Biography
I-Vally Klyuchevsky - umbhali-mbali odumileyo waseRussia, owayehlala kwaye wasebenza kwixesha le-Xix-Xx kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Imbali yakhe ngumzekelo wobuchule obukhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Isishwankathelo siphakama ukusuka ezantsi kwaye singene kwisangqa soluntu ofundileyo, wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwisayensi.Phakathi ngokwemfanelo Klyuchevsky - nokudalwa i "indlela yembali Russian" kwiindawo ezi-5 apho ibeka phambili imfundiso amazwe Russia njengomba yophuhliso zembali. Umsebenzi wesayensi wombhali-mbali, inkxaso ye-aracracy evuthayo, ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo kwixesha leSoviet, kuphela kwiRussia yanamhlanje imisebenzi yakhe ivela kwitoliki entsha.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Vasly Osipovich Klyuchevsky yazalwa nge-16 kaJanuwari (nge-28 kaJanuwari nge-1841 kwilali yaseVeskreseNovka Powza ivela kubantwana abathathu boMfundisi we-Osip Kuevsky.
UKlyuchevsky waphila ngokuthozama, ukuba akuthethi-lihlwempu. Kwaye xa uVasly wayeneminyaka eli-9 ubudala, usapho kwaye kukho ukubetha kakhulu-wasweleka kamnandi uBawo. Wagodukayo evela kwimarike yeSixeko kwaye wangena kwindudumo eyomeleleyo: Amahashe ayebhukuqa inqwelo, indoda yaphulukana nengqondo kwaye inqabile ukuhamba. UValuly wafumana umzimba katata kunye nonkwantyo ixesha elide waba yibar.
Ukuhlala ngaphandle komgcini wezonka, uKlyuchevsky wafudukela ePowza, apho bangena kulondolozo lwe-Pela Daiocese. Abanye babahlobo bakaBawo babashiya indlu encinci, zahlala iinkedama nabahlolokazi. UVasly waqalisa ukufunda kwisikolo sokomoya. Kodwa ngenxa yokuqhutywa, izinto zoqeqesho azikwazanga ukoyisa, ngelishwa elisongelwe ukuba banciphise umanyano.
Umama oqinisekileyo wandenza lula omnye umfundi ukuba asebenze nonyana wakhe. Kwaye nangona umntwana okwishumi elivisayo asebenze ixesha elide kwaye ngenkani, umphumo uthelekiswa nommangaliso. I-klyuchevsky i-klyuchevsky ayingoyisiseko kuphela, kodwa yaba sisithethi esihle. Emva kokuphumelela esikolweni, ngo-1856 wangena kwisemina yokomoya. Kwakufuneka abe ngumbingeleli kuba wayenomxholo wedaiocese.
Nangona kunjalo, kunyaka ophelileyo, iseminari ibonelela ngenkalipho - iiarhente zokuseka ngenxa "yempilo engendawo." Ngapha koko, valily wagqiba kwelokuba angenele iYunivesithi yaseMoscow, ofundiswa nguye, oyise yonke imiqobo, ngo-1861. Indoda inyule imbali yembali yefilology.
Imbali
Ubomi bedolophu yaseMetropolitan yaseManila kwaye boyikisa umfundi wephondo ngaxeshanye. Wazama ukubambelela kwicala lezobupolitika, amaRallies kunye nolunye uhlobo lomfundi ". UKlyuchevsky wasebenza njengomfundisi wokutya oodade noonina. Ngo-1864-1865, lo mfo wagqiba izifundo zakhe eyunivesithi. Umsebenzi wakhe umgqatswa yayingu "Tale woAlumni malunga ne-MASSCOW State" kwaye wafumana uvavanyo oluphezulu. Umfundi ophumelele i-golide egolide ishiywe yi-Scholarshot kwiSebe leMfundo ukulungiselela i-garsoorship.
I-Tesis Klyuchevsky inikezele umxholo ongaqhelekanga kunye nomtsalane "Umoya wakudala waseRussia ovela kuMthombo wembali." Umbhali-mbali wasebenza ekubulalekeni kweminyaka emi-5, wafunda phantse ubomi babantu, waqhuba uphando lwezenzululwazi. Emva kokukhuselwa nge-1871 wafumana ilungelo lokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi.
Indawo yokuqala yomsebenzi wesibelekela oselula yayisisikolo somkhosi waseAlexander, apho wafundisa isifundo sembali ngokubanzi, endaweni yakhe i-thuti yakhe ezukileyo yeSergeii SolovYov.
