Biography
UPeter Kapitsa yinzululwazi yaseSovit, umphandi kunye nomvavanyi. Ubhaliso lwakhe lelokuba ngumsebenzi we-Quintom physics kunye neendlela zobushushu obunobushushu, ii-elektroniki kunye ne-plasma fiziks. Waqulunqa indlela epeyintiweyo yokuveliswa kwamasimi aphakamileyo amaGqirha. UPeter Leonidovich wakhalela kwaye wenza izixhobo zokuhlaziywa kweHelting Helium kwaye wafumana indlela yokuthintela umoya nge-turbo-cinezeli kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi. Igalelo kwisayensi eyehlise iinzululwazi zinzima kakhulu ekusebenziseni.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ugqirha wexesha elizayo wazalelwa eKronanstst ngoJulayi 8, 1894. Utata wakhe wasebenza njengenjineli yasemkhosini kwaye wabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kweenduli zedolophu. Umama ufunde uncwadi lwe-Folklore kunye noncwadi lwabantwana. UPeter wayesiya esikolweni kwiminyaka eli-11 ubudala, waba ngumthambo wokuzivocavoca. IsiLatini sasingumfundi onzima kakhulu. Le nkqubo yayinzima, ke emva konyaka ukusuka kwi-Gymnasium kuye kwafuneka ndihambe.
Ukufumana i-kapitsa yaya kwisikolo saseKronanceds. Amatyala azenzele, kwaye umfana othile uphelelwe lixesha ekufundeni ngeembeko, akhululwe ngo-1912. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukuba ngumfundi we-subyct yemfundo yaseburhulumenteni nakwimathematics yeYunivesithi yaseStwo kwi-St.
Emva koko watsalela ingqalelo kwiZiko lePolytechnin, apho wangena ngokulula kwi-elektrostnics. Ukusuka kwiinyanga zokuqala, umfundi onetalente utsala umdla woNjingalwazi uAbram Irom. Utitshala wagqiba kwelokuba utsala i-kapitsa asebenze kwilabhoratri yakhe.
Umcebisi onegalelo kuphuhliso lwe-protege kwaye wanceda ukuya eScotland ngehlobo lowe-1914. Apho, umfana wafumana imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, ngenxa yalo yabuya ibuyela kwilizwe lakhe.
I-Kapitsa yayiseRussia ngoNovemba 1914. Emva konyaka, wasebenza ngokuzithandela waza wamiselwa ngumqhubi wesothutho esicocekileyo. Ngo-1916, uPetros wadambisa, kwaye umfundi wabuyela ePetersburg, apho waphinda wangena emsebenzini kwiimvavanyo nakwiisemina. Ngeli xesha, inqaku lokuqala lomphandi lol.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Umsebenzi onesidanga kwi-iOFFF icetyiswe i-kapyatis ngaphambi kokukhuselwa kwediploma. Ingcali ye-novice yamenywa kwi-X-ray kunye ne-ray radiological. Ke umsebenzi we-pegogogical we-physics waqala. Unjingalwazi unegalelo ekuhambeni kweKapitsa phesheya ukufumana ulwazi olutsha. Kodwa kwakungekho lula.
Ngaphandle komda, wajika kuphela ngoncedo lwe-maxim gorky ngo-1921. I-Kapitsa yathunyelwa e-UK. Waba ngumqeshwa weLebhu yeCavendish kwaye wangena ekuchitheni i-Ernest Reznenford. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uPeonidovich wayesele enguMsebenzi weCambridge.
Apha waphumelela ukuthembeka kunye nentlonipho. Waqala ukufundisisa amabala angama-sundmatic ephezulu kwaye ubeke iimvavanyo zokuqala kule ndawo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala, iKapitsa yajika yaba sisifundo esidibeneyo neNikolai semenov, sinikezelwe kwisifundo soMzuzu we-magnetic ye-atom enemigangatho yemagnethi ye-inshoogeneous. Olu phononongo lukhokelele kumava ka-Tern-Gerlacha.
Ngo-1922, wakhusela i-disserral yaKhe, kwaye ngo-1925 waba nguSekela Mlawuli welebhu kuPhando lweMagneti. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, abaphandi baqesha ilungu leLondon Royal Society. IBhunga lakhe laxhasa ukudalwa kwelabhoratri ekhethekileyo yesayensi. Ukufunyanwa kwenzeka ngo-1933.
Olona nyango luphambili lomsebenzi ngeli xesha le-kapitsa yayikukufundwa kwenguqu ye-nuclei kunye nerediyo yerediyo. Iphucula izixhobo zokulungiselela amabala e-magnetic kwaye ifezekise iziphumo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili, zaphula irekhodi lemilingo yangaphambili. Impumelelo yakhe kunye neziphumo zakhe zamkelwe nguMasipala.
