Biography
Isithandi-sobulumko, umbhali kunye nobuqhetseba, inkululeko yaseRussia, eyaboniswayo kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo ze-Guma ", i-Dumander Hemazen yaBa yeyabanye yeempawu ezikhanyayo Umzabalazo wokuguquka wokuqala kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ilifa lakhe lokubhala lihlala livalwe de kwangowe-1905, lilinde i-O'Clock yayo emva kweziganeko ze-Okthobha.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Inguqulelo ye-Sveta yexesha elizayo yazalwa ngoMatshi 1812 eMoscow, kwindlu edumileyo eTver Boulevard, eyalondolozwa kude kube semini. Namhlanje, iZiko loncwadi lahlala apha. Gorky. Indlu ikwabizwa ngokuba yinoveli nge-bulgakov "inkosi neMargarita", ebizwa ngokuba yi-Griboedov ". Malunga nokuzalelwa apha, i-herzel ifana nelitye lesikhumbuzo kwindiza.
Isikali selifami ye-geveric eTverkoy, kamva, owayeyinxalenye yeziko elipheleleyo, bathetha ngobutyebi bukaBawo, iAristocrat kunye noMnini-mbenwa uIvan Yakovlev. UGees Yakovlev, odumileyo nabadala, uqalisa ukusuka e-Beararina, uIvan Kalisita Mare, abaphandi babiza i-rostor yokuqala yendlu. Ngelishwa, uAlexander Hereezen, owayenolwalamano olude nookumkani baseRussia, baba ngomnye webhokisi yesakhiwo sobunikana.
Amafani awahlukeneyo kunye noyise achazwa kukuzalelwa komfana. Unina nguHenrietta oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala uHenrietta Hague, intombi yegosa elincinci evela kwi-Stutttgart, i-Ivan yakwa-Ivan Yakovlev yazisa eMoscow esuka eJamani, apho wayehlala khona ixesha elide. Umnini-mhlaba wayengayi kutshata iMilsese oselula, kodwa unyana wakhe wavuma kwaye weza negama lakhe lokugqibela, eliguqulelwe kwigama lentliziyo yaseJamani. "
Umzali omncinci uSasha wayene-insuanid kwaye enzima yokuziphatha. Ukwenziwa kukaNyana awayinikayo ngengqondo yakhe. Ebuntwaneni kunye nokufikisa, uAlexander wathetha ngempumelelo yenguqu ye-French kwaye wavunyelwa ukuba afunde isincoko esitshatileyo sePushkin kunye neencwadi "ezinokwazi" iRousseau kunye neVoltaire.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1820, utata wakhe wanyamekela ubhaliso lwabemi be-kreylin, elenziwe ngumsebenzi wokulungisa kunye nokwakha kwi-kremlin kunye nezinto zosapho lwe-impem kunye nendawo ejikelezileyo. Ngelo xesha, inkwenkwe yayineminyaka eyi-8, kodwa yakovviv yakhankanya 14. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, uSashasha oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wanikwa isikhundla serekhodi yekholeji, isikhundla esisezantsi kwitafile yenqanaba.
Njengomntu okwishumi elivisayo, u-Hozen waqhelana noNikolai Ogarev, naye uYakovlev wayenolwalamano olude. Amakhwenkwe avumile ngovelwano ukuya kwi-onbrbrists kwaye ehambahamba kwiintaba zonxweme, wafunga ukuba anike ubomi "kumzabalazo ukuze enze inzuzo yelizwe." Emva kwexesha, iNiberals yaseRussia yanika lo mnyhadala kwi-biography yembali ebaluleke ngayo. Ngo-18, uAlexander Hozen wangena eyunivesithi, enyula i-chaas yomzimba kunye nemathematics.
Umsebenzi wentlalo
IYunivesithi yase-Hinezen no-Ogarev yenze isangqa sabantu abanengqondo efanayo, abaye boyiswa, owayeyisoyisile, uMgaqo-siseko kunye ne-Utopis yaseSaint-Simon emva kwayo.
Elesine loluntu labonakaliswa kwimbali "ye-malovskaya", xa uAlexander Hozen, echasana notitshala uMikhail Malov, eGribhas noShumian. Ulutsha luphumelele ukukhala kunye netramp, ukuze iMalov ishiye abaphulaphuli. Utitshala wagxothwa, kodwa ke, baphoswa iikhekhe zekhekhe.
Lo mfundi waqeqesha, apho u-Higzen wathabatha inxaxheba ngenkuthalo, kamva wabizwa ngokuba kukubonakala kokuqala komfundi, otyhafileyo uloyiso. Emva kwe "Imbali yeMalovskaya" amapolisa afumana ukubekwa esweni amaphesha.
Kungekudala emva kokuba bephumile eyunivesithi, ngo-1834, uHerzen wabanjwa. Uhlaziyo oluncinci, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-porushka, lukhangele "iingoma" ze "restar. Kwiinyanga ezili-9, wagcinwa phantsi kophando kwikomkhulu, emva koko ke wabhekiswa kwi-perm, kwaye ukusuka apho eVYATKA. U-Herzen wasebenza negosa elincinci kwaye wabhala amanqaku kumaphephancwadi amaphephandaba.