Ngokuhambelana, ufunda intetho kwiSebe lezeMbali kwi-Moscow Tolow Areaducal Academy nakwiikhosi ze-Shaip Orment, kwaye ukusukela nge-1879 - kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Italente ye-KYlic Kyly Klyuvsky iminyaka yomsebenzi womsebenzi ngumphathi-ngqondweni kuphela: Iintetho azifundayo ngenzondelelo enjalo, eqokelela imijelo yabafundi, bade bami emgceni. Umbhali-mbali ukhokelela kwimizekelo engalindelekanga, imiceli mngeni yokujonga eyamkelweyo, ifillet enezicatshulwa kunye nee-trolis, ephila ngokuphendula imibuzo.
Kwintetho yakhe, umhlohli walungiselela yonke imifanekiso yembali, kubandakanya nemifanekiso yaseRussia. Umzekelo, iinkcazo zakhe ze-Ibrek malunga ne-Empress Petrovna naseCatherine II, xa umbhali-mbali ephawula loo nto "ukusukela kwimimangaliso enkulu, uninzi lwabantu abahamba kwitrone enkulu." Ngapha koko, i-klyuchevsky yokuqala yaqalisa ukuthetha ngabameli benkohliso yaseRussia njengabantu abaqhelekileyo abangaqhelekanga kubuthathaka babantu.
Ngo-1882, i-vasily Osipovich ikhusela i-Destor yakhe ye-orceral dissertation "i-boykaya Duma yakudala yaseRussia" kwaye yaba ngunjingalwazi kumaziko emfundo amane. Impumelelo kunye nodumo lonjingalwazi oselula azizange zihoywa kubantu bokuqala bakaRhulumente.
Ngasekupheleni kwe-1890s, uninzi lwemisebenzi eyimbali ibhaliwe: "Inkunkuma yaseRussia ye-XI-XVIII yeenkulungwane. Kwindlela yakhe yangoku "(1884)," imvelaphi ye-Serfdom eRussia "(1885)," i-Evghny Omergin nookhokho bakhe "(1887) kunye nabanye.
Ukususela ngo-1893 ukuya kwi-1895, uKlyuchevsky wafundisa imbali yonyana ka-Emperor I-Alexander III - inkosana enkulu uGeorge Alexandrovich. Kule meko, wayenemimandla yobuqu enguMongami, yayikufuphi nentsapho yasebukhosini, yayikuluntu lwabo. Ngaphandle kokuqeshwa, iqhubekeka umsebenzi woPhando, ivelisa "isibonelelo esifutshane kwimbali entsha", i-Ehlelo yesithathu ye "nyana duma yeRussia yamandulo".
Ngo-1900, unjingalwazi owayesele etyelele imeko ye-dean yembali yembali kunye nefilorigy ye-Moscow ye-Moscow, i-Pice-Reader yeMbali yeMbali yaseRussia kunye nooTyelelo, banyulwa kwi I-Imperial Anctmy yeSayensi.
Isiqalo senkulungwane entsha saphawula ukupapashwa komsebenzi wobuJaji we-Kuevsky "kwimbali yaseRussia" kumacandelo ama-5. Kungatsho ukuba lo ngumsebenzi wobomi bakhe: Ulungiselelo lwencwadi lwahamba ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30.
Kuyo, unjingalwazi uphuhlisa ithiyori ye-Seuds ezine zembali: I-DNIPROVSKAya RUS (isiseko soqoqosho-urhwebo), i-versinelzhskaya ye-RUS (i-rismolzhskaya i-rus (i-rus enkulu (i-boyar Duma), I-RASRASIA (i-Graing Estate - I-Neends, uphuhliso loqoqosho lwemveliso).
Ngo-1906, uKlyuchevsky ushiya i-Acadey yokomoya, apho wasebenza iminyaka engama-36, ngaphandle koqhanqalazo lwabafundi. Ngoku utitshala ufunda intetho kwiSikolo saseMoscow sepeyinti, eyoyikisayo kunye noyilo, apho abaphulaphuli bakhe babengamagcisa amagcisa kunye namagcisa.