Ukuqhubeka nophando, kwakufuneka imali eyinkunzi ukubuyela kwilizwe layo, njengoko kufuneka iimeko ezifanelekileyo ukuze zifunde amaqondo obushushu asezantsi. Urhulumente waseSoviet, ophunyezwa rhoqo yinkqubo yesayensi ngokusisigxina, wayekulungele ukamkela i-physics. Kodwa wabonakalisa imeko: Ukushiya phesheya kwisicelo sakhe nangalo naliphi na ixesha.
Ngo-1934, uPetros uLeonidovich kunye nenkosikazi yakhe batyelela ilizwe lakhe, kodwa xa besiya esikhethe ukuba i-visa yakhe yaseBritane yarhoxiswa. Emva kwexesha, iqabane lika-physics lavunyelwa ukuba likhe lashiya abantwana banemeko yokubuyiswa kwayo. Ukweyisela oogxa bamaNgesi akwenziwanga kurhulumente waseSoviet. Imali enkulu kwafuneka ihlale e-USSR.
Ngo-1935, ugqirha wezandleni zeengxaki zempilo kwi-Acadey yaseRussia. I-Andamamian ndiyithanda isayensi kakhulu eli kuphoxeka ingamvumeli ukuba ayilahle umbandela wobomi. Ucele izixhobo awayesebenza kuzo e-UK. I-Rutherford eyamkelekileyo malunga nokwanyanzelwa ukuba inyanzelwe ukuba ithengise ubuchule be-USSR.
IKapitsa iqhubekile nokufunda amasimi aqinileyo kwi-magnetic ngokudibeneyo kunye noogxa bakhe kwiCambridge. Uvavanyo luthatha iminyaka eliqela. Inkqubo ihlawulwe: UPeter Leonidovich wazisa i-turbine yokufaka, kunye notywala bomoya.
I-Helium ipholile ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-faaderter. Izixhobo ezifanayo zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yanamhlanje kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili ekufumaneni yaba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwi-fiography ye-physics nakwisayensi yayiyinto enkulu ye-superflum. Ukunqongophala kwe-viscosity yento kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kwe-2 depsius kwaba sisigqibo esingalindelekanga. Ke ifiziksi yotywala yexabiso lavela.
Ngeli xesha, iKapitsa yayingumbhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye nenzululwazi eyaziwayo. Urhulumente uthathele ingqalelo oku xa iprojekthi yebhombu yeatom yasungulwa kwaye yayiceba ukutsala uPetros Leonidovich kwintsebenziswano. Kodwa wala kwaye wasuswa emsebenzini. Isohlwayo siye savalelwa ikhaya leminyaka emininzi.
Imali enkulu yayingavumelekanga ukuba inxibelelane noogxa bakho, kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ekwenzeni ilabhoratri entsha kwi-dacha yakhe. Kwakukho iimvavanyo ezisentliziyweni yabasebenzi abasemandleni ekhompyutha. I-Kapitsa ifundwe amandla e-themoniducar. Uvavanyo kwiindonga zelebhu zobungcali ziye zafumaneka kuye kuphela ngo-1955, emva kokubulawa kukaStalin kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-regalia yoMusimidia.
Kule minyaka, iimvavanyo zokuqala zadityaniswa nophando lweplasma yobushushu obuphezulu. Iziphumo zenzululwazi yesayensi zisebenza njengesiseko sokwenza i-thermonic culdtor. Ugqirha ufundele iipropathi zebhola yebhola kunye ne-fldrodynamics ye-fldrodynamics. Kodwa owona mdla mkhulu yayizigqala ezincinci kunye neplasma.
Ngo-1965, kwizinto eziphunyeziweyo kwisayensi, iKapitsa ifumene imbasa ye-niel bora kumsitho oqinisekileyo waseDenmark. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, wayenethuba lokutyelela eUnited States, yaye ngo-1978 wafunda ukuba waba yi-nobel. I-Niels I-BIELS inika ubuntu bukaPeter uPeonidovich kwaye ngaphambili: ngo-1948,1956 no-1960. Nangona kunjalo, iimbambano ezikwiKomiti ephambili ye-Dactourt azizange zinike ithuba lokufumana ibhaso elifanelekileyo.
Isizathu senkcazo-ntetho sasebenza njengamaqondo obushushu amade. Inyaniso enomdla: Inzululwazi ifumene ibhaso ngesihloko elalingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, kwaye uphando lwayo malunga ne-thermons reence ngelo xesha kwakumnandi ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, ukufundisisa intetho, ophumeleleyo kwibhaso elivunyelwe ukutshintsha umxholo.
Igama likaPeter Kapitsa lanikwa "i-pendulum yeKappit." Le yimeko yomatshini ebonisa uzinzo ngaphandle kweemeko zokulingana. Iziphumo ze-furak's caps zibonisa ukusasazeka kwee-elektroni kwindawo ye-elektromagnetic.
