Biography
UWilliam Turner ngumculi odumileyo waseBritane odumileyo, osebenza naye owahlukileyo kwindlela entsha kwimifanekiso yomhlaba. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu icolor kunye neoyile, bekhetha ipalette eqaqambileyo yemibala. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukupeyinta kamva akuzange kuthathwe ngabantu bexesha elide, ngoku kunzima ukuyibeka ngaphandle kwegalelo lomphathi we-turner kwipeyinti yehlabathi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
UJosen Mallord uWilliam turner wazalwa malunga ne-23 ku-Epreli, 1775 kwenye yezithili zeLondon ebizwa ngokuba yigadi ye-Collevent. Utata woMculi wexesha elizayo uWilliam wayebandakanyeka emsebenzini we-wigs, kwaye ekupheleni kwe-1770s eseka umgcini weenwele. Xa inkwenkwe yayineminyaka eli-10 ubudala, wafudukela kumalume wakhe kwidolophu yaseMetropolitan ye-Brentford. Isizathu sesi yayisisigulo sengqondo sikaMama kaWilliam nakwimeko enzima kusapho elaliphuhlile ngenxa yale nto.
Ukuphila kwisalamane, inkwenkwe yaqalisa ukuba nomdla kubugcisa obubonakalayo. Emva kokuba bezigqibile izifundo zaKhe esikolweni nge-1780s, uTurner waphinda wafudukela eLondon, apho wafumana khona umsebenzi kwi-topgraphes kunye ne-Adrestors. Omnye wabo yayinguMzobisi odumileyo sesiNgesi uThomas Malton.
Kwibusika ka-1789 uWilliam, owayeneminyaka eli-14 ubudala, wabhaliswa kwiRoyal Anchentemy yobugcisa. Uthathe uvavanyo lokungena kumadoda amafana aseMnumzana Sirshure Joshures, ongumntu othandabuzayo. Kwixa elizayo, ekubeni ngumfundi kwiziko lemfundo elinefuthe, iTurner laliphulaphula ngovuyo izifundo zomculi obechaphazele ubuchule be-matercolor.
Ukupeyinta
Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe kwi-Academy, i-artist ye-novice iphandile ngokupheleleyo ikhondo elipheleleyo lezinto ezikhoyo kwi-ART kwizobugcisa zibhaliwe nguMongameli weSiko lobugcisa. Kunyaka emva kokuqala kokufunda, uWilliam, obhalwe nge-manecolor, wenza lo mboniso kumboniso wonyaka wengingqi.
Ukupeyinta i-Debut ngeoyile, ukuvezwa kwe-akhawunti, i-turner yenziwe nge-1790th. Emva koko, umsebenzi womculi rhoqo wabonakaliswa kwiZiko leMfundo. Ngo-1791, wafumana isikhundla somculi kwi-Opera Pantheon, esikwisitrato se-Oxford Street, kwaye sisebenza njengomfundisi wokupeyinta.
UWilliam wafaka isicelo kuphononongo lobuchule bokuyila njengeenkosi zexesha elidlulileyo nele mihla. Iimpawu zokwamkelwa njengomsebenzi, wahlaziya imifanekiso yabo kwaye wavakalisa iimvakalelo zakhe.
Inyaniso enomdla kukuba indoda enokuthandwa kukodwa ekubhekiswe kuyo ukupeyinta i-Claude: ngoTörner, wayengakwazi ukuzibamba inyembezi, ebizwa ngokuba "sisifo sikaKumkanikazi Sava." I-Watercolor iphikisana ukuba impendulo enjalo evulekileyo inxibelelana nento angazange ayibone phambi kwento enjalo.
Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, xa uWilliam wafumana udumo, wakuphawula ukugcinwa kwepeyinti "uPooda, uMseki weCarthage", elaphathelela igalari yesizwe engachazwanga. Ucele kuphela into enye kuphela - ukuba umsebenzi uza kulungelelanisa "ngenqanawa yeKumkanikazi Sava." I-Turner ifundwe ngokweenkcukacha i-biography ye-bibren, kubandakanya nee-albhamu kunye ne-liber provitatis ye-faritetis ye-visitatis, eyayiphefumlelwe yimizobo ye-french yomculi we-french.