Ngo-1837, i-Tsarr yexesha elizayo i-Alexander II yayiseVYANTKA, apho i-herzen ilungiselele ukubhengeza kwimisebenzi ye-ART. Indlalifa kunye nalo mboniso, kunye nesikhokelo. Ekugqibeleni utshintsha ingqumbo yenkosi yentsapho ukuba iphumelele kwi-vasily Zhukovsky, eyanika isicelo somfana othandekayo kuye. Kwakuloo nyaka, uAlexander Hembezen watshintshelwa kwiVladimir, kwaye emva kweminyaka emi-2 wasuswa eluntwini. Wabuyela eMoscow.
Ngeminyaka yee-1840, u-Herzen wenza isikhundla esiphakamileyo kwikomkhulu elikwilizwe, kubulungiseleli bangaphakathi. Ngaphambi kokuba uye kwi-St.
Enkonzweni, igosa lalibaziseka unyaka: Ileta katata kaThezen wangena ezandleni zamapolisa, apho walinika isebe kuwo yonke i-frets. Ukugxeka, kwathotywa kwaye kwathunyelwa kuNovgorod umcebisi kwiPhondo leSixeko.
Kunyaka kamva, ngo-1842 imali kayise yanceda uAlexander ukuba arhoxe kwaye abuyele eMoscow. Apha waba yinkanyezi yeSalons kwaye wakhanya yioretory. Ukuba ne-puundedony i-Iskander, amanqaku okushicilela kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa. Ngeli xesha, wasebenza kwinoveli "ngubani omele abekuthi?"
Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1846, utata wombhali wasweleka. Kwaye ngoJanuwari kunyaka olandelayo, uHelzen waya e-Europt. Indlu yakhe kwindlu yesyvetsev igcinwe. Ebudeni-1970s, imyuziyam yomntu ovulekileyo.
Uncwadi kunye neembono zentanda-bulumko
EParis, iimbonakalo zomntu obuthixo "zithiyiwe". Emva kohlaziyo lukaFebruwari, olwamkelwe ngu-herzen, kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi lovukelo lwabasebenzi, ekugqibeleni ugobe kwintlalo kwaye wasondela kwi-radicals yoguquguqukayo. Ngokudibeneyo ne-Abyhon, wapapasha iphephandaba elithi "amagqabi abantu", athabatha inkxaso-mali. Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kunye nokungakholelwa kubukho, uAlexander Hembezen wasondela.
Emva kokuba efunde malunga neempapasho "kwilizwi labantu", urhulumente waseRussia wayalela uguquko ukuba ubuyele kwilizwe lakhe. Emva kokungaphumeleli kwalandela ukufuduswa nokuvalwa ukubuyela kwabo ekupheleni kobomi. ERussia, i-herzen ayilibaleki. Imagazini yeNekrasovsky "Iphephandaba lalapho" lapapasha "iileta zakhe ezivela kwiMarigny Avenue", iMilessial Deming, amabali athetha ngobomi eFrance, imibono yakhe yeRussia.
Xa urhulumente uNapoleon II wamiselwa eFransi, iphephandaba laseParis lavalwa. Ukuthintela intshutshiso, uAlexander Vladimirovich wafudukela emhle. Apha, efumene kwiingxaki zosapho kwaye waguqukela kwintlekele, i-Hitzen yaqhubeka nokubhala uphononongo loncwadi, amanqaku kunye neencwadi. Ukuphela kwenguquko yethemba lesilumkiso seRussia, bawa eYurophu. Imbonakalo yakhe enkulu kunye nentanda-bulumko ayizange idume ngasentshona. Kwintatheli kaJerzen, amanqaku okuphoxeka yimiyalelo eYurophu.
Izolo, "Intshona" yaya rhoqo kwiingcinga zikaRussia. Ngoku wavuma ukuba uluntu oluvalekileyo yimbungu ye-Union, ethi ngokuqhubekekayo iguqukele kuluntu olulungileyo. Kwangelo xesha, iYurophu yayingaphantsi kwe "Bourgeois Burglary" kwimfezeko.
Ngo-1849, emva kokubanjwa, uNicholas ndiseRussia, impahla kaHicozen kunye nonina ngemisebenzi yovukelo, uluntu kunye nombhali baya eLondon. Embindini we-1850s, wavula indlu yokuprinta, apho ukusuka kwi-1855 ye-Almana iprinta i-Almanar ". Emva konyaka, u-Ogarev wajoyina. Ngehlobo lonyaka we-1857, i-Bhokisi yokuqala yeMagazini "intsimbi" yapapashwa, apho oomamilociweyo baqinisekiswa ukuba bapheliswe iSerfdom kunye nentando yesininzi eRussia.
