Biography
Umphandi weNorway wemimandla ye-Polar Anull Anundsen yayiyeyona nto ininzi yezinto neendlela. Ngo-1911, wafikelela kwiPole esemazantsi ePlanethi, emva koko wayivula indlela eya kwindawo yokuphelisa i-hemisphere yaseNyakatho. Ukuphelisa uhambo kunxweme lweSiberia kwinqanawa "ye-yoa", umhambi waseScandinavia waba sisithuba esiphambili kwi-antargric studs, ukoyisa indawo engaziwayo yasemantla-ntshona ekhokelela kwiibhanki ezibandayo.Ubuntwana noLutsha
URoel Engelbreg Umzobo we-Anuelsen wazalwa nge-16 ka-1872 kwisixeko saseNorway saseSwegi. I-biography yentsapho yakhe yayiquka izibakala ezininzi ezinomdla malunga nemvelaphi kunye nepropathi yookhokho.
Imbali ye-Geundsen yaqala kwi-Xvisi inkulungwane yabameli bendawo yokuhlala ye-Scandinavia ye-ASmali. Emva koko amalungu aphezulu efani afudukela kwilizwe eliphambili kwaye ngexesha lokubonakala kukaRuala nabantakwabo uJule, uGustavis Nabivista kunye nolunxweme lwase-Oslo-Fjord Coast Coast Coast.
Utata womhambi wexesha elizayo uJen Anundsen uye wafumana urhulumente ekuhanjisweni kokutya ngexesha lemfazwe ye-1853-1856 eCaucasus nakwiindlela zabasebenzi abavela eTshayina ukuya eChina.
Umama Ruala, uHana Henrik Gustique Salquist, wayeyintombi yegosa lasekhaya elaliziphathelele ekuzikhuliseleni nasekukhuliseni abantwana. Iiklasi zomyeni zazingayithandi ibhinqa eliselula, kwaye wabeka umzamo omkhulu wokukhusela abantwana ekuqhubekeni kwetyala losapho. Imizamo kaHana yanyamalala ngesipho, kwaye abantwana abathathu abano banobutsha babandakanyeka kwishishini kunye norhwebo, ngelixa abanye banikezela ngobomi bomsebenzi wemkhosi kunye nohambo.
Kwikamva lesizukulwana esincinci, eyona ndima idlalwa yindlela yokufundisa utata, owayenqwenela ukususela ebuntwaneni, ababenqwenela ukususela ebuntwaneni, bafundisa ngoonyana bakhe kunye neemeko ze-spartan. Ukususela ebudeni, i-ruhal kwinkampani yabazalwana abaphezulu kunye namakhwenkwe abamelwane abangabamelwane abasebenza kwimithambo, bahamba nge-skis kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kumlotha wesitrato kunye nesikroba.
Unophawu olukrakra kunye nokuzimela, umphengululi wexesha elizayo akazange aphulaphule ootitshala kwaye abalekele ngasemva oontanga kuphando lwezinto zemfundo ngokubanzi. Kwafika kwinqanaba ukuba laphumelela ngaphandle kokuphumla kwaye kunye nobunzima bafumene uxwebhu ekupheleni kwesikolo.
Emva kokusweleka kukatata ngonyaka ka-1886, uRhali waqaqamba intetho kamama kwaye wafudukela kwikomkhulu ukuba angene kwiYunivesithi yase-Exhysia. Ngandlel 'ithile babukele kwisebe lokulungiselela, i-Anundsen yala ukufunda ezinye izifundo kwaye ngo-1893 ekugqibeleni wawushiya umsebenzi wogqirha. Ngeli xesha, uHana wasweleka, kwaye akukho nto inokugcina indoda enenkani evela kwisenzo esinjalo.
Imvakalelo yenkululeko ebangela ukuba inomdla ekuhambeni, exhaswe ngokwazi ukumanya kwembali yobomi besiNgesi uJohn Franklin. Ngokuphunyezwa kweKhomishini yezoMkhosi, ugqirha wasilela waya kwi-ski trak kwiplate yeKHardarervid, emva koko wangena kwi-HOST YOKUGQIBELA KWI-IDE YOKUFUMANEKA KWEXESHA LOKUVULA IXESHA LOKUFUNDA I-EFLET ye-Eleet.
Ukulungiselela ukuqubha, i-Anundsen yatyelela intetho yomphandi wePolar eVin Astrap kwaye igqibe kwelokuba inikele ngobomi bakhe bokukhangela kumantla ehlabathi. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, wazama ukujoyina isizwe saseFranz Joseph Joseph Frederick Frederick Jrederick Jackson, kodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala, wafumana ukwala.
Uhambo kunye noPhando
Ngo-1896, uAnundidn, owafumana isihloko seNavigator, waya kuhambo lokuqala ukuya kwi-Begneting Pole esemazantsi kwiBhunga leeNgcaciso yeHlabathi phantsi komyalezo weBelgian Adrien De Bherien Deien de Zhern de Zhern de Zhern de Zhern de Zherien. Iinqanawa eziceba ukufikelela kwi-Antarctica kwaye, zishiya amalungu amane eqela ngobusika ukuze baqokelele idatha, ubuyela kwi-rio de janeiro.