I-vasily osipovich ishiyekile kungekuphela nje i-bibliografi ebanzi, kodwa nesizukulwane siphela ngabafundi abamangalisayo ababengasasebenzi izazinzulu zembali. Phakathi kwazo, uPavel Milyukov, Matsvey Lubavsky, Alexander Kizheetter, Mikhail Bogoslovsky, Sergey Bakhrshin.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngasekupheleni kwe-1860s, i-vilyly, sele ingumfundisi-ntsapho kwisikolo somkhosi, yenza amanyathelo okuqala ebomini bakhe, aqala ukukhathalela uAnna Borodina - udadewabo omdala womfundi. Kodwa uAnna waligawula udonga lombhali-mbali, efuna ukuzinikela kwimitshanazi abaziinkedama.
Ngelishwa, i-klyuchevsky yabo bonke ngo-1869 udadewethu olileyo udadewabo-udadewabi, othi ngelo xesha wayejongwa njengamantombazana. " Wayeneminyaka engama-32, kwaye wayeneminyaka emi-3 kunoMyeni, kodwa yayingeyohlaselo yi-klyuchevsky.
Abantu bexesha elidlulileyo bachaza isayensi kude nee-canons zobuhle zeklasi yomntu, zibonisa ukubonakala kwe-parish arss: ubuso obungenamva, inkanuko enqabileyo, i-icial i-itrone yobuso. Kodwa kwakufanelekile ukuba umntu anikele incoko, njengoko i-charismas yakhe emangalisayo ibonakalisiwe.
I-biographers klyuchevsky inika ingxelo yokuba amaqabane athathe isisa emva kobomi bonke. Kodwa i-aice ayizange isondele kwindoda yomoya ngenxa ye-vasily osipovich. Kodwa kunye noodadewabo abancinci-uAnna kunye neThemba-Klyuchevsky ixhasa imbalelwano yokuthembana.
Kodwa i-Alice Mikhailovna yakhathalela ubomi, indlu noqoqosho, kuba kule micimbi, njengabazinzulu, iqabane lakhe, iqabane lakhe lalingento yanto. Isibini esitshatileyo sakhulisa unyana okuphela kukaCoris, abaphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow kwaye banceda utata wakhe kwimisebenzi yakhe yesayensi, nangona wayengenamkhwa okhethekileyo.
Kwakhona, uNezabeth Alizabeth ikhula ngamalungelo entombi yakhe yobukumkani kusapho. Intombazana ngo-1906 itshatile kwaye kungekudala yafa isuka eChanoktka. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, i-Alice Mikilovna yasweleka - ibhinqa lafa ngequbuliso ngexesha le-hites etempileni.
Ukufa
Kuba iKlyuchevsky, ukufa komfazi wayo baba kukubetha, emva koko akubanga sabuya. Inzululwazi ebalaseleyo kwaye utitshala wasweleka nge-12 kaMeyi (nge-25 kaMeyi, kwi-1911 eMoscow ngenxa yesigulo esikhutshiweyo. Ingcwaba le-Osily Osily Osipovich kwindawo yamangcwaba eemonovoy.
Kwinkumbulo yombhali-mbali waseRussia ngo-1991, kwavulwa iMyuziyam ePena. Ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo seSikhumbuzo apho kuhlala khona umntu onomdla. Kwakuloo nyaka, ibhombu kunye ne-plaque yeSikhumbuzo zivuliwe kwilali yakhe ye-voskresenovka. Nge-11 ka-Okthobha ka-2008, ilitye lesikhumbuzo eVasilia Kuznetsova lasekwa ePuzza.
Iikowuti
"Ukubamelwane akuthethi ukuba kufutshane." "Ukuze wonwabe kuthetha ukuba ungafuni ukufumana nantoni na." "Ubume abukhali ngenxa yokuba becinga ngokuvakalayo." "I-Axioma inyani Ubungqina abukanele.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1866 - "Iincwadi zabaphambukeli malunga ne-moscow State"
- Ngo-1871 - "Ubomi bamandulo baseRussia babaNgcwele '
- Ngo-1872 - "Iimpikiswano ze-Pskov"
- Ngo-1878 - "Entsomi yemimangaliso ye-Vladimir Kamama kaThixo"
- I-1880 - "I-Beaarshaya Duma Duma yakudala iRussia"
- 1885 - "Imvelaphi yeSerfudom eRussia"
- Ngo-1887 - "Evgenyy Omerby kunye nookhokho bakhe"
- Ngo-1890 - "ukwakhiwa kokumelwa kwi-zemstvo theresia yeRussia yakudala"
- Ngo-1904-1922 - "Imbali Ejikeleze iRussia"