Inkululeko yaseRussia yexesha elihlaziyiweyo lika-Alexander II lafundwa ngumcimbi ngamnye weli phephancwadi, i-helizen ixhase ukuphakama kwePolish ye-Polish yonyaka wePosish ye-186364. Izibonda zichaze ukubuyiselwa kwentetho ngokunyanzelwa kwi-dnier. Iitopi "Bell" kumajoni aseRussia ukuba ahambe ecaleni kwecala lezibonda zaba ngabathandekayo bephephabhuku. Ukusasazeka kwehla izihlandlo ezi-6, ukuya kuthi ga kwisiqingatha seekopi.
ERussia, uHerzen wadelwa kwaye wagxekwa. Kwaye kumayensi yezopolitiko 1865 kwezopolitiko, ezopolitiko zanyanzeleka ukuba zifudukele eGeneva: Urhulumente waseBritane wakhokela uxinzelelo lwaseRussia kwaye wacela ivandender ivanovich ukuba ishiye ilizwe. Ehlotyeni lwe-1867 yentsimbi "ivaliwe. Kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambilana, kwakuqala ukuba "kwenziwe inkanyezi enye". Ngo-1868, inguqulelo epheleleyo yeenkumbulo ze-herzen "yokuthenga kunye neDuma" yapapashwa. Iimemo zinomdla njengomthombo wembali kwaye zinendawo ebonakalayo kwi-bibliography.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nendlela umbhali ojonga ngayo ubutsha bakhe, unokugwetywa ngomfanekiso webrashi kaHerzen A. ZRBREUTV. Ubuso obutyibilikayo, obuqaqambileyo obuvuthayo ngamehlo amnyama babengenakuthi bangafani nabasetyhini. Enye yazo nguNatalia Zaharin - waba ngumfazi uAlexander. Isibini sobomi besibini-iyelenqe lenoveli. UNatalia ngumzala ka-Herzena, umtshakazi wakhe kayise.
I-Herzen imbise ekhaya ukuze itshate. Amaqabane athweswe isithsaba eVladimir, apho ngelo xesha wayekhonza inkinga eliqhagamshelo. Kwakukho i-SASA ekhankanyiweyo, ifakwe kumzobo notata o-A. Vitberg. Waba yingcali yezakhono, unjingalwazi ofundise uLausanne eyunivesithi. Lilonke, amaqabane azalwa abantwana abayi-8 ababesinda khona abathathu.
EFransi, apho uHelezena washiya uMoscow, uNatalia wayenenoveli ngembongi yaseJamani uGeorg. Kangangexesha elithile, iintsapho ezimbini (iHerveg yayitshatile) yayihlala phantsi kophahla olufanayo, kwada kwaza kwabanjwa iqabane lakho, ababekholelwa ukuba 'uqhagamshelo' olunomjelo ongenalo, ngokuvukela. Emva kwesisongelo esichetyiweyo, iGerleb yashiya indlu. U-Hidzen wawuthandabuza i-termatity kwi-1850s yentombi ka-Olga, kodwa wayiqonda intombazana. Wayehlala ekukhuleni kwakhe kwaye wasweleka eneminyaka eli-103 ubudala.
Kunyaka emva kokuzalwa kwentombi, usapho lwandenza lusizi. KuLwandle lweMeditera lwalusebenzisa inqanawa, umama ka-Herzen wayefungelwe kumnandi nonyana wakhe oneminyaka esi-8 ubudala. Imizimba yabo ayifumananga. I-Aven ngonyaka kamva-ngo-1852 - uNatalia Herzen wafa ngokuzalwa komntwana. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, unyana osanda kuzalwa uVladimir wasweleka.
Ngo-1856, umhlobo wexesha elide kunye nomlingane we-Ogaren wafudukela eLondon ukuya eLondon, ohamba "wathatha" umfazi wakhe uNatalia Tuchkov. Ukususela ngo-1857, nokufa kuka-Alexander Ivanovich, bahlala kunye. Kwangelo xesha, ubuhlobo kunye no-Ogirchis khange baphazanyiswe.
Ngo-1858, uTuchkov wazala intombi uElizabhete, nasemva kweminyaka emi-3. U-Lisa wazibulala kwiminyaka eli-17, kwaye amawele asweleka eDifitheria. Ekubeni uNatalia Tuchkov akazange aqhawule umtshato ne-Ogar, abantwana ababebonakala eHezezen bathatyathwa ngokusemthethweni abantwana baseNikolai Petonovich.
Ukufa
Ekwindla ye-1869th herzen kunye ne-tusemas eSuchkov eParis. Kwikomkhulu laseFransi yayihlala ixesha elide: ngoJanuwari 1870, umbhali wasweleka. Unobangela wokufa yayiyinyumonia.
I-Herzen ingcwatywe kumangcwaba eParis edumileyo ye-leshas nganye, kodwa kamva lothuthu lwethuthuthu lazo zihamba kakuhle, zeChateau.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1852-1868 - "etyhidiweyo kunye neDuma"
- Ngo-1846 - "Ngubani otywina"
- Ngo-1846 - "Intshukumo"
- 1847 - "Ugqirha wolwaphulo-mthetho"
- Ngo-1848 - "Soroka--Isela"
- 1851 - "Umonakalisiwe"
- I-1864 - "Intlungu Ye-Groch Groch"
- Ngo-1869 - "Isithukuthezi"