Biography
Ngexesha lobomi bakhe, uGustav Malener waziwa njengeyona ilungileyo phakathi kwe-opera kunye nabaqhubisine abakwi-storhoni. Kwaye kuphela kuluhlu lwabalandeli lucinga ukuba phambi kwabo umqambi oqaqambileyo. Isibakala sokuba uMahler sesona symphony wenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, amanye amazwe efunda isiqingatha senkulungwane emva kokuba efile.Ukuyila komqambi kuguqukele ekubeni yibhulorho, ibophelelene i-rounticy yenkulungwane ye-Xix kunye nobuntu be-XX. Imisebenzi yomculo kaMahleler iye yaba ngumthombo wokuphefumlelwa kunye nemodeli yokuxelisa iSikolo saseNeienna saseBennan saseBenjamin Britten kunye ne-DMMMY SINDTOvich, kwaye iingoma zaso zibanjwe ngokuqinileyo kwikonsathi yexesha eliphilayo.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umqambi wexesha elizayo kunye nomqhubi wazalwa e-Austro-Hungary, kwaye ngoku eCzech Bohemia ngehlobo le-1860. UGustav ngumntwana wesibini wamaYuda nguMariya waseJamani noBershhard Mar. Lilonke, abantwana abayi-14 bazalelwa usapho, kodwa 8 babulawa zizifo ezincinci kunye nentlupheko. Kunzima ukungenisa usapho ngaphantsi kophuhliso lwendalo. Utata, kunye notat'omkhulu uGustav kumgca katata, yiTeseser. Mama - intombi yomenzi omncinci.
Ithuba lokuphuhlisa italente yokuzalwa kunye nebhayiloji enebhayiloji yomculo ivele kwinkwenkwe eneminyaka emi-4, xa le ntsapho isuka empuma ye-jihickic kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech, yona ihleli ngamaJamani. Apha uGustav waqala weva i-orchestra iyonke kwaye yandwendwela i-opera. Umngxunya oselula ngokukhawuleza waphinda waphinda wenza ezinye iingoma zokuphakamisa i-pitanenic, enika abazali ukuba kukho intsholongwane etalente kuyo.
Kwiminyaka eyi-6, uGustava wayehleli kwipiyano, ethanda utitshala womculo. Kwi-10, inkwenkwe yabhala izincoko zokuqala zaza zabonakala kwinqanaba: Imvumi enemitabatho yamenywa ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwikonsathi yesixeko. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kommiselo njengommiselo emva kwe-1874. Ukufa kubethwa kukusweleka komzalwana oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, uGustav waqulunqa i-opera, kodwa lo mbhalo-ngqangi wawungagcinwanga. Kwindawo yokuzivocavoca, umntwana ojolise kwimikhosi kumculo noncwadi: ngaphezulu komthangameli ongamdlangalanga nto.
Utata, owayephupha ngokukhulisa umncedisi kwishishini losapho, wazama ukutshintshela ingqalelo yonyana wakhe kunye nesayensi yenzala, kodwa imizamo yaphumelela. I-Maller-gqibelele ePhezulu kwaye isusa isitshizi eVienna, sidlule ekunyamekelweni kwePiriatory kunye notitshala uJulius Epstein. Unjingalwazi uqaphele italente yomfana ophondo wephondo kwaye wancomela ukungena kwi-Viennatorvator. UGustav ufundele phantsi kokuqala kwe-EPREIN eklasini yepiyano.
Kwi-1875, i-Gustav Malener yaziva ukuba ungene kwikommi yomculo yaseYurophu. Kangangenyanga enesiqingatha eVienna, uRichard Wagner wema, wafunxa inkcubeko yekomkhulu. Ayisiyo i-opera enye, imveliso awayeyikhokelela kuyo, umfundi oqaqambileyo womphengululi akazange aphoswe. EVienna, umoya waseBeethoven noSchbeckte Veda, badala umqambi kunye nepiyano e-pianist uJohannes, obe nefuthe kubuchule bokuqala baseMaler.
