indoda ibandakanyeke kwimibongo. Imibongo emitsha kunye nombongo we-bova kaBova "Bova" zabhalwa ngaphambili "inkululeko".
Imisebenzi yentlalo kunye nekhonkco
Phambi kokuba kukhutshelwe ukupapashwa "Ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-St. Petersburg eMoscow", i-radishchev isebenza njengegosa kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zeSt. Kwiminyaka eliqela, indoda yayisebenza kwisebe lezorhwebo nezomzi-mveliso, emva koko yafudukela kwizithethe, apho wafika khona iminyaka eli-10 kwintloko yenkosi.
Nangona kunjalo, nge-30 kaJuni, 1790, yayigqityiwe nge-quarry: ngokomyalelo kaCatherine II alexander nikolayevich ukubanjwa, ethabatha kwinqaba kaPeter noPatress.
URadishchev akazange akhanyele ityala lakhe, kodwa wamangaliswa xa wafumanisa ukuba usoyikiswa ngesigwebo sentambo. Umbhali watyholwa ngokuba ngumbutho, umngcatshi wombuyiso kunye ne-buntingman "imbi kakhulu i-pucvingva". Le ndoda yahlawuliswa "ukuzama kwimpilo enguMongami." Ukusuka kwisigwebo sentambo se-radishchev, sisigqibo esikhethekileyo soMgazini, esayilungiswa kwaye sayibuyisela isohlwayo ngereferensi yeminyaka eli-10 eSiberia. UMorksi wabantu wathunyelwa ngoSeptemba 1790 ukuya kwi-Ilimsk yase-Ilimsk irkutsk.
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bobuqu eAlexander Radishchev bekukho abafazi ababini. Ngomfazi wokuqala, wazisa iqabane lakhe kwiYunivesithi yeLeipzig Universi University Andrei ruphanovsky, ongu-Anna Ruphanovskaya wayenesalamane. UAlexander no-Anna batshata ngo-1775, kwaye izibulo lalimiloweli kwasekuhlaleni kamva. Lilonke, esi sibini sazalwa abantwana abathandathu, kodwa amantombazana amabini afela ebuntwaneni.
Vesily, uNikolai, uEkaterina noPaul baphulukana nonina ngonyaka we-1783. Eli bhinqa lafa eneminyaka eli-31, evutha unyana omncinci.
Abantwana bahlala ekukhathaleni udade omncinci uAnna vasileevna - Elizabeth ruphanovskaya. Oko kwabathabatha nawe, xa kulandelwa yi-radishchev kwikhonkco. Ngokweengcuka zecawe, umtshato nenkosikazi yakhe bathathwa njengabamkelekanga kwaye balinganiswe kakhulu. Ke ngoko, le manyano yayingabhaliswanga. E-Ilimsk, i-radishchev kunye ne-Elizabeth vasiletevna zazalelwa kubantwana abathathu: uAnna, uFefla noAthanasius.
Ngo-1797, uAlexander Nikolaevich wayengumhlolokazi okwesibini: ekwiqela, umfazi wakhe wasweleka, engazange abuyele ePetersburg kwindawo yesalathiso. Inyani enomdla inokuqwalaselwa ukuba utata kaRadrishcheva akhawulezi ukuba abazukulwana abancinci, bababiza ngokuba baphelelwe lixesha. Indoda endala yazukisa iTshatha yeCawe kwaye ithanda ukuba uNyana utshata inqaba, kunokuba uthe cwaka.
Iminyaka edlulileyo kunye nokufa
Ireferensi radishchev igqibile ngaphambi kwexesha elichongiweyo. Ngo-1796, uPawulos ndenyuka ndaya etroneni nakwikhonkco likamama ndikhulula umbhali we-Opcric. Uye wafudukela ekuhambeni kukaTata, kwaye uxolelo olupheleleyo kunye nokuchacha kwamalungelo afunyenwe phantsi kweAlexander i ngo-1801. Ukususela ngelo xesha, i-radishchev yayihlala eSt.
UAlexander Nikolaevich wasweleka ngoSeptemba 12, 1802, iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo zahamba ngoonobangela bokufa. Babesithi ngendoda eneminyaka engama-53 ubudala yazibulala, ityhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ayihambelani nenyani yokuba wayenxunguphele kwaye wangcwatyelwa kwicaweni yecawa yamangcwaba amangcwaba amdaka ahluthwa yi-orthodox canon. Olu xwebhu lwaseburhulumenteni lubonisa ukuba unobangela wokufa uye waba yiChar.
Iikowuti
"Ukulungelelaniswa kweyona meko yobutyebi bobuntu ... kwaye abantu bakhe kufanelekile ukuba baphose i-monikar-idreyiti." Kuphela wona uya kuba ngumntu omnye. "Akukho nto kuthi Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho nto ifana neyethu, kodwa kusondela, akukho nto imangalisayo, emangalisayo njengentetho yethu. "" "" "I-Bibliography
- 1772 - "Ukuhamba ngempazamo ku-*** kwaye *** t ***
- 1773 - "Imisebenzi Yamagosa"
- 1783 - "uWilly"
- 1789 - "Ubomi bukaFzodor Vasneevich ushakov ngokwazisa kweminye imisebenzi yakhe"
- 1790 - "Ileta eya kumhlobo, uhlala eTobollk, kwityala lesihloko sakhe"
- 1790 - "Ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-St. Petersburg eMoscow"
- 1790 - "Ukuncokola ukuba ukho uNyana welizwe likaYise"
- 1792 - "Ileta malunga nokuxoxisana baseTshayina"
- 1792 - "Malunga nomntu, ukusweleka kwakhe nokungafi"
- I-1799- "Bova"
- I-1801 - "Umbongo"