Biography
Uthando i-Averchenko nje ngokulula, njengaye nawuphi na umbhali unemisindo, evulekile ngentliziyo kunye nesilabhasi esincinci. Wazibiza ngokuba "etyhafile, enomtsalane edla ngokujonga uThixo onguThixo onguThixo," kwaye umbhali waba njalo: i-ironic, enikela ingqalelo kwaye inesisa kwilizwi. Ukuphila ubomi obufutshane, i-Averchenko yakwazi ukuthatha enye yeendawo zokuqala kwinani lababhali abahlekisayo baseRussia.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Arkady timofeevich averchenko rod evela kwiSevastopol. Inkwenkwe yazalwa ngonyaka ka-1881 kwintsapho yomthengisi. I-Timofey Petrovich noSusanna Pavlovna bazalelwa abantwana abayi-10, oonyana abathathu basweleka ebuntwaneni. I-Arkado yahlala umzalwana kuphela woodade abathandathu.
Umntwana wahlulwe yimpilo enkenenkene, kodwa nenyani elusizi, kunye ne-A-i-A-kunye ne-A-i-A-kunye ne-A-i-A-kunye ne-A-i-A-kunye ne-A-domie yakhe yenze into yamahlaya kwi-autobiography, ebhalwe ngo-1903. Imbono ebuthathaka ayimvumeleli ukuba atyelele indawo yokuzivocavoca, ke yona inkwenkwe ayizange yamkele imfundo yaseprayimari. Njengokuba, nangona kunjalo, akukho wumbi, ngaphandle kweeklasi ezi-2 zesikolo sokwenyani.
I-Averchenko inetalente yokuzifundisa ngetargagi enkulu yomfundi. Oodade babezibandakanya kwizifundo zakhe ekhaya. Ishishini likayise litshisiwe kakuhle, kwaye usapho lwawela kwimeko enzima lemali.
Nangona umbhali ozithobayo kwii-lebostrys kunye nabangeneleli, waqala ukusebenza ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-15. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana wafumana umbhali kwinkampani yokuhamba iimpahla, emva konyaka wemka kwimigodi yamalahle, apho akhonza khona abasebenzi base-ofisini.
Ixesha elimigodini lalilusizi kwaye lilusizi, kwaye kuphela kokuzonwabisa kunye 'necala lobomi "phakathi komdaka ongenamda kunye nomsebenzi wekhalenda wawusele unxila. Umbhali oselula kunye neli lungiselelo lakwazi ukubetha ngokulandelelana kumabali akhe, kodwa lavuya kakhulu xa iofisi yafudukela eKharkov ngo-1900. Apha, ngokwamazwi akhe, umfana waphila ebomini kwaye waqinisa. Kwangelo xesha, kwathatha imizamo yokuqala yoncwadi.
Uncwadi
Ikamva "Inkosi yokuhleka" Iyaxoxwa kumaphepha eKhaya laseKharkiv "Elamazantsi Ezantsi" ngebali "Ndinokufumana njani ubomi" ngo-1903. Ubhala amabali ahlekisayo ahlekisayo, aze emva koko athathe ukukhululwa kwemagazini "Shttyk", apho esenza khona ngaxeshanye ngumbhali, umhleli kunye nomzekeliso. Udala amabali eze-satirical, utsala iikhathuni kunye nenkcitho kwaye ufumane ukuthandwa phakathi koluntu. Ukulandela oku, imagazini "yekrele" yalandelwa, eyabakho ixesha elide.
I-Satira Averchenkon ibangela ukungoneliseki ngumkhukula, kwaye kwafuneka ashiye isixeko ngo-1907. Ukusuka eKharkov, umfana ugqiba kwelokuba uye kwiSt. Petersburg, apho aqhubeka eqhuba khona kwiintlobo ze-satirical.
Kwinqanaba eliyintloko laseMantla, umbhali uba yinto ebonakalayo, kuba uhlala e-niche apho kubonakala ngathi uyadalwa. Uyayazi indlela yokubona ngokuhlekisayo nehlemkeli, ibhala uEchko nobukhali. Imagazini "idyforfly", apho wahlala khona ngunobhala, ngo-1908 eguqulwe yaba yi-satirikon veki nganye, eyayinxalenye eyahlukileyo ye-satire ekhethekileyo nenkcubeko ekhethekileyo. I-Averchenko evela kumbhali osisigxina kungekudala wafudukela kwindima yomhleli oyintloko wempapasho.