I-Adeline Patty kunye nePaoline Luka iqhube kwinqanaba le-Opera, kwiikonsathi, uHans, i-hastor eqhutywa kwiikonsathi, kunye nomqambi kunye nomgaqo u-Anton Bruckner watyelela ngovuyo. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, ingoma encinci equlunqa ingoma yeCantha "ingoma ethile", apho impembelelo yemicimbi emibini - i-wagner kunye ne-bruckner yaziva.
Ukongeza ekufundeni kulondolozo, uGustav wabonisa umdla kwintanda-bulumko. Iminyaka emibini ityelele izifundo malunga nesihloko kwiDyunivesithi yaseVienna. Ukunciphisa iziphelo kunye neziphelo, imvumi inike izifundo zomdlalo wepiyano. Lelo xesha i-malter yayifanelekile ikamva eliqaqambileyo njengepiyanisi. Umqambi unamava ootitshala abalondolozwayo bamkelwe.
Umculo
UVieenna waba ngumculi welizwe lesibini, echaphazela ukuthanda, esenza enye indlela, enika imfundo eqaqambileyo. Ngo-1881, uGustav Malener wavelisa iculo lakhe "lokulinganisa" kukhuphiswano lwe-Bethowhen yonyaka. I-bibut iguqukile ukuba ihlulekile: ijaji inike intende yentshabalalo kunye nebhaso iRobert Fichs.
Ukoyiswa kungekuphela nje ukubetha i-Sammolda Maler, kodwa, wathi, baphembelela ukhetho oluqhubekekayo. UGustavy wehlile kwinqanaba lesiqingatha sokulungiselela i-Opera, i "Ryubheven" fairy kwaye yema i-collector yomqhubi kwi-Lybakh (namhlanje ljubljana). Emva koko wafumana i-zuzate e-Olmyuz, apho kwafuneka ndikhusele imigaqo ye-wagstra. Umsebenzi waqhubeka kwi-vienna karl theatre, apho wayephathiswe umsebenzi we-komporster.
Ngo-1883, uGustavu wanikwa isikhundla somqhubi wesibini wethiyetha yasebukhosini kwi-hessian Kassel, apho wayehlala khona iminyaka emi-2. Engafakwanga ukuba athabathe eluthandweni lukaJohann Richtor, owutoner wabhala umjikelo weengoma "zeengoma zokunxiba", olo luvandlana luvandlayo emva kweminyaka eli-13 kamva. Umsebenzi ubizwa ngokuba yeyona nto ithandanayo kwilifa lomqambi.
Ngenxa yomehluko kunye nenkokheli yethiyetha, i-mall ishiywe iKassel phakathi kwe-1880s, efumene i-angezng ePrague I-Opera yaseJamani. Ikomkhulu leRiphabliki yaseCzech yamkela ngokufudumeleyo umqhubi, kwaye umlawuli weqonga Angelo uxolelwe kakhulu ekufumaneni ebusweni bukaGustav, wajonga uMlawuli weTalente. EPrague, umntu obe ngu-Geader wayiva ingcambu yozuko kwaye wayiva inguqu ukuya kwelona nqanaba liphezulu lobuchule.
Ikhontrakthi egqityiweyo kunye ne-Leipzig entsha ye-Leipzig yeXesha le-1886/1888 enyanzelekile ukuba ilahle i-purguedrague.
I-vietion yamkela i-Gustav Maler kunye ne-Premiere ye-Opera "iPito" ezintathu, ezaziqhutywa ngoJanuwari 1988. Umqambi kwisicelo somakhulu womsunguli weRimani yeJamani u-Adber wongeza umsebenzi ongafakwanga, kwaye ke, ukuba "isithathu sePina" sabanjwa kwiziganeko ezinkulu eJamani.
Ngentwasahlobo ye-1888, uthando lweengxaki kwakhona zaphefumlela umqambi ukuba enze umsebenzi omangalisayo - i-symphony yokuqala. Namhlanje lolona lwincoko rhoqo kwaye ludumileyo baseMaler.