Emva koko, uWilliam walungiselela ukukhululwa kwe-albhamu yayo enomxholo we-Licar Scarigum kwaye eveliswe ngokutsha ngendlela efanayo njengemizobo ka-Trionn. Impapasho yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagcisa e-Novice ayisebenzisa njengencwadi yesifundo. Ukukhutshwa kwawo kwasasazwa ngamacandelo e-AITATIC-Ukupeyinta imbali, uyilo, ikhaya kunye nentsomi, imihlaba kunye nolwandle.
Uhambo lokuqala lokuphumla lwenzeka ngo-1791. Emva koko, umculi wayehlala ethunyelwa kuhambo lwaseYurophu- eSwitzerland, eFrance, e-Itali, esenza imizobo ngoncedo lwePalette yeHiketion. UWilliam wemka emva kwelifa elikhulu ngokwenene - ngaphezulu kwamawaka ali-10 skeskes kunye nemizobo.
Umsebenzi ofakwe kwii-albhamu zokuhamba ngeenyawo uye waba sisiseko semigxobhozo ye-upeter wadalela eLondon. Ngobomi bakhe bokudala, indoda yayidla ngokubuyela kwizinto ezindala kakhulu.
UWilliam Turner, ekubeni ungumculi odumileyo, wafumana isikhundla selungu elihambelanayo le-Royal Academy ngoNovemba 4, 1799. Emva kweminyaka emi-2, umsebenzi wakhe "wokuloba elwandle" wabonakaliswa kwi-Academy, emva koko wafumana impumelelo enkulu noluntu. I-Artist Benjamin West ithelekisa umsebenzi wommeli wezothando kunye ne-Dect Peter Rembrandt. Nge-10 kaFebruwari kwaloo nyaka, uWilliam wafumana imeko yomculi omncinci owayephumelele imeko yobukumkani baseRoyal RealIminal.
Umzobo usoloko usebenza ekuphuculeni itekhnoloji yakhe, wachitha ixesha elininzi lokufunda unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-geology kunye noyilo, kunye neepesenti zomoya kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, waphumelela ngokubonakalayo kunye namandla kwi-watercors yakhe, eyayidla ngokwemvelo ekupeyisweni yioyile.
Emsebenzini wakhe, uWilliam akazange asebenzise ulwazi lweenkcukacha, ukudala inkangeleko yomhlaba, ngoncedo awaludlulisela amava akhe kunye neenkumbulo. Kwipeyinti, i-Turner Revsa ivelise umfanekiso wabantu ngexesha lepikniki, ukuhamba kunye nomsebenzi wasentsimini. Ngobuntununtunu kunye nothando lokuzoba umntu, i-Abtar idlulile kwi-canvas, indlela engafezekanga ngayo imeko yakhe kunye nehenyukazi elibuthathaka phambi kwendalo - ngexesha elinye lizolile kwaye lisoyikeka, kodwa lihlala linengxaki.
Ngo-1807, uWilliam wafumana umsebenzi kwi-Royal Academy njengomfundisi wembono. Waqulunqa inkqubo yoqeqesho ngendlela yokuba igubungela kuphela imiba enxulumene ngqo nesihloko esichaziweyo, kodwa sibanzi nezihloko ezibanzi kakhulu. Izifundo zeTurner zaziyincwina ngekhosi yemvula kwaye yafaka umxholo othandekayo womculi-umbuzo "wokupeyinta umbongo".
UWilliam Turner wafumana ukuthandwa okukhethekileyo emva kokupeyinta okubhaliweyo, ezinikelwe kwiimfazwe nge-napoleon - "intsimi ene-waterloo" kunye ne "trafalgar".
I-perter okokuqala ityelwe e-Itali ngo-1819. Wayendwendwela i-turin, uMilan, Roma, i-rome, i-jiece kunye neNaples, apho wayefunda khona umsebenzi wamagcisa asekuhlaleni, e-Tintoretto, uRafael.