Kwiminyaka yeGolide yeli phephancwadi, amabali ethemba lohwitsky (TeFi), uSasha mnyama, i-Osid, Smid Andreeva, waza wafanekisela amagcisa akhe aphezulu. Abafundi bathandwa nguSatirikon, kuba engazange aye kubuntu, athambisa abantu abathile, kodwa bazisa ngohlobo lwe "Syrical Satire", ukuziqonda ngokupheleleyo komntu. Inyaniso enomdla-bhala uMlawuli uNicholas II, uqokelela isibonda sakhe.
Ukupapashwa kwe "mbali ye-Universal" iye yabethwa yi-Satirikon "yiyo iinguqulelo zokwenyani, kukho iinguqulelo zehlabathi ezivela kwiTefi, umsi noJoseph Orher. I-Averchenko yathatha inkcazo yexesha elitsha, apho iBali elivulayo "lalifakwa iMelika".
Ngo-1910, iincwadi ezi-3 ze-Averchenkon ipapashiweyo kwaye zimzisela udumo lophawu olufileyo kwikhaya kunye no-O'henry. Amabali ombhali ayaziwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye atshintshelwe kumdlalo wemidlalo yemidlalo yeqonga. Ngo-1912, 2 iilwimi ezingakumbi zipapashiwe- "imijikelezo emanzini" kunye "namabali okufumana kwakhona". Satir-Uhambo lokuhamba, ubhala imisebenzi emitsha, uphonononge imveliso ye-theatrical.
Emva kohlaziyo luka-Okthobha, impilo-ntle eyaphukileyo, iBolsheviks igubungela imagazini yaseAverchenko ye-Averchenko ye-Averchenko ye-Averchekos, embiza ngokuba ngu-bourgeois kwaye akathembeki. Inqanaba elilandelayo kwibhayiloji yombhali libiza kakhulu ekuthinjweni. Ekuqaleni ushiya idolophu enkulu kwaye ekhwela emazantsi, apho ahlala khona kwi-nasvastopol yakhe iminyaka emi-2. Kwaye ngo-1920, indoda ishiya ilizwe lakhe ngonaphakade.
Ngokufuduka, i-Arkady Timofeevich ibandakanyeka kwiholo yemidlalo ye-sevastopol kwaye iyaqhubeka nokubhala. IYurophu yayityhutyhe igqitywe ziimbacu zobuzwe baseRussia, ke umbhali ukwazile ukuziva wakhe kwelinye ilizwe. Kwangelo xesha, ngokungafaniyo nabameli beRasi yaseRussia, wayengazi iilwimi zaseYurophu, ohlengahlengiso olunengxaki kuluntu lwaseNtshona.
Ngeli xesha, umsebenzi wombhali ukufumanisa inguquko enkulu, izihloko ezitsha ezibukhali ziyavela kwaye utshintsho lwendalo. Ivakalelwa ngokucacileyo kukulangazelela ngokungalinganiyo kuchithe ixesha leRussia endala. Ngo-1921, kwiParis Printa, kukho amaphetshana "i-dozen i-dozen i-dozen ngasemva kwenguquko".
Amabali akwiminyaka ye-1920s anikezelwe ekuqondeni inguquko kunye neziphumo zalo ezonakalisayo, kunye nekamva labafuduki bazama ukuphila ekuthinjweni kwaye bafumane intsingiselo kunye nenkxaso ebomini. Umbhali uchithe iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech. Apha babhala iincwadi "zamabali eCynic", "Qaphela", "I-Mezezelete Joke".
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu ye-satirik kunzima ukuphikisana, kuba akuyomfuneko ukuba uthethe ubudlelwane obucacileyo. Umbhali akakaze abe ngumfazi, ongenakwenzeka ukuba athethe ngokuchaneka kubantwana. Ngokutsho kwamarhe, unyana ka-Aryerkov wazalelwa eKharkov, uAvenchento wazalwa.