Emva kokuba esebenze kwi-leipzig 2 amaxesha, imvumi ishiye isixeko. Ingxabano nomncedisi womlawuli kunye nomnqweno wokufudukela eBudapest, apho uGustav wanikwa indawo yomlawuli we-Royal Organ kwaye i-Acent uxolo. Imali, ngokuchanekileyo, ukungabikho kwabo, kubuhlungu ubomi bomqambi. Emva kokusweleka kukatata nonina, umzalwana kunye noodade ababini bahlala kwinkathalo yakhe.
UMlawuli we-Buntull ye-Budater ye-Budater Mall isebenze ukuze inxibe. Kuba iinyanga ezintandathu wakwazi ukuba i Royal Opera ukuya National Theatre, akuba kususa kweli ziko kunye nokudala i okhestra lowo wamthabatha Opera kunye Wagner opera ibe yingqokelela. UMlawuli wakwazi ukuDlula "ukutsala" kwi-Opera Deara Diva Lilly Lehman, edume ngeSoprano eyahlukileyo.
Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1891, uMahler uphendule kwisimemo ovela eHamburg: Wayebizelwe kwindawo yesithathu e-Opera yaseJamani, ukunciphisa iBerlin kunye ne-Berlin kuphela naseMunich, njengomlawuli kunye ne-rop-maceer. Shiya iBudapest yanyanzela isimemo nje esilingayo, kodwa ubungakanani obutsha bendawo yethiyetha ye-chithare - i-ofisi yelizwe ebengafuni kuyibona intloko ye-opera yaseJamani.
Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, uGustav Malener ufakwe kwi-Homburg Inqanaba lokusebenza kwe-upeter tchaikovsky "eugene nyen". Umqambi waseRussia kunye nomqhubi wesifundo wafika eHamburg ukuba ame kwi-Hamburg Console, kodwa, emenzi ukuba ubufake, uyala. I-Tchaikovsky ibizwa ngokuba yi-goriager yaseJamani.
EHamburg, umqambi wakhuthazwa ingqokelela yeengoma "Iphoshi yomlingo wenkwenkwe", ethatha igama elifanayo leembongi zembongi ye-HEICLLD Mug njengesiseko. Izicatshulwa ezivela kumqokeleli uMahler osetyenzisiweyo xa waqulunqwa abathathu, okwesibini, nesine.
Impumelelo yomqambi kunye nomqhubi wesifundo eHamburg baqatshelwa eVienna. Ukususela phakathi kwe-1890s, i-opera yenkundla yathumela iarhente kuye, kodwa umbethe akazange anciphe, owoyike umbono wokulwa umthengisi olawula apho. Kodwa uVienna wabiza noManila. NgoFebruwari 1897, uGustav wabhaptizwa kubuKatolika kwaye ngentwasahlobo bebeka isiginali phantsi kwesivumelwano nomvumisi wenkundla, ukuba ngumqhubi wesithathu.
Indlela oya kuzukisa yayiyindawo yozuko yayingumboni, kodwa bhetele oyigcinileyo, wathabatha indawo yomlawuli wethiyetha. Akusekho nto idumileyo esixekweni, nangona kukho ububi. I-symphhony yesihlanu eyaziwayo yazalwa eVienna, eyahlula-hlula abantu abathandanayo kwiinkampu ezimbini: ezinye zabona ukungaqhelekanga nangokungagungqi, abanye baphulukana nezaphulelo ezintshabeni. Emva koko isithandathu, isixhenxe nesibhozo symphony wavela.
Kwithiyetha yayo, i-Gustav Malener emiselweyo nemiyalelo emitsha ukuba ayinguye wonke umntu othandwayo. Abaphulaphuli ababalulekileyo, ababekhe baziva emva kwendawo ye-opera, babecaphuka ekuvanweni ukuze bangene kwiholo yemidlalo yeqonga xa evuka.
Ngo-1907, umqhubi obalaseleyo waziva egula, ediniwe ngumzimba kunye neengxaki zempilo zanyanzela i-matricker kunye ne-10 yobomi iminyaka eli-10 yobomi. Ubunkokeli bemidlalo yethiyetha bamisela ipension eyindoda kunye nemeko apho umqhubi wesifundo akasayi kusebenza nakweyiphi na i-austrian operas. Kodwa isibonelelo semali saphuma sayithobekile kangangokuba uGustavu kuye kwafuneka asebenze ngakumbi.