Emva kokudibana kwe-Magellanov, uxinaniso olwalusiwo waba ngumntu wokuqala owenza utshintsho lweSki Hammok, kunye namanye amalungu eqela achithe iinyanga ezili-13 ebusika entshona yolwandle.
Ngemihla yokuhlala emkhenkceni, uRhal waba ngumqali wokuthunga iimpahla ezifudumeleyo kwiingubo ezimacaleni kwaye walungelelanisa amandla eqela, ebamba isidumbu kunye neepenguins emanzini. Ngenkxaso kagqirha wenqanawa kaFrederica, A. Ukupheka uAnundsen wazama ukuphepha ukutyeshela kunye nokubola kwengqondo yabathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa uZheshes akazange azithande iinzame zomntu ophantsi, kwaye uNxweme akazange abulawe kwinqanawa yokuqhuba.
NgokweMithetho yeHlabathi yeHlabathi kuZwelonke, kwayalela ilizwe lakwaBelgi laseBelgi, kodwa, ngokutsho kukaSorway, ngonyaka ka-1897, iBrazi yeBhodi ye-Antartic yenkonzo ye-antartic. Ukujonga usindiso lwabantu bomsebenzi omkhulu, uRhal wanceda umphathi ukuba azise inqanawa ukusuka kwindawo ye-ICY, kwaye nge-5 kaNovemba, nge-189 i-Crew yafika ngokukhuselekileyo eAntwerp.
Emva koko, ukuba nenxaxheba kwi-Belgian Hocedition ihlalwe eJamani kwaye yaqala ukufunda i-geophysics kunye nezinto zembali kwindawo esemantla-ntshona. EHamburg, uRhal waqhelana nomphathi we-Georging Von Neumayer, uMsesi weMeteorology yi-henrik moyos kunye nomphambukeli we-furothef nsen.
Phantsi kwempembelelo yabo ngo-1901, iNorway yafumana i-yacht enkulu yokuloba "ye-yoa" nasemva kokuba izicelo ziphinde zaqalisa ukulungisa uLwandle lweArctic. Inqanawa yahamba ngesikhephe esivela elunxwemeni ngoJuni 1903 kwaye ngoSeptemba wafika esiqithini kwi-Arctic Archipígo waseCanada. Ngexesha leminyaka emi-2, amalungu abasebenzi abeka ubudlelwane kunye ne-Eskimos yendawo kwaye wabeka i-hit kabini kwi-high pole yomhlaba.
Ngo-1906, emva kokuma kwesiqithi sikaHecher, i-Anundsen yabuya impucuko kwaye yafumana intlonipho yehlabathi yoloyiso lweNdawo yaseNtshona-ntshona yaseNtshona. Ingxelo yokuhamba yabangela iimpendulo zeYurophu zaza zazisa umphandi umnqamlezo omkhulu womyalelo weSt. I-Olaf kunye nobulungu obuNcedo kuluntu lwaseRomania.
Ngaphandle kokuma kweloo nto ifikayo, i-Ragading yaba lilungu elisebenzayo lohlobo lomphamo, kodwa wasilela ukujikeleza i-robert piri naseFrederick Cole, xa uhambo lwaseNorway lwalukwinqanaba lokulungiselela.
Emva koko, uAnundsen wagqiba kwelokuba atshintshe indlela kwaye acwangcise uhambo ukuya kuthi ga emhlabeni. Ishishini elifanayo lenzekile kwintloko nomphathi weRoyal Fleent ye-Great Great Britain - ukuya kwiProbert Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scottle Scotter kwiiveki ezimbalwa.
Enkosi kumbutho onobuchule bokuhambahamba kunye nokuhamba kwesigaba kwizinja, ukulawulwa kweqela laphelelwa kwinkampu yeFramheim kwi-14, ngoDisemba 14, 1911 kunye nengxowa yoMzantsi kamazantsi womhlaba.
Kuba uhambo luka-Amundsen lwaluyinxalenye yesayensi kwindalo, abaphandi bakhangeleka rhoqo ukulungelelaniswa kwendawo, ukusebenzisa igqwetha eliyimfihlo kunye ne-tioni yokufakelwa. Ngenxa yoko, kumanqaku ama-3 akwiikhilomitha ezintathu ukusuka kwenye, iilebheli kunye nezixhobo ezinezinto zenzala zihlala.
Kwenye yeeflethi ezihonjiswe ngeeflegi zeNorway kwaye i-framheim, ezothusayo zabeka inqaku elicetyiswayo le-Robert Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott kwaye ihlale yoyisa ngonaphakade kwiPole esemazantsi Inombolo 2.