Le ndoda yayingqongwe yintombazana kwaye yazisa isimo sengqondo se-ironic kumgangatho womfazi. Ke ngoko, ukuba nomhle ngenxa yobuhle, akazange acinge ngomtshato kwaye anciphise ubudlelwane kunye neenoveli okanye ukukhanya. Ukuqinisekisa ngokuzikhusela ekuzingenisweni kwe "occoltz" yakhe, i-Avechenko yayihlala iyeke ukhetho awayenalo kumabhinqa atshatileyo okanye ekhawulezileyo ukuba inamava abahlobo bakhe.
Umbhali ugcinwe nge-Sofia Perter, egweba apho isibini sasinamalungu athandana naye xa i-Arkady Timody Timofeevich ihlala eSt. Petersburg. Inoveli yathatha iminyaka emi-2. Emva kwexesha, lo mfazi waba liqabane lomculi uNikolai Remoizov, u-AvenChenkothi ka-Avenchenkoyo eSatirikon.
Ukususela ngo-1912, i-Alexander Alexander Sadovskaya ivele kubomi bombhali. Ibhinqa eliqaqambileyo nelinamandla lalitshatile kwaye labenabantwana abathathu, omnye wabo wazala ngenoveli nge-averechenko. Obu budlelwane bufike emfihlakalweni ovela kwamehlo angaphandle, nangona kunjalo, abaphathi bebhargraphe bajonga i-brunette entle yomfazi ophambili kubomi buka-Satirik. Wazinikezela kumbhali wencwadi ethi "Imijikelezo emanzini".
Kwiminyaka yokufuduka, i-Arkady Tivofeeevich iqhubekile nokuzibandakanya kwi-Oters. Ukuhlala eConstantinople ngo-1920-1922, wamkhokelela "indlwana yeentaka ezifudukayo" edalwe nguye. UJulia Gorskaya wayengoyena ndoqo weThumpe kwaye waba yimyuziyam yombhali.
Ngomdlalo weqonga "indlwane" Raia Raich Averchenko yaziswa ngokuqinileyo ngo-1922-1924, kwaye wayengabahlobo nomyeni wakhe ababesebenza kwiholo yemidlalo. UBathathu Emnye unokubonwa kwiifoto eziqhelekileyo. Satiri de kube sekupheleni kweentsuku azizange ziyeke ukhetho lwalowo.
Ukufa
Njengomntwana, uAverchenko wenzakala kukulimala kwamehlo, kwaye nezifo zenjongo zihamba naye de kwasekufe. Ekuqaleni kuka-1925, umbhali kwakufuneka enze isigqibo sokususa amehlo okugule, kwaye utyando lwalunzima. Ukususela ngoJanuwari, indoda yayisesibhedlele sasePrague ngemeko enkulu kakhulu, enengxaki nangakumbi ngentliziyo, izitya kunye nezintso kwaye azisaze kuye.
Ukugula ixesha elide yayingunobangela wokufa owayeza nge-12 kaMatshi ngo-1925. Wangcwatyelwa kwilungu le-Orthodox yamangcwaba e-Olshansky, apho amanani aphezulu afudukayo okufuduka kweRussia aphumle.
Ixesha elide, i-Averchenko ye-Averchenko yahlala inguMbhali, kwaye umfundi waseRussia wafumanisa umsebenzi ka-Satiri kuphela ngo-1980. "Thetha", "Indoda yeShiirma", "mfazi" kunye namanye amaBalo angena kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo weHlabathi, kwaye iikowuteshini kwimisebenzi yombhali isenza uncumo kunye nosizi olulula.
I-Bibliography
- I-1910 - "i-oysters ye-oyster"
- I-1910 - "amabali. Incwadi yokuqala "
- 1910 - "Bunnies eludongeni"
- Ngo-1912 - "Ukujikeleza kwamanzi"
- Ngo-1912 - "Amabali Okufunda"
- Ngo-1914 - "Bantwana"
- Ngo-1915 - "Inqaku le-TheTirical rat"
- Ngo-1917 - "I-Tertz nabanye babini"
- Ngo-1923 - "Inqaku elifanayo"
- Ngo-1925 - "i-metsnate joke"