Ubomi Buqu
Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, uPeter iKapit wayetshata nobutsha, ngo-1916. Utata weNkosi eyintloko yethemba leThematiki wayelilungu lekomiti ephakathi yeqela lecadet kunye nesekela likarhulumente we-Duma. Ngo-1917, inkosikazi yakhe yazala unyana wesayensi uJerome, kwaye ngeminyaka yee-1920s - intombi ithemba. Kubonakala ngathi ubomi bobuqu bobuqu bonwabile ukuba akusosisisitho esonakeleyo: Umlingane kunye nabantwana basweleka ngequbuliso. Unobangela wokufa yayiyiSpanish. Ukuphulukana neKappita kwakukhathazeka kwaye kwakwazi ukoyisa intsholongwane kuphela ngenxa yoncedo lukamama.Ngo-1926, uAlexey Krylov, umhlobo kunye neqabane, eqhelene ne-kapit kunye nentombi yakhe uAna Krylov. Umtshato wenzeka kunyaka kamva. Kwintsapho entsha ye-physics, uSergei no-Andreyi bazalwa. Zombini ziba ziinzululwazi. Umtshato wesibini waseKappit wonwabile. Ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe, bahlala kwiminyaka engama-57. UAnna wanceda ukusebenza kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo, kwaye emva kokusweleka kwesayensi wenza imyuziyam endlwini yakhe.
UPeter Leonidovich wayethanda ukuchitha ixesha lakhe lesimahla ngokudlala chess. Inomdla wokwazi ukuba, ukusebenza eNgilane, uphumelele i-Cambridgeshire Champaonship yoMdlalo weDesktop. Inzululwazi ayizange ibenzakalise umsebenzi ngezandla zakhe: wayekuthanda ukwenza izinto zefanitshala kunye nezixhobo zekhaya, zazithanda ukulungiswa kweeyure. UPeter Kapitsa unamathele kwisitayile esasiza kukuva eNgilani. Wayeyithanda icuba, enxibe eziphakathi kwezinto kwaye wayehlala kwi-cottage eyakhiwe kwisitayile sesiNgesi.
UPeter Kapitsa wabandakanya ubudlelwane obunzima norhulumente waseSoviet, kodwa wayenoluvo oluqhubekayo malunga nento eyenzekayo kwicandelo lezopolitiko kwaye wayenyanisekile kwiingxelo. Ukukhusela izimvo kunye nembeko yamabanjwa enzululwazi, ngo-1934-1983 wayebhala iileta eziya kurhulumente. Enkosi kubo, amanye amanani eSayensi akhutshwa.
Ukufa
Inzululwazi ayizange iphile iinyanga ezimbalwa kwisikhumbuzo se-90. Wasweleka nge-8 ka-Epreli ngo-1984. Ingcwaba libekwe kumangcwaba e-Novodevichy.
UPeter Kapitsa utsaleleke kwiZiko leSayensi yeSayensi yeSayensi yeeNzululwazi ezikhokelayo, ezithathe inxaxheba kwiziko lezenzululwazi kufutshane neNovosibirsk kunye ne-MOSCOW iZiko le-MOSCOW le-Novosis kunye neTekhnoloji. Ukufakwa okwenziweyo kusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, kwaye izifundo ezinxulumene nokukhutshwa komoya ulwelo ziye zahambela phambili kwimveliso yentsimbi kwi-USSR.
I-Kapitsa yayichasene nolwakhiwo lomzi mveliso wepulpi kunye nephepha kufutshane neLake Baikal. Inzululwazi iqukethe kwikomiti yentshukumo yoxolo yoxolo kunye nokuzilahlekisa, ixhasa umanyano lwezazinzulu ze-USSR kunye neUnited States.
I-prorit kwintsimi yesayensi malunga namaxwebhu abesikizi. Ngo-2017, iifilimu zeza kwizikrini malunga nenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko ". Ifoto yakhe namhlanje ibekwe kwiincwadi zezifundo.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1966 - "imisebenzi emzimbeni"
- Ngo-1968 - "Ngaba uyayiqonda i-physics?"
- Ngo-1981 - "ulingo. Ithiyori. Qinisekisa "
- Ngo-1989 - "Iileta malunga neSayensi"
Amabhaso kunye nebhaso
- Ngo-1941,1943 - Ibhaso likaStalin
- Ngo-1943 - Imbasa ye-faraday
- Ngo-1944 - i-franklin's mendolin
- Ngo-1945,1974 - iqhawe lomsebenzi woluntu
- Ngo-1959 - imbasa yegolide. I-Lomononosov Acationmy yeSayensi ye-USSR
- Ngo-1965 - Xels Bora Imbasa
- Ngo-1966 - Imbasa ye-Rutherford
- Ngo-1968 - I-Addal egama emva kwe-challis-onnesis
- Ngo-1978 - ibhaso likaNobel kwi-physics