Ngokudibeneyo nohambo oluya e-Itali, iipeyinti zikaWilliam zaqaqamba, kwaye ipalette yazo inamandla kakhulu kunye nolawulo lwendibaniselwano yombala osisiseko. Kwakhona emsebenzini wakhe, kwavela umxholo omtsha we-venetian, owawukhethekileyo waba ngumculi. Utyelele iVekisi izihlandlo ezi-3 - ngo-1819, 1833, 1840, ngoko ke iinkumbulo zalo mzi zazibonakaliswa kwi-canvas.
Nangona kunjalo, ayinguye wonke umntu owanelisayo impumelelo yeTörner-umqokeleli kunye nomculi uSirge George Bomon akazange agxeke "inkululeko" kunye "nokulaliswa" kwemisebenzi yakhe. Emva kwexesha elincinci, ububi kunye nezinto ezintsha zomsebenzi uWilliam, owayelindele amanqanaba okupeyinta ngasekupheleni kwe-19 ukuya kwi-20 yenkulungwane yama-20, wabangela ukuba abantu baphendule.
Uluntu lwexesha leVictorian, olukhethayo ngokwenyani, kwaye lungafani ngobugcisa befoto, kunye nokubonisa imbonakalo yemvakalelo kunye ne-GARTE SONTE YOBUCHWEPHESHE, NOKUGQIBELA IYABONAKALISA IMISEBENZI YABASEBENZI.
Ngo-1830-1840, iTurner ngakumbi ive ihlaselo olungachazwanga kubaphulaphuli nakubagxeki. Umzobi waphinda waduma ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi yakhe eyathi yonakalisiwe ngokunyanzelwa. Ngokunxulumene nayo yonke le nto, ukumkanikazi uVictoria wala ukwakha uWilliam kwi-knights. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho abakhuseli be-anchor yemisebenzi ye-British Peper-umbhali uJohn Ryoskkin wamnika isihloko secuba eliphezulu lonke ixesha.
Ubomi Buqu
Malunga nobomi bomntu obalaseleyo bayaziwa ngokuba buncinci, uzifihle iinkcukacha zobudlelwane bakhe. Ukususela kwiminyaka engoyena mncinci ukuya ekufeni komzali, owayeza ngo-1829, uWilliam wayehlala naye. Utata wayengumncedisi kunye nomhlobo.Ukuphela kwakhe akufumani umfazi owayekulungele ukwenza umfazi wakhe osemthethweni. Kodwa iminyaka emininzi yayihlala kunye nomhlolokazi onguSara uDanby. Isibini sasinabantwana ababini, amantombazana. Emva koko, uWilliam uneminyaka eli-18 ubudala kubudlelwane be-caroline booth, bahlala eChelsea.
Ukufa
KwakuseChelsea ngoDisemba 19, 1851 Ubomi bobugcisa buqhawukile. Unobangela wokufa yayisisifo sekholera. Amagama okugqibela ka-William - "ilanga nguThixo." Umzobi wangcwatyelwa kwikati yeSt. Xa uPawulos ecaleni kwengcwaba likaMali uYoshuwa Reynolds.
Ngo-2014, ividiyo yobugcisa eyalelwa nguMike Lee, ixelela malunga nenqanaba lokugqibela lobomi lomculi wesiNgesi-frianist. UWilliam Turner wadlala umlingane onetalente kunye neqonga lemidlalo bhanyabhanya kukaTimoti.
Ukupeyinta
- I-1799 - "Ukuzingca"
- Ngo-1812 - "snowstorm"
- Ngo-1812 - "iguquli yeHannibal ngokusebenzisa i-alps"
- 1818 - "dordcht"
- Ngo-1835 - "Ijelo Ekhulu"
- Ngo-1839 - "Inqwelomoya yokugqibela yesixhobo" isixhobo ""
- Ngo-1840 - "Inqanawa ye-Sheeve"
- I-1844 - "imvula, i-steam kunye nesantya"
- Ngo-1845 - "ukuphuma kwelanga kunye ne-marine monsters"
- Ngo-1845 - "I-Hostle yeNqanaba, ukuphuma kwelanga"