Biography
I-Anakyharky yayingumntu ongaqhelekanga kakhulu onomsebenzi omkhulu kunye nemvakalelo yokugweba. Le ndoda yayingumntu ongumntu ongummangaliso kunye nesithethi esinetalente, i-protillionary yobungcali, imeko ebalulekileyo kunye nezopolitiko.
Kwiminyaka eli-12, wakhonza njengoMkomishinala wokukhanyiselwa. Ilifa lakhe elisisityebi lisaphulukana nokubaluleka kwayo - izinto ezidibana nazo ngokungavumiyo kwezicatshulwa (ubuncinci besixeko sase-Novosibirsk), kunye neencwadi ezithetha ngobomi bomfundi .
Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Lunacharky AnakyEvich ivele ngoNovemba 11 (nge-23 kaNovemba wesitayile esitsha) ye-1875 ePoltava, eyayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRussia. Abazali bakhe baka-Alexander Rostovtsev kunye nomcebisi we-Stat Stateer Alexander Astonov akazange atshatise. Ngokutsho kwememo ye-Anatoly, elawula endlwini, imeko yosapho iye yamkela isigqibo malunga nokukhetha indlela yobomi.
Xa inkwenkwe yayineminyaka eli-10 ubudala, utata wakhe wasweleka ngenxa yokusebenza okungaphumelelanga. Emva koko, uAlexander wagqiba kwelokuba aye eKiev kunye nonyana wakhe. Apho, iLuunachar junior yaba ngumfundi weGymnasium yokuqala, eyona ilungileyo esixekweni. Njengomsebenzi wokuzivocavoca, wajoyina ubudlelwane bezentlalo nodemokhrasi kwaye baphantse babhengeza ngaye - umfana walungiselela iNtloko yeqela labafundi ababefundela ukubhalwa koncwadi.
Ngokudibeneyo nale, uAnato wayethatha inxaxheba kwisangqa sokusebenza. Ukuba ngumntwana oneminyaka eli-17, wabhala inqaku lakhe lokugaqa, elalikhululwe kwi-hctogic ehlelo. Ngenxa yokuba ootitshala babethathwa njengoLuhlaza ngokungathembekanga, wabeka ezine ngokuziphatha kwisatifikethi xa ekhutshiwe. Oku kuchaphazele ukungabi nako ukuqhubeka nemfundo eRussia. Ngesi sizathu, umfundi waya eSwitzerland kwaye waphumelela ngempumelelo iimviwo kwiYunivesithi yaseZurich.
IYunivesithi uAsatoly yaba ligqwetha elikhethekileyo kwaye kwangaxeshanye wadibana neentloko zenkululeko yenkululeko kaGeorge Plekhanov naseRosa Luxembourg. Umfo uhleli eTsich de kube ngo-1897, emva koko wabuyela eMoscow.
IMISEBENZI YOOPHULO
I-YONCHARSKY iqhubeke nokuzibandakanya kwi-propaganda kunye nokwenza imisebenzi, kunye nokubhengezwa okubhaliweyo. Ukungazithembi okunjalo akunakuhlala kungafunyanwanga-loo mntu wabanjwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobudala, ukuhlala kwakhe kwakusentolongweni, emva kweenyanga ezi-2 entolongweni, uAnato wadlulisela uYise. Iimeko yayikukwaliwa kweentetho zoluntu kunye nembophelelo yokungashiyi i-Poltava.
Ngaphandle koku, uguquko oluselula ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphuma phantsi kwengqondo ebuya eMoscow. Ngokumalunga noku, emva kwexesha, kwalandelwa ukubanjwa okutsha, nto leyo eyathabatha iinyanga ezisi-8. Emva kokuphela kwegama, le ndoda ithunyelwe kwiphondo leVologda, apho wasebenza khona ikhonkco eTomeme.
Ngaphaya koko, waphinda wanxibelelana nee-bolsheviks kwaye wabuyela eKiev ngo-1904, apho iinyanga ezininzi wabhala iphephandaba leSixeko "Impendulo" yeKiev ". Ekwindla omnye unyaka, uAnato waya eGeneva kwi-lenin. Kwakulapho lo mfo uzibonakalise njengovukelo lobuchule kunye nesithethi esiqaqambileyo. Uthathe inxaxheba kwi-3rd congress ye-RSDLP kunye nonyaka emva koko wabuyela eRussia ukuba aqalise ushicilelo lweBolshevik "ubomi obutsha".