Wafumana umsebenzi kwi-New York Metropolitan Opera. Ngeli xesha, "INgoma yehlabathi" yaza yazalwa nge-syncy. Kumsebenzi womqambi, impembelelo yoncwadi yeNietzsche, Schopenhauer kunye neDostoevsky echaphazelekayo. Inkosi yokugqibela yahlonitshwa kakhulu. Ebudeni be-Detherhed.
Ubomi Buqu
Uthando luzise ukuphefumla komqambi, kodwa hayi ulonwabo kubomi bakho. Ngo-1902, uMahleller ukhokele i-alma schindler iminyaka eli-19 ubudala, eyenze umnikelo emva komhla wesine. Umfazi wazala uGustavu abantwana ababini - amantombazana maria noAna.
Ekuqaleni, ubomi bamaqabane okufana ne-idyll, kodwa ngomhla wesihlanu, inkathazo nendlu yeza eVienna. I-Diphotheria ezigulayo kunye nentombazana encinci yasweleka, uMaria oneminyaka emi-4 ubudala. Kungekudala, oogqirha bafumanise ukuba isifo sentliziyo esongeyo kwi-matri. Intaba ityhala i-teader etyhile umjikelo welizwi "iingoma malunga nabantwana abaswelekileyo."
Ubomi bosapho baphule. UAlma-umculi onesiphiwo kunye nemvumi-ikhumbula italente yakhe engeyiyo: Ngaphambi koko, eli bhinqa labukele kuphela iqabane elinomsebenzi. Kungekudala wayenenoveli enomyili owaziwayo, owaziwayo owaziwayo. Kodwa esi sibini sasingahambelani, kodwa sahlala kunye de kwasekufeni lomqambi.
Ukufa
Ngo-1910, impilo kaMatira iphakamile: Ungcelele ongcelele lwama-Anghilom ubonakalisiwe entliziyweni yeengxaki. Kodwa umdaka waqhubeka esenza umsebenzi. NgoFebruwari 1911, umphathi ogulayo wema kwi-console, egqobhoze inkqubo equka imisebenzi eyenziwa ngabantu base-Itali.
Ukufa kukaGustav kwaba sisifo esibangele i-endocarditis. Wabangela ukufa. Inkosi isweleke kwikliniki yaseVienna ngoMeyi. Ingcwaba lika-Malier likufuphi nendawo yokungcwaba yentombazana engafakwanga kumangcwaba oluhlaza.
Ifilimu idutyulwe ngobomi bomqambi wobuchule kunye nomqhubi wesifundo. Umlawuli uKen Russell wamenyelwa nguRobert Powell kwindima yomlinganiswa ophambili. Inyaniso enomdla kukwibanda ye-bloer ene-beyonce kunenkwenkwezi yaseMelika iqhayise kakhulu.
Imisebenzi yomculo
- I-1880 - "Ingoma yeFaile"
- 1885-1886 - "IiNgoma zoMfundi oDibanayo
- I-1892 -1901 - "Inkwenkwe yomlingo uphondo
- Ngo-1901-1902 - "IiNgoma kwiMis yeRyackert
- Ngo-1901-1904 - "iingoma malunga nabantwana abaswelekileyo
- 1884-1888 - Inombolo ye-symphony 1
- 1888-1894 - Inombolo ye-symphony 2
- 1895-1896 - Inombolo ye-symphony 3
- Ngo-1899-1901-Inombolo ye-symphony 4
- Ngo-1901-1902 - Inombolo ye-symphony 5
- Ngo-1903-1904 - Inombolo ye-symphony 6
- Ngo-1904-1905 - Inombolo ye-symphony 7
- Ngo-1906-Inombolo ye-Synhony 8
- Ngo-1909 - Inombolo ye-symphony 9
- Ngo-1908-1909 - "Ingoma Yomhlaba"