Endleleni ebuyayo, abahlolilili bophala basebenzisa isiseko esicwangcisiweyo kwaye, beshiya iqhwa le-vhale bay, bazama ukubuyela kwilizwekazi ngokukhawuleza. Indlela yayihamba kunye nezikhubekiso kunye nokucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu eqela, kwaye ekugqibeleni abakwazanga ukupapasha okwabo okubonileyo, njengoko uAnundsen wabamba ilungelo lokushicilela kwangaphambili.
Nangona kunjalo, kude kube nge-1912, iNorway yayingazithembi kuvulwa kwakhe. Kwaye nangona uluntu lwehlabathi lwaluqonda impumelelo kunye negalelo elibalulekileyo kwisayensi, ukunqongophala kwe-Wessa kwi-Scott Topdation inamathandabuzo kwiinzululwazi kunye nabaphandi.
Ulwazi malunga neBritane lavela xa uAundsen wabhala incwadi malunga nohambo lwakhe kwaye wenza izifundo eYurophu naseMelika. Ngenxa yombutho ombi, uRobert kunye namanye amalungu eqela ngendlela ebuyayo abulewe kwindlala kunye ne-frosstbite, eshiya iidayari eziqinisekisiweyo ngemeko ye-Pilot.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, uhambo lwaseNorway ekubhalweni nasemva kokuba ubusika obuninzi behlela ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwiJografi, iMeteorology, iZoology kunye nezinye izicwangciso zokuzoyisa izibonda ngomoya. Ngale nto, i-Anundsen ifumene i-hydroplanes, ifumene ilayisensi yePilot kwaye ngo-1925 wenza inqwelomoya kwindawo yolwandle kunye ne-Norunde yoLwandlekazi, emva koko wakhwela i-Arkube "wakhwela i-arctibe yolwandle Iiyure ezingama-72 zamaxesha engelanga.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngokutsho kolwazi olusemthethweni, i-Anundsen, lazinikezela ekutshintsheni nasePhando, alunamfazi okanye abantwana. Kodwa kwidayari, epapashwe ngo-1990, ulwazi oluthile malunga nobomi bomntu boloyisa kwi-Ntshona-ntshona yepali kunye nendawo esemzantsi yehlabathi igcinwe. Kuyo, umhambi wakhankanya ubudlelwane kunye nabasetyhini abathathu abatshatileyo: I-Cactberg Sigrid, Cristina Elizabeth Bennet kunye ne-Bess Agadi.
I-polaries yokuqala yahlangana ngo-1909 kwaye kunyaka oneminyaka emi-4 ubudala wacela ukuba ayeke iqabane lakhe aze angene kumtshato ofanayo owaziwayo. Umfazi akazange asilahle isicelo, kodwa akazange athathe isigqibo sokugqibela, ngoko abathandi bayeka ukuhlangana kwaye ngo-1913 ubudlelwane bubakho phandle.
Umfazi oselula woShishino lwesiNgesi owayehlala etyelele eNorway kwisithuba sika-19122 ukuya ku-1925 ukuba nguThando lwesiBini lukaRuala. I-Anundsen yanikezela ngezandla kunye nentliziyo yakhe kubuhle kwaye iphumelele ipropathi kwi-Westtkoga.
Umfazi wokugqibela u-Anundsen wadibana ngelixa wayehambahamba ngo-1922. I-Canaday yemvelaphi yaseUkraine yanomdla kwinkangeleko yesiNorway yaza yavumelana nomtshato, kodwa lo manyano aluzange lwenzeke ngenxa yokufa komthombo woMoya ngo-1928.
Ukongeza, umzobo wefoto yeRuala nge-Chukchi Assinesy kunye ne-capilla, eyamkelweyo ye-AMPUDSEn kwaye yahlala kwintsapho yomzalwana uLeon.
Ukufa
Ngo-1928, i-Amundsen, ngenkxaso yoRhulumente wase-Italiya kunye noShishino waseNorway, baya kukhangela iqabane langaphambili lophando ongu-Uberto Nobile.
Kwi-soplane, yaqeshiswa ngumkhosi waseFransi, wabhabha waya emkhosini waseFransi, uRhal wangena kwiziqithi ze-Spitbergen Archipegen CipePiplago, kwaye emva kweeyure ezimbini ngemizuzu engama-45, uqhagamshelo kuye lwaphazamiseka.
Emva kwexesha elithile, ukhuphelo lokuhlangula lwafumanisa ukuba inqwelomoya, kodwa umzimba womqhubi wayifumana. Umhla waseburhulumenteni wase-Anundsen wabhengezwa nge-18 kaJuni, 1928.
Umfanekiso wepolarist wachulumancisa ngezikhumbuzo kunye nezikhumbuzo, kunye neziganeko ezinxulumene nokufa kobubi bukaNorwail zisekwe kwifilimu ye-Mikhail Kalatozova "intente ebomvu".
Imemori
- IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali leSikhumbuzo le-Anundsen kwi-Uranieners Eardboard kwi-Westskiga, Norway
- Izinto zeJografi:
- I-anundsen yolwandle
- Intaba iAnundsen
- I-anundsen glacier
- I-Anundsen Bay
- Kotlovan Anundsen
- I-Anundsen-Scott Polar isikhululo