I-ofisi yephepha-ndawonye yephephandaba iqonde ukuba yayinguLuyinakharky ongoyena mntu ungoyena mntu uphantsi kolawulo oluphambili loncwadi, emva kokupapasha amanqaku akhe aliqela. Nangona kunjalo, abasemagunyeni babengenakungcamla imisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho esebenzayo ye-anatoly-emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa wabanjwa okwesithathu kwaye wagwetywa omnye ikhonkco. Kodwa ngokuwa kuka-1906, inguqu ngokuzimeleyo ilungiselele ukubaleka kwaye ishiye uBukhosi baseRussia ngelo xesha.
Kwangelo xesha, ividiyo yehlabathi lakhe yaqalisa ukutshintsha kakhulu. U-Lunacharsky wayeka ukuthatha intsholongwane yezopolitiko, eyayikhuthaza i-bolsheviks ekhokelwa nguLenin. Ngokoluvo lwakhe, kunokwenzeka ukuba woyise amandla kuphela yipalamente. Yayiyinguqu yembono ka-Anatolia eyayisenza isizathu sokuba watyholwa ngokudlulisela intanda-bulumko kunye nabanye abantu, izono.
Ixesha elingaphezulu, uLuhlazaKerky wafudukela kubuntatheli bezopolitiko ukuya kwigxeko loncwadi - waqala ngokusondeza ukukhululwa kwazo zonke izinto zobugcisa. Umzekelo, kwinqaku elinesihloko esithi "I-Fereurists", le ndoda yaqala ukubonisa ukubaluleka kwe-Avar-Hardion yendlela yobugcisa.
Ngeli xesha, ngaphakathi koncwadi lweMarxist, amaza eengxoxo zeemfundiso zikaLenin kwi-Wictsership yakubanjwa, kwaye uAnato waqala ukuphinda umshicileli weqela. Izikhokelo zakhe zitshintshile kwakhona, kwaye kangangexesha elithile uvuko lwalusondela kwi-bolsheviks. Zonke ezi ziganeko zenzeka phesheya, njengoko uLunacharky wayeqonda ukuba eRussia iya kubanjwa kwangoko kwaye iya kwenza ukuba ivume imisebenzi yentlalo noncwadi.
Ngokuthotyelwa kwenziwe ngokuthambisi kwaye wapapasha umjikelezo wamanqaku kwimbali yoncwadi ngo-1914, apho wavuma ingxaki yobudlelwane phakathi kwe-intelligia kunye ne-proletariat. Ngokoluvo lwayo, la machibi mabini anokuzola alala kakhulu, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo senkqubo yenkcubeko.
Ukuyila komgxeki wokuqalisa kwaxatyiswa kakhulu ngumbhali we-maxim kwaye iminyaka embalwa ngaphambili ichonge umgaqo-nkqubo we-bolsheviks. Imisebenzi yeLuunakharky yahlulahlulwe kukufihlakala nobunzulu bokugwetywa, kwaye idla ngokuxela kwangaphambili ngezigaba ezilandelayo zokuphuhliswa koncwadi.
NgoMeyi 1917, indoda yabuyela kwilizwe layo yaphuma intloko yayo eyayisebenza kwezopolitiko. Waqhubeka edlulisa ulwazi oluqhelekileyo malunga nemfuno yokufaka amandla ngendlela yoxolo, eyayibangela impikiswano ngokuba yi-bolsheviks. I-anatoly ifumana umsebenzi kwiphephandaba laseGorgey "Ubomi obutsha", apho kwaqalisa ukuvela kwamagama akhe acwexekileyo.
Abanye babo babejolise kwimfazwe, ekhokelela kwi-act entsha yoBabamba, ngeli xesha egameni lorhulumente wexeshana. Ngethamsanqa, kubulelane noluntu lwe-luunakharky, ixabisa ngaphandle kokubanjwa, nangona kwakufuneka abe phantsi komhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba.
Ukuphela kwenguquko ka-Okthobha kwi-biography ka-Anatolia, kwakukhona - wanyulwa nguMkomishinala waBantu wokukhanyiselwa. Le ndoda ayizisoli ngamandla kunye nexesha lokutsala amagcisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zendawo zokwenza izinto ezintsha. Wadala imagazini "idangatye", eyapapasha ababhali bezimvo eziphambene kakhulu. I-Lunacharsky yathatha ipeni, nangona ingekho kakuhle kakhulu - umdlalo wakhe kunye nokusebenza kwaboniswa kungekudala.
Ngo-1918, umbhali waqala ebhengeza iminqweno malunga nomnqweno wokushiya urhulumente kunye nokungavumelani nemigaqo-nkqubo yeBolshevik. Uqale wabona umnxeba malunga nesidingo sokugcina iinqobo zenkcubeko yesikolo esidala saseRussia kwaye wafumana inkxaso yenkqubo yeziganeko.
Emva kokuba uStalin waphakama entloko yamandla, uAnato waqala ukususa emsebenzini yintloko, echaphazela impilo yakhe emzimbeni. Ngapha koko, ukubulawa kombhali malunga nokungakwazi ukukhohlisa kwaye amaxhoba abantu avaliwe ukupapashwa.
Kwiminyaka emi-8, de kwada kwangowe-1932, uLuhlazaKerky wayephethe isikhundla sikasihlalo we-ofisi yoonolwazi kunye nababhali belinye ilizwe. Ngehlobo lowe-1929, yena, kunye namanye amalungu eNqumary Inzuzo, akazange avume ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi "hlaselo lwenkcubeko", kwaye larhoxa, elaliswa kwangoko. Ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuhamba kuka-Anatoly, i-Intelliigigiafenesia yahlala ngaphandle kwentloko yakhe. Ngenxa yodumo, le ndoda yakwazi ukuphepha ukugwetywa okuvulekileyo - wathunyelwa kwikhonkco "Honoras".
Ubomi Buqu
Kubomi bobuqu baseLuunakharky bekuqhubele phambili njengengcali. Ngo-1902, uguquko oluneminyaka engama-27 ubudala lwangena emtshatweni, umfazi wakhe wayengumbhali oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala uAlena Aleksandrovna Malinovskaya. Kwiminyaka engama-20 yokuhlala kwintsapho yabo, umntwana omnye wavela. Unyana ka-Anatoly Aatolyevich UBunacharsky wazalwa ngo-1911 kwaye waya emanyathelweni kubazali bakhe, ukuba ngumbhali. Ngo-1943, wazazela ngenyameko ngaphambili, apho wasweleka khona ngokunyaniseka xa efumana indawo yokuhlala eNovoroysiysk.
Ngo-1922, kwahlangatyezwa ngo-Aatoo oneminyaka engama-47 ubudala i-Aator yomgcini waNatalia Rosenel kwaye ngoko nangoko wathandana naye. Kungekudala isibini sendalo sasibandakanyekile. Emtshatweni wabo, abantwana abadibeneyo khange bavele, kodwa le ndoda yabe intombi yentombi ka-Irina Luywachar kubudlelwane bokuqala beqabane lakhe elincinci.
Ubuzwe bomlinganiso woluntu sisiRashiya. Ukuphakama kunye nobunzima abukaziwa ngokuthi, kodwa ngoochwephesha bebonisa indoda sinokugqiba kwelokuba yayiyinto ephezulu kwaye yindoda ephakamileyo.
Ukufa
Unobangela wokusweleka kuka-Anakharyky yayikukucaphukisa isifo emva kokususwa kweliso lasekunene, okwenzeka ngo-1932 eBerlin. Emva kotyando, indoda yabuyela eRussia, kodwa yayingasakwazi ukusebenza ngokwesiqhelo. Ke ngoko, kwicebiso ngoogqirha, umbhali waqhubeka esebenzisa iJamani.
Ngehlobo lowe-1933, uLuhlazaKerky weza eParis, apho imeko yakhe yomzimba yayithatyathile, ngenxa yokuba ugqirha unyanzelisa ukulala esibhedlele kwi-sanatorium kwi-cate d'azur. Ukufa kwaba ku-Aatoly ngokungalindelekanga ngoDisemba 26, 1933, indoda yayineminyaka engama-58 ubudala.
Iikowuti
"Umdlalo ubusisiseko esikhulu sayo yonke inkcubeko yabantu." "Ukuba umdala, uyazi; Ukuba umncinci, uya kufunda; Ukuba umdala kwaye ungazi, ndiyaxolisa kakhulu kuwe. "Kwaye nawuphi na kuthi ophakamisa oko unokukhokela abanye, kufuneka rhoqo afunde into. Kwaye kulungile kubonisa indlela yokwenza. "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1906 - "Royal Bradoble"
- I-1907 - "iifama ezintlanu zabalandeli"
- Ngo-1912 - "Iingcamango zeMaski"
- Ngo-1918 - "incoko kwi-ART"
- Ngo-1919 - "Imisebenzi"
- Ngo-1920 - "Ivan eParadesi"
- Ngo-1922 - "Isilingo"
- Ngo-1926 - "Ityhefu"
- Ngo-1927 - "eNtshona"
- Ngo-1929 - "Maxim Gork"